Minggu 11

Desain Masalah Pasir & Kerikil

Penyelesaian dan Kerja

Ulang Sumur
Garis besar

• pengantar

• Faktor dari Formasi (tidak dikonsolidasi)

• Kekuatan Formasi, V shale

• Prediksi Pasir
• Core & log berasal turunan. pengukuran kekuatan, drawdown maksimum yang diijinkan

• Tingkat kritis untuk mencegah produksi Pasir

• Jenis kontrol pasir

• Mekanik: layar sendiri, kerikil lubang terbuka, kerikil lubang cased, paket frac, layar tubular

• Kimia: konsolidasi pasir & resin berlapis

• Ukuran kerikil & desain layar

• Core sampling, analisis saringan, pemilihan kerikil, pemilihan layar

• Pengaruh paket kerikil terhadap produktivitas

pengantar

Produksi pasir umumnya terjadi pada formasi sementara tersier, terutama miosen. Karena umumnya formasi

komersial di Indonesia tersier, maka banyak dijumpai masalah

kepasiran. Selanjutnya, Lingkungan pengendapan pasir pada saat diterbitkan terbentuk dalam

dua kondisi, yaitu: marine dan non-marine.

- Formasi endapan laut umumnya mengandung mineral berkapur atau siliceus, sehingga membentuk batu

pasir yang kokoh dan terkonsolidasi.

- Formasi pasir endapan non-laut yang disementasi oleh lempung mineral, lanau, dan aspal

membuat batu pasir yang lemah dan tidak terkonsolidasi dengan baik. Pada formasi

batu pasir non-laut inilah yang sering dijumpai sebagai masalah kepasiran.
Pendahuluan Cont

Multiphase desanders (hydrocyclones) dapat dipasang di hulu separator,

meskipun ini seringkali merupakan perangkat sementara untuk pembersihan

sumur (Rawlins dan Hewett, 2007). Perangkat permanen biasanya dipasang di

hilir choke di mana peringkat tekanan bisa lebih rendah. Hidrosiklon dapat

menghilangkan sekitar 95% padatan yang diproduksi (Kaura et al.,

2001).

Karena kendala ukuran, mereka biasanya digunakan pada sumur tunggal, meskipun

Putra et al. (2007) melaporkan penggunaannya pada bermacam-macam produksi di

Oman untuk sumur yang memiliki layar yang dilubangi untuk meningkatkan

produktivitas. Konfigurasi khas ditunjukkan pada gambar

Faktor dari Formasi

Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan perpindahan kepasiran, di mana selain diakibatkan oleh laju produksi

yang tidak dapat dipindahkan juga dari sisi kondisi

formasi itu sendiri, yang meliputi:

1. Sementasi batu (Dari Archie)

2. kekuatan formasi

3. Tegangan ( menekankan) yang bekerja di sekitar lubang bor

4. Penurunan ( penurunan) tekanan formasi

 Faktor dari Formation contd
Faktor sementasi:

Faktor dalam analisis Archie umumnya digunakan dalam

Aturan praktis
estimasi saturasi air dalam perhitungan petrofisik. Selain itu faktor sementasi
m ≥ 1,8 umumnya merupakan formasi kompak
dapat menjadi indikasi apakah formasi tersebut dikonsolidasikan.
(konsolidasi) baik di batu pasir atau karbonat.
Rumus umum Archie

Dimana:

m = faktor sementasi (tidak berdimensi)

Sw = udara saturasi (fraksi atau persentase) n = eksponen

jenuh (biasanya 2, tanpa dimensi) Rw = tahanan air formasi

(Ω-m)

Rt = tahanan formasi sebenarnya (Ω-m),

F = faktor resistivitas pembentukan (tidak berdimensi)

a = konstanta faktor tortuosity (biasanya 1, tanpa dimensi) Φ = porositas

(fraksi atau persentase)

 Faktor dari Formation contd
Kekuatan Formasi: Dimana:

Kekuatan formasi (kekuatan formasi) merupakan kemampuan formasi dalam menahan Kandungan lempung suatu formasi dapat diperkirakan dengan menggunakan data-data logging.
butiran. Tixier melakukan perhitungan sebagai berikut: Persamaan yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :

SP log GR log
GR• min
V sh
• 1• atau V sh
•
• 1 •2 • • •1 • • • SSP GR max
GR • min
A • B • • • 0,125 V sh • 0, 27
• • • •
21 3 •1 • • • Dimana :

• • 2 •
2
Vsh = kandungan lempung, fraksi.
• 1, 3410
10 b

2
11
• , 3410
10 b

2
•
1• C G, 3410
10
• xAxB x
b

4
• c
xB x Cb t xA x G • tc b • tc SPlog = defleksi SPlog, mV.

