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Air, Iklim dan Tanah (CWCL), Fakultas Sains, Universitas Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia b Pusat Kesehatan S
Keselamatan ( CRHS), Universitas Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia c Pusat Kesehatan Mental Pedesaan dan Terpe
Universitas Newcastle, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia d Sekolah Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kesehatan d
ARTICLE INFO
Perubahan iklim berdampak pada kesehatan manusia dan ada peningkatan pengakuan terhadap konsekuensi eksplisit untuk
kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan. Komunitas pedesaan diakui sebagai salah satu populasi yang paling rentan terhadap
perubahan iklim. Mayoritas penelitian sampai saat ini adalah kuantitatif dan memiliki fokus pada petani secara khusus, dengan
dampak perubahan iklim pada masyarakat pedesaan yang lebih luas dianggap pada tingkat yang lebih rendah. Studi kami
membahas kesenjangan ini dengan menganalisis data kualitatif dari Studi Kesehatan Mental Pedesaan Australia (ARMHS),
sebuah studi longitudinal yang dilakukan di New South Wales (NSW) non-metropolitan, Australia, selama Kekeringan
Milenium. Teks bebas menanggapi dari 823 peserta untuk pertanyaan terbuka, “Apa kekhawatiran terbesar Anda tentang
perubahan iklim?” dianalisis untuk menentukan apa yang diungkapkan data kualitatif dari ARMHS tentang kesehatan mental
dan kesejahteraan masyarakat pedesaan. Empat tema diidentifikasi: (i) penderitaan di bawah perubahan iklim; (ii) penyebab
perubahan iklim; (iii) perubahan iklim yang ekstrem; dan (iv) kepemimpinan dan tindakan untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim.
Dampak lingkungan, keuangan, kesehatan dan sosial dari perubahan iklim menjadi perhatian terbesar bagi penduduk
pedesaan. Banyak peserta juga memiliki kekhawatiran terkait dengan atribusi perubahan iklim, dengan banyak yang percaya
bahwa perubahan iklim adalah proses siklus alami yang tidak disebabkan oleh tindakan manusia. Kekhawatiran utama lainnya
adalah konsekuensi keuangan dari peristiwa ekstrem dan komunikasi yang memadai dari informasi perubahan iklim. Analisis
data kualitatif seperti yang disajikan di sini memberikan konteks dan luasnya pemahaman terhadap masalah yang
diidentifikasi melalui analisis kuantitatif. Yang penting, wawasan yang muncul dari data kualitatif, dan konteks pribadi /
komunitas yang tidak selalu tersedia dari data kuantitatif, dapat mengarah pada pendekatan berbasis masyarakat yang lebih
terinformasi untuk mengatasi masalah perubahan iklim yang dialami oleh populasi rentan.
1. Pendahuluan kelompok-kelompok yang terpinggirkan paling terpengaruh oleh perubahan iklim,
termasuk anak-anak yang sakit mental, anak-anak, yang pekerjaannya menyebabkan
Perubahan iklim adalah ancaman global yang signifikanmereka terkena tekanan termal, populasi asli, orang-orang dengan penyakit yang
terhadap
kesehatan manusia (Watts et al., 2018). Semakin banyak penelitian yang membahassebelumnya, dan orang-orang yang kehilangan tempat tinggal (Hayes et al.
sudah ada
, 2018; dan
dampak kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan dari perubahan iklim (Bourque McMichael et al., 2006; Ramin dan Svoboda, 2009; Cunsolo Willox et al.,
Cunsolo Willox, 2014; Hayes et al., 2018). Secara khusus, kekhawatiran2012). dan
Selain itu, pengalaman populasi pedesaan berkurang akses ke layanan
perawatan
kekhawatiran tentang perubahan iklim dapat menyebabkan kesusahan sebagai akibatkesehatan dan hambatan untuk mencari bantuan (Handley et al., 2014).
Penting dan
dari perubahan lingkungan dan hilangnya keterikatan pada tempat (Albrecht untuk memahami pengalaman perubahan iklim dari mereka yang paling
Weissbecker, 2011). Lampiran ke tempat merupakan hal mendasar bagirentan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan dan mengembangkan serta menerapkan
kesehatan
manusia dan dapat meningkatkan adaptasi perubahan iklim (Hess et al., respons adaptasi yang efektif.
