GEOMORFOLOGI

-
Chapter 4: Landforms:
Erosion

Dr. Nasruddin.,M.Sc
Dr. Arif Rahman Nugroho., M.Sc
Lambung Mangkurat University
EKSOGEN
Tenaga Eksogen adalah
tenaga yang berasal dari luar
bumi yang mengakibatkan
perusakan atau perombakan
permukaan bumi.
PROSES EKSOGEN
a. Gradasional/Denudasional
 Pelapukan :
desintegrasi atau dekomposisi batuan di tempatnya,
merupakan proses statis, tidak melibatkan pemindahan
material
 Perpindahan massa karena gravitasi :
merupakan proses dinamis, melibatkan perpindahan
massa batuan ke lereng bawah karena pengaruh
gravitasi
 Erosi dan agen transportasi :
 Erosi : permukaan, alur, parit, jurang,
tebing
 Agen transportasi : aliran air, air tanah,
gelombang air, angin, glasier
b. Agradasi / deposisi
 Proses akibat dari adanya proses degradasi lahan.
 Proses ini akan mendatarkan permukaan bumi
Proses Eksogen:
proses menyeimbangkan elevasi permukaan bumi

Pengikisan kawasan
perbukitan/pegunungan
dan sedimentasi di
pelembahan/dataran
Intensif pada daerah basah
Macam: - erosi percik (splash erosion)
- erosi lembar (sheet erosion)
- erosi alur ( rill erosion)
- erosi parit (gully erosion)
mulai horison A
- Bila habis mengikis horison B
- bila ini terjadi, erosi akan semakin tinggi,
karena : kandungan liat yang lebih tinggi pada
horison Bt ===>
infiltrasi berkurang, aliran permukaan meningkat
#Erosi Permukaan
Erosi
 "Erosion is the wearing away of the land surface
by rain or irrigation water, wind, ice or other
natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade,
detach and remove soil from one point on the
earth’s surface and deposit it elsewhere."
(Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. 1997)
Proses erosi
Infiltrasi
Hujan

Limpasan
permukan

Umumnya gembur dan

Limpasan permukan permeable (lolos air)
semakin tinggi jika Horison A
horison A semakin
tipis dan semakin
tinggi lagi jika
horison A telah Horison B Umumnya lebih padat
habis  Erosi dan kurang permeable
semakin besar
Horison C
Proses Erosi Permukaan
Apa itu erosi air?
air?
CORRASION (atau ABRASION)
Penggerusan dasar sungai oleh batu atau kerikil yang hanyut 
membentuk PHOTOLE (lubang-lubang di dasar sungai)
ATTRITION
Batuan yang terangkut berbenturan satu sama lain sehingga
pecah atau menjadi halus
SOLUTION atau CORROSION
Proses dimana terjadi reaksi kimia antara air sungai dengan
mineral yang mudah larut dan melarutkannya.
HYDRAULIC ACTON
Pemecahan batuan dan memindahkannya dari tempatnya oleh
tenaga aliran air.
EROSI SUNGAI
 Erosi sungai merupakan agen geomorfik
bila mampu memindahkan hasil sedimen
 Bahan2 terangkut air dibagi dalam 4
kelompok
1. Solution load : butiran halus : (karbonat, sulfat,
klorid, oksida2 ): 199 %
2. Suspended load : butiran halus (liat,debu,
koloid) 50-100 %
3. Saltation load: butiran kasar : pasir
4. Bed load : butiran kasar ( > kasar dari pasir)
POLA DRAINASE
 Dari ujung sungai air mengalir ke bawah
karena gravitasi bumi
 Sungai satu bertemu dengan sungai lain, 
terbentuk tributary aliran air semakin
besar
 Massa air semakin besar  kemampuan
merusak/mengikis semakin besar
....
...
...
 ...