Dimana:
SSP = defleksi maksimum SPlog, mV
G = geser modulus, psi. 1 / Cb = modulus curah, psi.

Cb = kompresibilitas massal, psi- 1 Vsh = kandungan lempung, fraksi. GRlog = Gamma ray log yang diukur, API

• b = bulk density, gr/cc. • tc = transite time, us/ft.

GRmax = Gamma ray maksimum , API

GRmin = Gamma ray minimum , API

G/Cb = kriteria formation strength, psi 2
Rule of thumb G/Cb ≥ 0,8 x 10 12 psi 2
( kompak) < 0,8 x 10 12 psi 2 ( tdk
kompak)
Sand Prediction
Core-derived strength measurements

Several strength experiments can be performed. The simplest is the unconfined

compressive strength (UCS) measurement as shown in Figure below . This requires a 2 to 3

in. length core plug with a length to diameter ratio of 2. A more realistic method is to

perform a confined compressive strength experiment where an elastomeric jacket

surrounds the core plug and pressure applied. The problem with this test is deciding what

confining pressure to use. Ideally, a range of pressures should be used, possibly based

around the mean effective stress of the formation, but this requires multiple specimens of

the same strength rock – something that is often hard to achieve from conventional core.

A cavity failure test or, more commonly called, thick wall cylinder (TWC) experiment is

now common as it more closely represents the failure mechanics of a perforation.

Because UCS measurements are cheaper and easier to perform, it is still common to

use these for calibration to log data rather than TWC measurements .
 Sand Prediction Contd
Log-derived strength measurements

Log data can be used to assess rock strength. Logs are best used

when calibrated to core data as there is no direct relationship

between any wireline-derived data and rock strength

( Simangunsong et al., 2006 ).

The advantage of log-derived measurements is that they are cheap

and simple and routinely obtained across the reservoir section for

other reasons. Because they are near-continuous measurements,

once tuned, they provide a profile of the strength through the

reservoir. The two most common wireline logs used for strength
The use of log data in this way can then be used to predict the
determination are porosity (either neutron or density logs) and the strength of rocks that have not been cored (either the same well or on
sonic log. These logs are routinely run by measurement while wells in the same intervals within the same field).

drilling (MWD) or by a dedicated wireline run.

 Sand Prediction Contd
Using a different log-derived strength relationship could have a large bearing on the final prediction. A further step is therefore
required – correlating the log-derived UCS to the core-derived UCS. Why core-derived UCS and not directly the core-derived
TWC?

It is critical that the correlation is accurate at low strengths rock, as these intervals
will be used to define the onset of sanding. Because sand production prediction
models generally use TWC data, log-derived, core-corrected UCS strength
measurements have to be corrected to TWC strength measurements using
empirical relationships (Palmer). This creates a log-derived, core corrected TWC
strength profile.

Picking the core plug points can be helped by using the logderived
relationship (or techniques such as scratch testing) to pick the weakest
interval and a range. Assistance from a petrophysicist and geologist will be
beneficial for picking UCS sampling points
 Sand Prediction Contd

A sensitivity to reservoir pressure, suggesting increased

sanding potential with reduced pressure, is shown in the top

figure . These plots are referred to again when discussing sand

production mitigation methods. (see purple line for pwf and

its maximum drawdown, avoid the overlap)

A further common visualization is to examine a particular

interval (e.g. the lowest strength) and calculate allowable

drawdowns with depletion. In the example used so far, the top

of the reservoir interval is used as shown in the bottom figure.

Critical rate to prevent Sand production

(Stein et al)

• 6
0.025 10
x kN
z
G zA z z
Q z
•
B z
• z
At

Dimana : Q z
= laju alir kritis, STB/day k z
= permeabilitas batuan, mD N z
= jumlah lubang perforasi G z
= shear modulus, psi B z
= faktor volume formasi fluida, bbl / STB µ z
= viskositas fluida, cp A z
= luas kelengkungan pasir formasi, sq-ft A t
= luas kelengkungan pasir pada kondisi test, sq-ft, biasanya dianggap sama dengan Az
Effect of Sand Problem

1. Akumulasi pasir ( sand bridge) di perangkat produksi sumur dapat mematikan sumur.

2. Dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada perangkat produksi sumur seperti, pompa,katup, jepitan, pipa salur di permukaan

dan fasilitas produksi lainnya.

