Pertemuan 2

Standar, Models and Language

 Pendahuluan
Standar
• Standar organisasi
• Standar layers
• Protocol standards of transport layers
• Protocol standards of management
(application) layer
• Model Management
• Language
 Perkembangan perangkat Jaringan
Awalnya jaringan komputer sangat sederhana, terdiri atas
satu atau lebih mainframe yang terkoneksi dengan
beberapa periperal. Karena jumlah dari sumber jaringan
sangat kecil, mengelola jaringan tersebut relatif mudah dan
cukup dengan menggunakan teknik dasar.

Saat ini jaringan komputer sangat kompleks dan

kekompleksitas dari jaringan ini akan terus meningkat.
Kompleksitas jaringan komputer utamanya datang dari dua
aspek, yaitu:
1. Peralatan yang banyak
2. Perbedaan peralatan pada jaringan
– Perangkat keras, Sistem operasi, DBMS, Software aplikasi,
Peralatan komunikasi, Pelayanan Komunikasi
 Contoh kasus

• Suatu organisasi memiliki gedung dengan 3 lantai,

masing-masing lantai menggunakan jaringan LAN
yang berbeda
 Contoh kasus #2

• Hal ini sangat tidak efisien

 Contoh kasus #3

• Menggunakan manajemen jaringan

 Contoh kasus #4

• Menggunakan standar yang dapat diterima semua

perangkat jaringan
 Pendekatan standarisasi
Perjanjian industry dunia termasuk didalamnya,
– Pembeli
– Badan standar
– pelaksana Grup

• Interoperability melalui:
– Open Interoperable Interface
– Protocol-neutral information models
– Standard Application Programming Interface
Table Network Management Standards
 OSI Architecture and Model

Network
Management

Organization Information Communication Functional

Model Model Model Model
 OSI Architecture and Model
• Model Organisasi
– Komponen Network Manajemen
– Fungsi – fungsi komponen network manajemen
– Hubungan antara komponen dan fungsi network
manajemen

• Model Informasi
– Structure of managemen information
• Syntak dan semantic
– Management information base (MIB)
• Organization of management information
– Objek Oriented
 OSI Architecture and Model
• Model Komunikasi
• Transfer syntax with bi-directional messages
• Transfer structure (PDU)

• Model Fungsional
Fungsi – fungsi dari Aplikasi
– Konfigurasi dari komponen
– Pengawasan dari semua komponen
– Pengukuran unjuk kerja
– Pengamanan Informasi
– Pengukuran penggunaan
 Arsitektur SNMP dan Model
• Organisasi
• Sama seperti model OSI
• Informasi
• Sama seperti OSI, tetapi scalar
•Komunikasi
• Pesan sedikit kompleks dibandingkan OSI dan
unidirectional
• Transfer structure (PDU)
• Fungsi
• Application functions
• Operations
• Administration
• Security
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
SNMP Deployment
SNMP Deployment
Implementing a Standard Network Management
Solution
Pengelolaan Jaringan
Management agents
Device’s Components or Objects
 Arsitektur TMN

• Alamat pengelolaan dari jaringan telekomunikasi

• Berdasarkan model OSI
• Suprastruktur pada jaringan OSI
• Alamat jaringan, layanan, dan manajemen bisnis
 Organizational Model
• Manager
• Sends requests to agents
• Monitors alarms
• Houses applications
• Menyediakan antar muka bagi pemakai

• Agent
• Gathers information from objects
• Configures parameters of objects
• Memberikan tanggapan pesanan manajer
• Generates alarms and sends them to managers

• Managed object
• Network element that is managed
• Houses management agent
• All objects are not managed / manageable
 Two-Tier Model
MDB
Manager
Management Database

Managed objects

Unmanaged objects

Agent process

• Agent built into network element (managed hub, managed router)

• An Agent can manage multiple elements (Switched hub, ATM switch)
• MDB is a physical database
• Unmanaged objects are network elements that are not managed - both
physical (unmanaged hub) and logical (passive elements)
 Three-Tier Model
MDB Manager

MDB Agent / Manager

Managed objects

• Middle layer plays the dual role

• Agent to the top-level manager
• Manager to the managed objects
• Example of middle level: Remote monitoring agent (RMON)
 Manager of Managers
Manager of Managers MoM MDB