2008) yang
diakui sebagai respons penting terhadap risiko yang terkait dengan perubahan iklim
(Stafford Smith et al., 2011).
Dampak kesehatan dari perubahan iklim beragam dan dapat dialami
secara langsung dan tidak langsung (Watts et al., 2018).tidak adil
Distribusi yangdari dampak terjadi sebagai menguatkan perubahan iklim dan exacer-
Penulis yang sesuai.
Stanford kerentanan yang ada dan merugikan(Hayeset al.,2018).Biasanya kesehatan
Alamat email: Emma.Austin@newcastle.edu.au (EK Austin), Jane.Rich@newcastle.edu.au (JL Rich), Anthony.Kiem@newcastle.edu.au (AS Kiem),
Tonelle.Handley @ newcastle.edu.au (T. Handley), David.Perkins@newcastle.edu.au (D. Perkins), Brian.Kelly@newcastle.edu.au (BJ Kelly).
3.3.2. Tema Setelah melalui beberapa kekeringan, terutama 12 tahun terakhir, saya
merasa kita akan terlalu terpengaruh, baik secara finansial maupun fisik,
Empat tema kunci diidentifikasi dari tanggapan teks bebas peserta
untuk mengatasinya jika itu terjadi. menjadi kering lagi.
dengan analisis tematik (Braun dan Clarke, 2006; Krippendorff, 2004; Zaidman-
Zait dan Michalos, 2014; Hsieh dan Shannon, 2005; Saldaña, 2016; Butler- (Laki-laki, 63, terpencil)
Kisber, 2010): penderitaan di bawah perubahan iklim; penyebab perubahan
iklim; perubahan iklim ekstrem; dan kepemimpinan dan tindakan untuk Peserta berkomentar bahwa “masyarakat pertanian dan pedesaan
mengatasi perubahan iklim. Tabel 4 menyajikan tema-tema seperti yang dirugikan” (laki-laki, 48, luar daerah), menghubungkan penderitaan dengan
didefinisikan oleh jawaban kata demi kata para peserta. Keempat tema muncul identitas pedesaan dan meningkatnya kerentanan sebagai akibat dari lokasi.
dari jawaban yang berkisar dari masalah lokal hingga global dan dari dampak Isu-isu di masyarakat pedesaan diperburuk oleh masalah keuangan, yang
saat ini hingga masa depan. Tema disajikan secara berurutan, dimulai dengan dominan di semua tema, dan aliran dampak ini jelas:
yang paling sering dilaporkan, menyediakan semi-kuantifikasi dari kekhawatiran
terkuat. Kekeringan yang berkelanjutan di daerah pedesaan, mempengaruhi
produksi makanan dan mata pencaharian kota-kota kecil. Ini pada gilirannya
'menutup' kota-kota pedesaan. Mempengaruhi pekerjaan untuk semua
4.3.2.1. Menderita karena perubahan iklim. Perhatian utama untuk peserta
termasuk remaja. Masalah sosial dihasilkan dan orang-orang yang tersisa
adalah penderitaan yang disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim dalam hal dampak
terpengaruh.
keuangan, lingkungan, kesehatan dan sosial (Tabel 4). Biasanya peserta
merasa bahwa dampak perubahan iklim sudah terjadi, sudah dekat atau (Wanita, 51, jarak jauh)
dampak baru akan memburuk. Banyak peserta menulis tentang penderitaan
khusus sebagai akibat dari peristiwa cuaca ekstrem dan dampak keuangan
terkait: 4.3.2.2. Penyebab perubahan iklim. Ketika diminta untuk menggambarkan
keprihatinan mereka tentang perubahan iklim, banyak peserta merujuk
Secara pribadi, harus menanggung suhu yang lebih tinggi seiring
keyakinan mereka terkait dengan penyebab perubahan iklim (Tabel 4). Tiga
bertambahnya usia tanpa dapat menggunakan pendingin udara, yang
kepercayaan luas muncul. Pertama, sebagian besar peserta percaya bahwa
merupakan bagian dari masalah. Saya merasa hari-hari yang panas sangat
perubahan iklim adalah "proses alami" (pria, 48, terpencil). Kedua, sebagian
sulit. Secara umum, saya khawatir tentang kenaikan biaya, terutama
kecil peserta memberikan komentar tentang teknologi energi terbarukan dan
asuransi akibat badai dan banjir yang lebih sering.