3. Menyebabkan persoalan pembuangan pasir.

4. Selubung dapat collapse akibat tidak ratanya pembebanan axial.

 Sand Control
Metode pengontrolan kepasiran dibagi menjadi:

1. Secara mekanik

Yaitu menggunakan design screen dan gravel pack. Prinsip gravel pack

adalah mencegah terproduksinya pasir dengan memasang gravel yang

mempunyai permebilitas yang tinggi tetapi tidak dapat dilewati oleh partikel

pasir formasi. Supaya gravel tidak terlepas dari tempatnya maka dipasang

screen.

2. Secara kimiawi

Yaitu menggunakan sand consolidation atau resin-coated gravel pack

Untuk mendesain ukuran Gravel, diperlukan sampel batuan formasi yang representative. Beberapa

metoda pengambilan sampel pasir formasi dengan tingkat kepercayaan dari yang tertinggi sampai yang

terendah dapat diurutkan antara lain adalah :

a. Convensional core c. Bailed sampling

Didapat dari rubber sleeve core barrel, dan Dioperasikan melalui convensional wireline dan

hasilnya cukupbaik serta dapat dipercaya karena hasilnya kurang dapat dipercaya,karena keharusan

mempunyai recovery core yang tinggi. mengangkat drill pipe dalammemperoleh core.

b. Sidewall core d. Produced sand

Didapat melalui electrical wire line, dan hasil Hasil yang diperoleh kurang dapat dipercaya, karena

yang diperoleh cukup dapat dipercaya karena pasir formasi yang didapatkan hanya yang berukuran

sampel dapat diambil di setiap kedalaman. kecil.

Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa distribusi butiran dengan sieve analysis. Untuk menentukan penyebaran (distribusi) batuan
formasi produktif, dengan sieve Analysis Langkah kerjanya adalah sebagai berikut :
a) Ambil contoh batuan yang sudah kering
b) Sediakan dan timbang 100 atau 200 gram sampel tersebut.
c) Sediakan sieve analysis yang telah bersih
d) Susunlah sieve di atas alat pengguncang dengan mangkuk pada dasar,
sedangkan sieve diatur dari yang paling halus di atas mangkuk dan yang
paling besar pada puncak
e) Tuangkan dengan hati-hati sampel kedalam sieve yang paling atas,
kemudian pasang tutup dan kencangkan bagian penguatnya.
f) Guncangkan selama 30 menit.
g) Tuangkan isi sieve yang paling kasar (atas) ke dalam mangkuk
h) Tuangkan isi sieve yang paling halus berikutnya
kedalammangkuk tadi juga, kemudian timbang berat
kumulatifnya. Teruskan cara tersebut sampai isi seluruh sieve
ditimbang secara kumulatif
i) Dari berat timbangan secara kumulatif dapat
dihitung juga berat sampel dalam tiap sieve dengan
mengurangi suatu berat kumulatif sebelumnya. Dari
hubungan antara prosentase butiran yang lolos dengan
diameter saringan dalam skala logaritma, dapat diketahui kurva
sebaran pembagian ukuran butiran yang dapat
menunjukan keseragaman sampel.
 Kurva Hubungan Diameter Butiran Pasir vs Persen Kumulatif

Tiga karakteristik dari kurva distribusi ukuran butiran yang

seringkali digunakan untuk
menggambarkan deskripsi pasir yaitu :

a. Median, d 50, yaitu diameter butir pada titik 50% pada

kurva Median = d 50

b. Koefisien kekompakan ( sorting coeficient) yang didefinisikan

oleh Corelab sebagai berikut :