ZONE
ZONE DEPOSISI
PRODUKSI

ZONE TRANSFER
 ZONE PRODUKSI

ZONE
DEPOSISI
Apa itu erosi angin?
angin?
Arid/Desert
Lingkungan kering.
Sering berpasir karena terjadi dari laut
pedalaman yang luas jutaan tahun yang lalu
yang terangkat.
Seringkali dianggap tidak layak huni dan
tidak menarik.
Misalnya. Gurun Kecil.
21
22
23
 DESERTIFICATION A CHALLENGE TO THE HORN OF AFRICA: AN EXAMPLE OF THE AFAR RGION
Girma Taddese, g.taddesse@cgiar.org and Don Peden ,d.peden@cgiar.org
International Livestock Research Institute
P. O. Box 5689 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
INTORODUCTION
Figure 10. Wherever Awash River crosses there is
Manifestations of desertification include accelerated soil erosion by 1. Udic SMR = Ppt > 1000 mm, AWC = 300-392 mm life.
2. Ustic SMR = Ppt = 700-1000 mm, AWC = 192-342 mm
wind and water, increasing salinization of soils and near-surface 3. Xeric SMR = Ppt = 300-700 mm, AWC = 50-198 mm
groundwater supplies, a reduction in soil moisture retention, an 4. Aridic SMR = Ppt < 300 mm,
increase in surface runoff and stream flow variability, a reduction in (SMR = Soil moisture regime, AWC = Available water holding
species diversity and plant biomass, and a reduction in the overall capacity, Ppt = Precipitation)
productivity in dry land ecosystems with an attendant impoverishment
of the human communities dependent on these ecosystems. Additional
impacts include an increase in particulate and trace gas emissions
from biomass burning in dry lands and an increase in atmospheric dust
loads.
Desertification can generally be defined as land degradation in arid, Figure 3. Soil moisture regime zones in Ethiopia (Source Hawando 1989).
semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting mainly from adverse Constraints
Uses
human impact and climate variation. This phenomenon overlaps with Poor farming systems, deforestation, over grazing & population pressure
1. Perennial and annual crops & forestry
a number of related environmental issues such as climate change, Poor farming system, deforestation, over grazing, population pressure & land
population growth, trade and biodiversity. There is also a complex 2. Annual crops, perennial crops grazing forestry degradation
j
cause-effect relationship between desertification, population growth Deforestation, over grazing, erosion, salinity, draught, erratic & low rainfall
3. Rangelands, annual crops, irrigated farms
and poverty. Moisture deficit, wind erosion, drought, over grazing erratic and low rainfall, salinity
4. Rangelands, farms, sporadic annual crops Figure 11. The last chance for extinction for this plant
Observation Site species and complete desertification.
Figure 4. Salt patches and and salt tolerant grass and Figure 5. Salt and draught tolerant shrub species
Lower Awash Valley (Afar Region) shrub species. staggering in extreme climatic conditions.

1. Hyper-arid (PR/PET < 0.02) 2. Arid (0.2  RR/PET  0.20)

Figure 6. Draught and over grazing persistent shrub Figure 7. Exposition of the slope type and erosion-
3. Semi-arid (0.20  RR/PET < 0.5) 4. Dry sub-humid (0.5  RR/PET< 0.65)
and grass species in plain areas can survive draught tolerant plant spices may some times
5. Humid (R/PET> 0.65) with little shower of rainfall. help in sand stabilization.

Figure 1. Dry land areas in Ethiopia delineated on the

bases of PR/PET ratio. (Source: Tamirie
Figure 12. We can stop desertification if we really
Hawando. 2001) understand the nature of arid land and
allow the community to care of their
3000 land.
2500

2000
mm/year

1500

1000
Figure 13. Research and Development is needed to
500 understand this draught- salt tolerant and
wind persistent multi purpose plant
0 Figure 8. Aggressive Prosopis Juliflora species is salt and draught
Figure 9. Dead land with out vegetation of higher order. species.
425-3000 120-2700 625-2550 175-1000 0-660 tolerant, due to tough throne and alkaloid content it is not
preferred by livestock (Girma Taddese and Shimelis Taddese.
Humid Dry sub- Semi-arid Arid Hyper-arid
1996. Julifolora Reclaims wasteland in Middle Awash Valley.
(mois t) humid
IAR News of Agricultural Research. Vol. 11 No. 2).
Elivation (mm) at different ecological zones

Figure 2. Relationship between

Rainfall elevation, rainfall and
Evaporation
evaporation.

Aridity index Land area (km2 x 1000)

Humid (moist) 1.25 350
Dry sub-humid 0.60 300
Semi-arid 0.38 207
Arid 0.12 300
Hyper-arid 0.03 53
Little Desert
 Map of Arid Lands

B climates are
clearly the most
extensive climate
over land (35%)

Koeppen Key
B: PE > P Consider: Can h deserts receive > precip
W: P < ½ PE than k deserts and still be drier?
h: MAT >64º F
K: MAT < 64º F
Apa itu erosi gelombang?
gelombang?
EROSI GELOMBANG
Gelombang air laut akan tertahan bila mencapai
pantai. Gelombang laut ini dapat menyebabkan erosi,
terutama pada pantai yang curam karena energi
gelombang terkonsentrasi pada zone intertidal yang
sempit.
PENGIKISAN
Gelombang menggerus dasar
tebing curam  runtuh 
tebing tetap curam.
 Erosi / Abrasi Pantai

Pengertian
Erosi adalah proses pengikisan batuan, tanah, maupun padatan
lainnya yang disebabkan oleh gerakan air, es, atau angin.
Faktor penyebab terjadinya erosi/abrasi pantai
Fenomena alam yang menyebabkan erosi/abrasi seperti terjadinya
pasang surut air laut, angin di atas lautan yang menghasilkan
gelombang serta arus laut yang berkekuatan merusak.
Ketidakseimbangan ekosistem laut dan pemanasan global atau yang
umum disebut global warming
Faktor lain yang menandai sekaligus menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan
ekosistem adalah penambangan pasir
Apa itu erosi gletser?
gletser?
Apa itu gletser?
Massaes bergerak yang diciptakan oleh
akumulasi salju

Gletser selalu bergerak maju di ujung

Es & air bergerak maju

How does ice move?

faster
F
Gerakan Gletser

Es itu padat tetapi

mengalir!

Saat gletser
mencapai massa
kritis (tebal> 20 m)

Aliran terjadi
Typical glacier system in
Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Glacier landscape in Nepal Himalayas
Shorong Yul-lha glacier,
Nepal Himalayas