Agent Agent
Agent NMS Agent NMS
MDB MDB
Manager Manager

Managed objects Managed objects

• Agent NMS manages the domain

• MoM presents integrated view of domains
• Domain may be geographical, administrative, vendor-specific
products, etc
 Peer NMS

Agent NMS Manager NMS

Manager NMS Agent NMS

• Dual role of both NMSs

• Network management system acts as peers
• Notice that the manager and agent functions are processes
and not systems
 Information Model
Analogy

• Figures in a book uniquely identified by

• ISBN, Chapter, and Figure number in that
hierarchical order
•ID: {ISBN, chapter, figure}
• The three elements above define the syntax
• Semantics is the meaning of the three entities
according to Webster’s dictionary
• The information comprises syntax and semantics
about an object
Structure of Management Information
• SMI defines for a managed object
• Syntax
• Semantics
• plus additional information such as status

• Example
sysDescr: { system 1 }
Syntax: OCTET STRING
Definition: "A textual description of the entity. "
Access: read-only
Status: mandatory
Management Information Base (MIB)

• Information base contains information about objects

• Organized by grouping of related objects
• Defines relationship between objects
• It is NOT a physical database. It is a virtual database
that is compiled into management module
Management Information Base (MIB)
 Information Base View
Analogy
• Sebuah sistem perpustakaan memiliki banyak cabang
Setiap cabang memiliki satu set buku
Buku-buku di setiap cabang yang berbeda
Informasi dasar county memiliki pandangan (katalog)
dari semua buku
Informasi dasar dari setiap cabang memiliki katalog
buku yang dimiliki cabang. Artinya, setiap cabang
memiliki pandangannya (katalog) dari basis informasi
MIB View and Access of an Object
• A managed object has many attributes – its
information base
• There are several operations that can be
performed on the objects
• A user (manager) can view and perform only
certain operations on the object by invoking the
management agent
• The view of the object attributes that the agent
perceives is the MIB view
• The operation that a user can perform is the MIB
access
Management Data Base/Information Base
MDB Manager MIB

Managed objects

• Perbedaan antara MDB and MIB

• database fisik MDB; e.g.. Oracle, Sybase
• database virtual MIB; schema compiled into management
software
• Sebuah NMS dapat secara otomatis menemukan objek yang
dikelola, seperti hub, ketika ditambahkan ke jaringan
• NMS dapat mengidentifikasi objek baru sebagai hub hanya setelah
MIB skema hub dikompilasi ke dalam perangkat lunak NMS
 Managed Object
Objek yang dikelola dapat berupa:
• Elemen jaringan (hardware, sistem)
 hub, bridge, router, fasilitas transmisi
• Software (non-fisik)
 program, algoritma
• informasi Administrasi
 contact person, nama grup objek (IP group)
Management Information Tree

Root

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Representasi Generik dari Pohon Informasi Manajemen

 OSI Management Information Tree

itu iso iso-itu

0 1 2

org
3
• iso International Standards Organization
itu I nternational Telecommunications Union dod
dod Department of Defense 6
• Designation:
• iso 1
internet
• org 1.3 1
• dod 1.3.6
• internet 1.3.6.1
OSI Management Information Tree
 Object Type and Instance
• Type
• Name
• Syntax
• Definition
• Status
• Access
• Instance

• Example of a circle
• “circle” is syntax
• Semantics is definition from dictionary:
• “A plane figure bounded by a single
curved line, every point of which is of
equal distance from the center of the
figure.”
 Managed Object: Internet Perspective

Access: Object Type:

Access Object IDand
privilege Descriptor
circle

Status:
Implementaion
requirements
Syntax: Defintion:
model of object Semantics -
textual description

object ID unique ID
and descriptor and name for the object
syntax used to model the object
access access privilege to a managed object
status implementation requirements
definition textual description of the semantics
of object type
 Managed Object: OSI Perspective
Notifications
:
Notify changes in
attribute values

Object Class:
Elliptical
object
Object Class:
Circular
object Behaviour
Operations:
Push