∂ = (d 25)0.5/ d 75

c. Koefisien keseragaman ( uniformity confident)

menurut Schwartz

C = d 40/ d 90

Jika C < 3 maka pasir seragam

Jika C > 5 maka pasir tidak seragam

Jika C < 10 maka pasir sangat tidak seragam

 Gravel Pack overview
Keuntungan gravel pack antara lain : Pelaksanannya adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Efektif digunakan pada zona produksi yang

a. Pembersihan perforasi dengan clean fluid sebelum gravel pack dipasang.
intervalnya panjang
b. Penentuan ukuran gravel pack sesuai dengan ukuran butiran pasir formasi
2. Dapat digunakan untuk sumur yang sudah
c. Squeeze gravel pack ke dalam lubang perforasi, gunakan water wet gravel
lama dan telah memproduksi pasir
d. Produksikan sumur dengan segera setelah packing, aliran produksi dimulai
3. Mempunyai permeabilitas yang relatif tinggi
dengan laju produksi rendah kemudian dilanjutkan dengan kenaikan laju produksi
dan dapat diterapkan pada formasi yang
sedikit demi sedikit.
mempunyai permeabilitas bervariasi.

Kekurangan gravel pack antara lain :

1. Berkurangnya diameter lubang sumur

karena adanya screen di dalam lubang

sehingga dapat mengganggu operasi yang lain

2. Screen yang digunakan harus tahan terhadap korosi dan

erosi yang disebabkan oleh fluida produksi.

Setelah melakukan sieve analisis untuk butiran Persyaratan Gravel rekomendasi API RP 58
formasi (d), Penentuan ukuran diameter gravel (D)
1. Kebulatan dan kebundaran 0,6 atau lebih dari skala Krumbein
dapat diperoleh dari persamaan empiris berikut:

• Coberly danWagner

D = 10 x d 10

• Tousch dan Corley

4 x d 10 > D < 6 x d 10

• Soucier (umumnya dipakai)

D = 5 s/d 6 x d 50

2. Pembatasan kelarutan terhadap asam tidak boleh larut lebih dari 1 % dalam
12 % HCL atau 3 % HF

3. Kandungan kwarsa 98 % atau lebih

4. Kekuatan butiran (dalam standar tes laboratorium) bila diberi tekanan 2000
psi selama 2 menit tidak boleh rusak lebih dari 4 % untuk ukuran 12/20, 16/30,
20/40 mesh atau 2 % untuk ukuran 30/50 dan 40/60 mesh
 Tabel Ukuran gravel komersial
Gravel Pack Design
Ukuran gravel/in, U.S.mesh Diameter median, in

Ada beberapa faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan di dalam

perencanaan gravel pack, yaitu: 0.006x0.017 40/100 0.012

0.008x0.017 40/70 0.013

1. Ukuran gravel pack yang tersedia

0.010x0.017 40/60 0.014

0.017x0.033 20/40 0.025

Gravel pack tersedia dalam beberapa ukuran. Apabila ukuran
0.023x0.047 16/30 0.035
gravel hasil perhitungan tidak tersedia, umumnya memakai
0.033x0.066 12/20 0.050
ukuran yang lebih kecil.
0.039x0.066 12/18 0.053
Kadang-kadang memakai ukuran yang lebih besar apabila
0.033x0.079 10/20 0.056
ukuran yang lebih kecil tidak tersedia. tabel berikut
0.047x0.079 10/16 0.063
memperlihatkan ukuran gravel yang tersedia.
0.066x0.094 8/12 0.080

0.079x0.132 6/10 0.106

2. Angularitas dan Besar Butir Gravel Tabel Angularitas dan besar gravel terhadap Perm por

Gravel size, US mesh 8 -12 10 - 20 10 - 20 10 - 30 20 - 40 40 -60

Permeabilitas dan kompaksi gravel dapat
dipengaruhi oleh angularitas dan besar butir. Roundness Angular Angular round round round round
Suman mengemukakan
K, Darcys 1745 881 325 191 121 45
angularitas secara relatif tidak begitu mempengaruhi
terhadap permeabilitas gravel. Porosity, % 36 36 32 33 35 32
Akan tetapi Archie
mengemukakan bahwa permeabilitas angular jauh
lebih besar dibandingkan dengan permeabilitas yang
bundar.

3. Kebasahan Gravel

Suman mengutip bahwa perubahan kebasahan gravel dari basah air ke

oil wet, terutama pada perbandingan viskositas air minyak yang besar.

Minyak kadang-kadang bersifat senyawa polar yang apabila diserap oleh permukaan gravel,
menyebabkan gravel cenderung bersifat oil wet.