pengurangan karbon yang dapat diartikan sebagai penyebab perubahan iklim
(Wanita, 61, daerah bagian dalam) sebagai penyebab manusia. Ketiga, ada kekhawatiran bahwa perubahan iklim
adalah "disalahpahami" (pria, 66, luar daerah) dan bahwa "tidak ada yang bisa
setuju jika itu akan terjadi atau
Gambar. 1. Lokasi populasi studi di New South Wales sesuai dengan kode pos dan daerah keterpencilan (ABS, 2006).
EK Austin, dkk. Journal of Rural Studies 75 (2020) 98–109
tidak "(pria, 81, inner regional) dan itu adalah" masalah yang sangat bisaMenurut pendapat saya sains terlalu bergantung pada pemodelan komputer
diperdebatkan "(wanita, 74, inner regional). Meskipun ada peserta yangyang tidak dapat diandalkan. Emphasis on climate change results in poor
menerima keberadaan perubahan iklim antropogenik dan percaya ilmu iklim,gov- ernment policy and diverting funding from environmental problems
"orang tidak mendengarkan para ilmuwan yang mengatakan perubahan iklim"unrelated to climate change.
(pria, 35, luar daerah). Tema kontekstual yang berulang mengaitkan keyakinan
pada perubahan iklim sebagai proses alami dengan kurangnya kepercayaan(Male, 50, inner regional)
pada pemerintah dan ilmuwan:
Saya tidak peduli tentang perubahan iklim. Itu telah terjadi selama ribuan 4.3.2.3. Extremes of climate change. Participants expressed concerns related to
tahun dan itu akan berlanjut setelah saya mati dan pergi. the extreme events associated with the impacts of climate change, such as (not
ranked) drought, flood, storms and sea level rise (Table 4). When responses to
(Laki-laki, 68, daerah luar) the question included references to weather and climate related impacts, most
participants' concerns were connected to water.
Beberapa peserta menganggap perubahan iklim sebagai
“ketakutan akan ketakutan” (perempuan, 51, daerah bagian dalam) dan bahwaLack of permanent water supply here and lack of water security in the future.
ada orang yang mendapat untung dari ketakutan dan kecemasan. KekhawatiranThis will have a huge impact on any future growth of the town and district.
seputar atribusi juga dapat dikaitkan dengan ketidakpastian dalam ilmu iklim dan
komunikasi informasi (Kiem dan Austin, 2013b; Kiem et al., 2014; Kiem dan(Female, 63, remote)
Verdon-Kidd, 2011), yang secara fundamental terkait dengan kepercayaan (atau
ketiadaan) dalam pemerintahan: Increased unreliability of rainfall makes farming more stressful and difficult.
(Female, 52, remote) Marital status Married 644 78.3 Widowed 55 6.7 Divorced 76 9.2 Never married 48 5.8
Education Partial schooling 174 21.1 Completed high school or higher 615 74.7 Household
Extremes associated with water were seen to increase the cost of incomeb Nil 20 2.4 $1-7799 121 14.7 $7800-20799 198 24 $20800-41599 205 24.9 $41600-
51999 255 31.0 Psychological distress (K-10) 13.8 Low (10–15) 625 75.9 Moderate (16–24)
living:
145 17.6 High (> 24) 40 4.9 Adverse life events 1.2 0 278 33.8 1–3 495 60.1 4–9 44 5.2 9+
1 0.1 Australian Standard Geographic Classification (ASGC) category Major City c 12 1.5
If all of Australia was affected at the one time (ie drought plus storm activity) Inner Regional 365 44.3 Outer Regional 279 33.9 Remote 106 12.9 Very Remote 57 6.9
our cost of living will dramatically increase and perhaps never decrease.