Attributes
: Attributes:
circle, dimension ellipse, dimension

object class managed object

attributes attributes visible at its boundary
operations operations which may be applied to it
behaviour behaviour exhibited by it in response to operation
notifications notifications emitted by the object
 Packet Counter Example
Characteristics Example
Object type PktCounter
Syntax Counter
Access Read-only
Status Mandatory
Description Counts number of packets
Internet Perspective

Characteristics Example
Object class Packet Counter
Attributes Single-valued
Operations get, set
Behavior Retrieves or resets values
Notifications Generates notifications on new
value
OSI Perspective
 Internet vs OSI Managed Object
• Objek skalar di Internet vs pendekatan berorientasi objek
di OSI
• Karakteristik dari operasi OSI, perilaku, dan
pemberitahuan merupakan bagian dari model
komunikasi di Internet: get / set dan respon / alarm
• Sintaks Internet diserap sebagai bagian dari atribut OSI
• Akses Internet adalah bagian dari model keamanan OSI
• Status Internet adalah bagian dari aplikasi kesesuaian
OSI
• OSI memungkinkan penciptaan dan penghapusan objek;
Internet tidak: Peningkatan di SNMPv2
 Communication Model
Operations /
Requests
Manager Agent
Responses

Notifications / Network Elements /

Applications
Traps Managed Objects

• In Internet requests/responses, in OSI operations

• In Internet traps and notifications (SNMPv2),
in OSI notifications
 Transfer Protocols
Operations / Requests / Responses
Manager Traps / Notifications Agent
Applications Applications

Manager Agent
SNMP (Internet)
Communication CMIP (OSI) Communication
Module Module

Transport Layers Transport Layers

UDP / IP (Internet)
OSI Lower Layer Profiles (OSI)

Physical Medium

• Internet berdasarkan kepada SNMP; OSI berdasarkan kepada CMIP

• OSI menggunakan CMISE (Common Management Information
Service Element) application dengan CMIP
• OSI specifies both connection-oriented and connectionless
transport protocol; SNMPv2 extended to c-o, but rarely used
 Abstract Syntax Notation One
• ASN.1 is more than a syntax; it’s a language
• Addresses both syntax and semantics
• Two type of syntax
• Abstract syntax: set of rules that specify
data type and structure for information storage
• Transfer syntax: set of rules for communicating
information between systems
• Makes application layer protocols
independent of lower layer protocols
• Can generate machine-readable code: Basic
Encoding Rules (BER) is used in management
modules
 Object Name
itu iso iso-itu
0 1 2

org
3

dod
6

internet
• internet OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= 1
{ISO(1) ORG(3) DOD(6) INTERNET(1)}
private
4

enterprise
1

IBM
2
 Functional Model

OSI
Functional Model

Configuration Fault Performance Security Accounting

Management Management Management Management Management
 Functional Model
• Configuration management
• set and change network configuration and
component parameters
• Set up alarm thresholds
• Fault management
• Detection and isolation of failures in network
• Trouble ticket administration
• Performance management
• Monitor performance of network
• Security management
• Authentication
• Authorization
• Encryption
• Accounting management
• Functional accounting of network usage
Soal latihan
1.Dibawah ini adalah standar yang tidak harus ada di
dalam sebuah jaringan adalah :
a. Standar organisasi d. Standar Layers
b. Standar Protocol e. Standar OSI
c. Standar Manajemen jaringan

2. Hubungan antara komponen – komponen dan fungsi

network manajemen yang mesti ada dalam standar
manajemen jaringan pada ..:
a. Organisasi model d. Network model
b. Information model e. Communication model
c. Function model
3. Berikut ini 5 standar manajemen jaringan yang
digunakan untuk menghubungkan antar perangkat jaringan
yang ada, kecuali:
a. OSI/CMIP d. IEEE
b. SNMP/Internet e. IETF
c. TMN

4. Standar manajemen jaringan yang memiliki 7 layer

adalah:
a. OSI/CMIP d. IEEE
b. SNMP/Internet e. IETF
c. TMN
5. Standar manajemen jaringa yang dikeluarkan oleh
international standar (ITU-T) adalah:
a. OSI/CMIP
b. SNMP/Internet
c. TMN
d. IEEE
e. IETF