Oleh karena itu, jika minyak digunakan sebagai fasa kontinu untuk fluida pembawa
dalam penempatan gravel, material gravel sebaiknya dibasahi dulu dengan air sebelum
diinjeksikan ke dalam sumur.
Dari ukuran median gravel dan median sand (D 50/ d 50 ) dapat

diperoleh tingkat penurunan permeabilitas gravel akibat pasir

yang masuk kedalam gravel pack. Permeabilitas setelah kondisi

ini selanjutnya dinamakan permeabilitas efektif.

Sedangkan distribusi diatas rasio kira-kira 10, menunjukan

tendensi produksi pasir (< ±10 pasir masih tertahan gravel pack)

(berdasarkan hasil studi

Saucier)
Ukuran Screen yang Digunakan Berdasarkan Ukuran Range Gravel. 18)

Gravel Size Gravel Size Screen Gauge Screen Gauge

(U.S. Mesh) (inch) (inch) (inch • 10 • 3)
40/60 0.0165 • 0.0093 0.008 08
30/50 0.0230 • 0.0120 0.010 10
20/40 0.0330 • 0.0165 0.012 12
16/30 0.0470 • 0.0230 0.016 16
12/20 0.0660 • 0.0330 0.020 20
0 6/16 0.0940 • 0.0470 0.028 28

Atau melalui persamaan empiris, ukuran lubang screen liner dapat diperoleh dari:

• Wilson : W = d 10

• Coberly : W = 2d 10

• Gill : W = d 15

• Schwartz, Coberly, Rogers : W = d 100

untuk formasi-formasi baru yang mengalami kepasiran

• De Priester (umumnya sering digunakan): 0,05 in =< W=< d 20

Bila harga d 20 lebih kecil dari 0.05 in, maka perlu digunakan metode sand control lain
 Screen types

1. Slotted pipe

Pipa mempunyai lubang irisan membujur atau melintang.

Keuntungannya adalah murah.

Kerugiannya adalah ukuran slot terkecil relatif masih terlalu besar

untuk gravel terbesar, pipa mudah terkena korosi, dan mudah
terkikis.

2. Wire Wrapped Screen Kawat stainles steel dilllitkan pada pipa.

Tapisan ini adalah yang paling umum dipakai.

3. Prepacked Screen.

Gravel yang resin coated sudah ditempatkan di antara 2 tapisan

sebelum dipasang disumur. Cocok digunakan untuk interval
panjang karena mudah Penempatannya.
Teknik Penempatan Gravel Dan Screen

1. Wash down Method.

Tempatkan gravel di dalam

selubung sampai di bawah perforasi.
Masukkan rangkaian screen dengan wash
pipe dan push down shoe ke lubang sumur
sambil sirkulasi lurus dan tempatkan
saringan sampai di depan perforasi. Metode
ini tidak cukup memadatkan gravel di anulus
dan akan menyortir ukuran gravel. Cara ini
hanya baik untuk selang perforasi di bawah
10 ft.

WASHDOWN TECHNIQUE
2. Sirkulasi terbaik ( Reverse circulation)

Screen dan liner diturunkan di sekitar perforasi.

Bubur gravel dipompakan
melalui anulus dengan sirkulasi terbaik. Gravel akan
terperangkap di anulus. Cara ini tidak baik untuk
sumur miring

REVERSE CIRCULATION TECHNIQUE

3. Crossover Method.

Masukkan rangkaian saringan dan penyekat dengan

liner setting tool tempatkan saringan tepat di depan
perforasi.

Biasanya panjang tapisan ditambah 5 ft di atas dan 5 ft

di bawah selang perforasi dan diberi pipa buta 1.5 kali
panjang tapisan.

Adonan gravel dipompakan dan disirkulasi lurus.

Sirkulasi lurus tersebut akan menjadi sirkulasi terbalik
setelah melewati crossover. Adonan gravel akan
terbawa menuju anulus tapisan dan selubung. Cabut
rangkaian liner setting tool

CROSSOVER SYSTEM
 Perhitungan pressure drop pada gravel pack

Untuk menentukan pressure drop pada gravel pack completion, digunakan Persamaan Jones,
Blount dan Glaze sbb:

Pwfs – Pwf = aq 2 + bq = • P gravel

Dimana : P wf = tekanan aliran dasar sumur, psi

P wfs = tekanan aliran dasar sumur pada permukaan pasir, psi

• 13 2
9. 08B10
xa • o• L Q = laju aliran, bbl
o
•
2 Top view
A Bo = faktor volule formasi, bbl/stb

• L • = densitas minyak, lb/cuft

Bb o
•
•o o3 L = length of linear flow path, ft
1. 12710 kx A
g L
kg = permeabilitas gravel, md