(Female, 43, inner regional) a Some participants did not answer all the survey questions so the results
4.3.2.4. Leadership and action to address climate change. A dominant concern My main concern is that our community and government is politicising the
for many participants was the federal and state governments' responses (or lack issue rather than taking positive initiatives to address the issue.
thereof) to climate change (Table 4). There was a paradox of opinions where
participants were either angry about policies to mitigate anthropogenic climate (Male, 66, outer regional)
change which they felt were costly or unnecessary (“It's an excuse for politicians
Concerns about suffering because of climate change were expressed
to raise more taxes” (male, 53, inner regional)), or conversely, that there was
together with concerns about suffering being exacerbated by politics and
“not enough
government, and that rural communities would suffer most.
105 That knee jerk reactions by governments will have enormous im- pacts on
Table 2 Characteristics of the study population at the three-year follow-up, 2010– rural communities. Governments don't appear interested in people who live
2011. over the mountains from the coast.
Gender Male 347 42.2 Female 476 57.8 Age (years) 59 18–34 32 3.9 35–54 252 30.6 55– Political decisions impacting our rural communities financially.
64 258 31.3 65+ 281 34.1 Employment status Employed 419 50.9 Unemployed 15 1.8
Studying/Home Duties/Caring 24 2.9 Permanently unable to work 29 3.5 Retired 333 40.5
(Male, 67, inner regional)
EK Austin, et al. Journal of Rural Studies 75 (2020) 98–109
Table 3
revealed across the themes of 'suffering under climate change', 'causes The 50 most frequent words in the responses to the open-ended question
of climate change' and 'leadership and action to address climate “What is your biggest concern about climate change?”.
change'. Information that is communicated by the media does not ne-
Rank Word Count
cessarily reflect the current state of climate science, and does not al- ways adhere to the proven requirements that information be salient, 1
change 2 climate 3 government 4 living 106 235 169 125 115
credible and legitimate (Cash et al., 2003). Communicating climate science is complicated and the level of detail required for end-user
audiences often compromises the accuracy and nuances that are in-
5 water 107
trinsic to this field of research as the necessary caveats are not always 6 effect 99
communicated (Kiem et al., 2014). This leads to a lack of trust of sci- 7 world 8 increased 9 rising 10 concern 97 86 86 82
entists, politicians and government in general, as all stakeholders struggle to either provide or receive a consistent and coherent message.
Trust has been identified as an important element of individual and 11 weather 80
community wellbeing (Leviston et al., 2018), and must therefore be 12 drought 76
developed and nurtured to ensure the health and wellbeing of rural 13 taking 14 believe 15 people 76 73 69
communities and enhance their capacity to engage in effective adap- tation. Trust may also relate to the politics of climate change and spe-
16 country 69
cifically adaptation, and the trade-offs between authority, knowledge 17 impact 69
and subjectivity resulting in both conflict and compliance (Eriksen 18 production 19 making 20 going 21 levels 67 67 66 64
et al., 2015).