7 A = luas area perforasi, ft 2

1. x 10
47
• • 0. 55
= SPF x H x (1/4)*π*d 2
kg Diameter sumur
H = ketebalan atau interval perforasi

β = faktor turbulensi, ft- 1

Diameter saringan/screen
Pengaruh Gravel pack terhadap Produktivitas

Adapun yang berhubungan dengan Untuk menghitung pressure drop formasi bisa
produktivitas secara langsung adalah menggunakan persamaan Productivity index pada
permeabilitas. periode aliran yang telah mencapai boundary yaitu
steady state maupun presudo steadystate.

a
• P formasi Bila memperhitungkan watercut, dapat menggunakan
PI PI • persamaan Pudjo Sukarno.

b
• P formasi • • Pgravel

Dimana

PIa = PI sesudah gravel packing

PIb = PI sebelum gravel packing

 Pengaruh Gravel pack terhadap Produktivitas contd
Selain dari perhitungan pressure drop melalui gravel, - Berdasarkan susunan gravel packing seri radial

terdapat beberapa pendekatan empiris lain terhadap untuk dua lapisan (D.D Sparlin)

well productivity, diantaranya: re

ln
- Berdasarkan ketebalan gravel & ratio rw
k avg •
permeabilitas (Van Pollen et al) (dengan q Darcy) • 1 1 re •
• ln
rk • ln •
• rw k r ••
• g f

sehingga laju produksi melalui media gravel

(modifikasi persamaan darcy dengan subtitusi k)

2 • k avg
h P •q
g
• Dimana q g=
re
• ln laju produksi dgn media gravel (STB/day) q =
rw laju produksi dari formasi (STB/day) kg = permeabilitas
gravel, mD kf = permeabilitas formasi, mD r = jari2
re
ln media gravel, in re = jari2 pengurasan, in rw =
q g rw jari2produksi, in
•
q • 1 1 re •
• r klnk • ln •
f
• rw k r ••
• g f
Sand Control Contd

Metode pengontrolan kepasiran dapat dibreakdown lagi menurut konfigurasinya:

1. Secara mekanik

- Stand alone screen

- Open hole gravel pack

- Cased hole gravel pack

- Frac Pack

- expandable screen

2. Secara kimiawi

- Yaitu menggunakan sand consolidation atau resin-coated gravel pack

 Relative merits of principal sand
control method
• Reliability. This is fundamental, especially in environments like

subsea wells. Sand control failure usually results in a side track or

well abandonment. Care must always be used when using historical

data on reliability to ensure that the environment is similar,

• Productivity. To be of use for economics, the reservoir completion

productivity needs to be converted into comparable (discounted)

production profiles. These profiles need to include the upper

completion effect, reservoir depletion and water/gas influx.

• Cost. To be fully comparable, the cost must be all-encompassing.

Obvious costs such as those for equipment and installation need to

be included, as well as associated costs such as slower drilling rates

because of using a water-based mud prior to an open hole gravel

pack, additional wiper trips for an expandable sand screen or

different trajectories/reservoir section lengths.

• Zonal isolation
Standalone Screens

Standalone screens (SAS) are used extensively

throughout the world due to their simplicity and low

installation costs. Wire-wrapped, pre-packed and

premium screens are all used as standalone screens.

Theses screens can be installed with or without a

washpipe and often incorporate blank sections of pipe

and external casing packers (or swellable elastomer

packers). Because of the lack of pumping and screen

expansion operations, they are sometimes the only form

of sand control that can be deployed in extended reach

wells or in many types of multilateral wells.

Open Hole Gravel Packs

Originally used in deviated or vertical wells, since the mid-1990s, open hole gravel packs

became a common form of sand control; particularly in horizontal wells, where they can be

very productive. The intention is simple; pack the annular space with gravel sized to stop

formation sand from being produced and size the screen to prevent the gravel from escaping.

When successfully installed, they prevent the formation from collapsing and therefore reduce

fines production, but the filter cake (if still present) must flow back through the gravel and

screen. Operationally, they can be challenging (particularly with respect to fluid selection and

deployment), and like all forms of sand control, success is not guaranteed.
Cased Hole Gravel Packs and Frac Packs
Cased hole gravel packs and particularly their extension to frac packing are extensively used in

the Gulf of Mexico and occasionally elsewhere. In some environments, such as the North Sea, they

are rarely used. They provide some of the most reliable sand control completions (King et al.,

2003) – particularly in environments where other sand exclusion techniques struggle (laminated

shale and sand intervals, lower permeability formations and high fines contents). They also offer

the opportunity for zonal isolation by the use of stacked packs. The downside is significant

operational complexity, logistics and time. The cost and complexitymakes them considerably less

attractive ( but not impossible) for long reservoir sections. They become increasing less suited for

higher permeability formations as productivity declines.

Cased Hole Gravel Packs

A perforation tunnel length through the casing and cement of 1.5 in. is
assumed with 200 Darcy gravel; no account is taken for the damage zone
or crushed zone around the perforation.

Notice the relatively high flow efficiencies calculated compared with many
published results and the reduction in flow efficiency with reducing
effective shots per foot. This would confirm the criticality (and difficulty) of
ensuring that the majority of perforations are clean and well packed with
gravel .
Frac Packs

Top Figure shows the deployment of a frac pack and the resulting
production behaviour. Where the permeability of the formation is low in
comparison to the gravel, the fracture dominates performance and
negative skin factors can result. Flow through perforations not connected
to the fracture will be minimal and as a result, there is a reduced
requirement to ensure that these perforations are clean – overbalanced
perforating can be effective.

Notice the low flow efficiencies at high permeabilities. A comparison with

the non-fractured gravel pack in cased hole Figure shows that at 1000
bpd, the flow efficiencies are similar at around 3000 md. The combination
of effects 3 and 4 with increased permeabilities would suggest that in this
example there would be a greater flow contribution through the
non-fractured perforations and the flow efficiencies would therefore be
better than predicted in this graph so long as all the perforations were
clean and properly packed with gravel.
Expandable Screens

Expandable screens are a relative newcomer to sand control, being first

introduced in 1999 (Phillips et al., 2005).The early history of expandable screens

was not encouraging with many high-profile failures as equipment evolved.

However, they have now become a mainstream technique in sand control and are

slowly displacing open hole and cased hole gravel packs in some areas of the world.

Their merit is based on avoiding the open annulus that historically caused the

failure of many standalone screen completions. In theory, they should have similar

performance (productivity and reliability) to open hole gravel packs. Operationally,

expandable screens should be easier and cheaper to install than open hole gravel

packs. Evolving techniques whereby expandable screens combine with expandable

solid liners also offer the opportunity for zonal conformance – water and gas

shutoff – with a significant reduction in complexity compared with the alternatives

requiring the pumping of gravel

There are essentially two types of expandable screen in use.

The first uses overlapping woven sheets. The sheets move past each other as the screen
expands, but the mesh itself does not expand. This is the technique used by Weatherford’s
ESSs (trademark of Weatherford Completion Systems)

The alternative approach is to use a screen that can itself be expanded. A woven screen is suitable for this
approach. The weave (weft) wires expand tangentially whilst the warp wires do not expand. The gap providing the
filtration is unchanged as shown

Typically multiple layers of woven metal screens are used and the
designs are similar to (indeed based on) premium screens. These are
the techniques chosen by Baker (EXPresst, trademark of Baker Oil
Tools) and Halliburton (Poroflexs, trademark of Halliburton)
 Some of the expansion methods
The alternative expansion methods are

1. Use a fixed cone with weight applied by the drillpipe. This works with the ESSs screen as the screen

requires a low expansion force – typically around 10,000–40,000 lb, depending on screen size and friction.

This method provides a degree of compliance because of the sharp edge of the expansion cone.

2. Reduce the friction further with a fixed roller. This will make the expansion non-compliant. The

geometry and positioning of the rollers can be optimised to provide circular expansion.

3. Use pistons to actuate the rollers against the screens. The pistons can be pushed up against the screen by

pressure applied through the drillpipe. Downward force is still applied by drillpipe weight. Expansion

speeds for all weight-set expansion techniques are around 10–25 ft/min.

4. Use pressure cycles to expand the screen by hydraulic power. This system is used for expanding pre-

drilled liner-type expandables due to the larger forces required. An anchor grips into the pipe in the

already expanded section. Hydraulic pressure actuates the piston and pushes a cone or roller down.

5. Use rotary expansion tools powered by hydraulics. For example, Weatherford uses a proprietary tool

consisting of a single row of pistons.