Related to this, is the implication of how individual participants defined climate change. This is significant in all climate change com- 22 natural
61
munications, however, it is particularly prudent in rural communities to 23 storms 61
frame climate change within the context of natural climate variability 24 temperatures 25 farming 26 causing 27 affect 54 53 52 50
and/or human-induced impacts (Kiem et al., 2016; Kiem and Austin, 2013b). Many of the free-text answers implied participants who had
interpreted “climate change” to mean specifically “human-induced 28 floods 47
climate change” also had a strong belief in natural climate variability 29 community 30 years 31 severe 32 costs 47 42 42 40
which they did not associate with climate change. Some answers were hostile and negative, potentially representing a rural perspective of
(anthropogenic) climate change and highlighting the importance of 33 carbon 38
language and terminology when communicating not only to a rural 34 future 38
audience but with all stakeholders. Importantly, climate change per- 35 patterns 36 little 37 happening 38 positive 38 35 35 35
ceptions can influence people's support for climate policies and con- tribute to their own climate-related behaviours (Niles and Mueller,
2016), in turn impacting on decisions regarding climate change adap- 39 extreme 34
tation and mitigation. It is worth noting that adaptation to and miti- 40 power 41 enough 42 cycle 43 action 31 30 28 27
gation of extreme weather events (eg drought, flood, fire) is necessary regardless of the cause(s) of climate change and irrespective of
people's opinions about climate change. When dealing with the impacts of ex- 44 availability 26
treme climate events, for example cleaning up after a flood or des- 45 reduce 26
tocking because of drought, people do not necessarily associate their 46 nothing 47 continue 48 Australia 49 rainfall 24 24 23 22
lived experience to climate change or their response as adaptation, rather they are confronted with a situation they cannot ignore and simply
proceed with their response. 50 environment 21
Despite climate change research often including surveys and inter- views (Marshall et al., 2014; Niles and Mueller, 2016) there is little
4. Discussion
qualitative analysis that investigates the personal realities of climate change for rural community members. Vulnerable rural communities
This study reports on the concerns of a diverse group of rural Australian residents about climate change using qualitative analysis of free-text
answers from a large population-based survey. Thematic analysis demonstrates peoples' concerns relating to the environmental, financial,
health, and social impacts of climate change to individuals, communities and global populations, both now and into the future. A key finding
is that rural Australian residents are particularly worried about the financial burden associated with (i) extreme weather events (especially
water-related extremes) and how their impacts might in- crease in the future and (ii) government policies (or lack thereof) aimed at climate
change mitigation and adaptation. For many participants, their greatest concern related to the causes of climate change, with free- text
answers revealing a deeper discussion of peoples' beliefs about climate change attribution whilst demonstrating an inherent faith in the 'ways
things are' both in nature and rural life in general.
A lack of trust of scientific information about climate change was
must engage in effective adaptation in order to survive the threats of climate change. Qualitative analysis of the narratives of rural commu-
nity members provides a more holistic understanding and an opportu- nity to guide adaptation efforts and tailor programs and services to
meet the needs of rural communities (Cunsolo Willox et al., 2012). Qualitative analysis also provides insight into the loss of attachment to
place and resulting psychoterratic syndromes. Specific attention to place in public health programs and community based initiatives im-
proves resilience and therefore health, particularly rural health as at- tachment to place is central for rural residents.
The four themes identified in this study are limited by the decision to restrict the word frequency test to the 50 most frequent words, ie
increasing this number would increase the number of verbatim answers analysed and may change the themes identified. The strength of the
study lies in the uniqueness of the ARMHS data and the large number of participants across rural NSW, although it is an older cohort than
the general population (Kelly et al., 2010). While many studies focus
EK Austin, et al. Journal of Rural Studies 75 (2020) 98–109
Table 4 Key themes in participants' answers about their biggest concerns about climate change.
Themea Definition Demonstrative quotes
Suffering under climate
Climate change causes people, the environment and animals to suffer.
“Rising costs of living and transport and indirect social costs, and health change
Scales of suffering range from individual impacts to global devastation
related impacts.” and from the present time to future generations.
“Destruction of natural environment and loss of habitat for animals. Social flow on affect. The compounding of socio-economic factors”. “Global change crises. Food shortage,
water shortage. Pacific Islands sinking.” Causes of climate change Concerns about climate change often relate to beliefs about
attribution.
107
“I have no concerns as I believe climate change is a natural phenomenon.” “I think it is a revolving circle. Nature does what it wants when it wants and what we do or don't do
has very little effect. We make the place better or worse for ourselves, nature just keeps ticking along at its pace.” Extremes of climate change The impacts of climate change
are extreme and often involve water.
Extreme events result in financial costs.
“Extreme heat, more severe storms, more pollution. Having trouble trying to grow more food crops, less water to use, rising sea levels.” “I feel that climate change is having a
huge effect on the world's environment. More storms, earthquakes and extremes in the weather. Temperatures are increasing.” Leadership and action to
address climate change
“The incapacity of political leaders to shape an authentic response to this problem and generate action.” “That people and governments take advantage of perceived climate
change to increase taxes and the cost to communities.”
a The themes are derived from answers that used the 50 most frequent words, therefore other themes may be identified by expanding the number of keywords