Chemical Consolidation
Historically, chemical consolidation has been used as a low-cost method of stopping sand production in short perforated
completed intervals. It is generally considered a remedial option.

Chemical consolidation techniques can be broadly divided into two categories:

• plastic (or in situ) consolidation and the use of resin-coated gravel. Insitu treatments must be pumped before sand
production is excessive.

• Resin-coated sand is the fallback option if sand production becomes excessive. Before chemical consolidation is
attempted, the wellbore needs to be cleaned out of sand and the location of current (and potentially future) sand
production needs to be identified.
Sand consolidation
The objective of this consolidation technique is to treat the formation in the immediate vicinity of the wellbore with a material
that will bond the sand grains together at their points of contact. This is accomplished by injecting liquid chemicals through the
perforations and into the formation. These chemicals subsequently harden and bond the sand grains together. For the
treatment to be successful, three requirements must be met:

1. The formation must be treated through all the perforations.

2. The consolidated sand mass remains permeable to well fluids.
3. The degree of consolidation should not decrease over time.

There are two principal types of sand consolidation treatment:

Epoxy resin: This is pumped in three main stages. First a pre-flush containing isopropyl alcohol is pumped to reduce water
saturation (otherwise consolidation is poor), then the epoxy is pumped followed by a viscous oil to displace the resin from the
pore spaces (to restore permeability). Clearly, failure to inject the displacement results in nicely consolidated sand, but no
production. The treatment has some limitations:

1. Only around 20 ft at a time can be treated.

2. Reservoir temperature (100–2101F).
3. Maximum clay content of 20%.
4. Formation water salinity
Resin-coated sand
Like a gravel pack, a resin-coated sand pack is sized to hold back the formation sand; however, a resin
coating, rather than a screen, holds the sand pack in position.

Working through tubing, gravel pack sand is typically pumped via coiled tubing into the perforation
tunnels and void spaces outside the casing. The resin coating hardens and bonds the gravel together.
Excess resin-coated sand is removed from inside the casing, usually by drilling it out. Like all chemical
sand consolidation treatments, productivity will be reduced by the treatment.

Some products that are externally catalyzed mix the resin into the gravel slurry on location prior to
pumping. Alternatively, the proppant is delivered to location already coated, with formation temperature
curing the resin, causing the gravel to stick together. The products are the same as used for
consolidating fracture treatments to minimize proppant backflow.
Tugas #3
Sw formasi = 67%
Densitas batuan formasi = 2.25 gr/cc
Transit time sonic log = 121 μs/ft
Diketahui data-data sumur dan formasi :
Bagian 1
Tunjukan apakah sumur tersebut cenderung
memproduksi pasir dilihat dari data-data formasinya?
Jelaskan.

GR log batuan formasi = 54 API

GR max = 113 API

GR min = 24 API

Rt (true resistivity) = 3.65 ohm-m

Rw (formation water resistivity) = 0.181 ohm-m

Porositas formasi = 25%

Oil viscosity =3.58 cp

Bo = 1.04 bbl/STB
 Tugas #3 contd
Bila dari analisa formasi bagian 1, menunjukan
US Mesh Berat Sampel (gr)
kecenderungan pasir terproduksi
4 -

6 - Bagian 2

8 -
analisa data sieve formasi tersebut utk menentukan ukuran gravel (cocokan
dengan ukuran gravel komersil) dan screen pd linernya.
12 0.9945

16 -

20 2.0612

30 -

40 3.3208

50 -

70 15.0250

100 36.9660

140 12.1460

200 2.4810

total 72
Tugas #3 contd
Diameter screen = 2.4 in
Interval perforasi = 62 ft
Kerapatan perforasi = 4 SPF
Bagian 3
Setelah mendapat ukuran gravel yang dipilih bandingkan
produktivitasnya sebelum dan sesudah dipasang gravel.
Gunakan rumus aliran radial periode steady state untuk menghitung
drawdown sebelum dipasang gravel.

Diameter lubang perforasi = 0.054 ft

• r •
q • ln • e •
Diameter sumur = 0.583 ft
• rw •
• P formasi • •3
7.08 10
x k fh
Permeabilitas formasi = 193 mD

Estimasi Jari-jari pengurasan =408 ft Hitung juga laju kritisnya! (asumsikan yang perlu diasumsi)

Oil viscosity =3.58 cp

Densitas minyak = 55.5 lb/cuft

Bo = 1.04 bbl/STB
Questions?