DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR
....................................................................................................................................
v

DAFTAR ISI
....................................................................................................................................
vii

DAFTAR TABEL
....................................................................................................................................
xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR
....................................................................................................................................
xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
....................................................................................................................................
xiii

ABSTRAK
....................................................................................................................................
xv

ABSTRACT
....................................................................................................................................
xvi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

A. LATAR BELAKANG

vii
 .................................................................................................................
1
B. PERUMUSAN MASALAH
.................................................................................................................
3
C. TUJUAN PENELITIAN
.................................................................................................................
4
D. MANFAAT PENELITIAN
.................................................................................................................
4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

A. RADIKAL BEBAS
.................................................................................................................
5
B. ANTIOKSIDAN.
.................................................................................................................
7
C. UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DPPH.
.................................................................................................................
8
D. SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS.
.................................................................................................................
9
E. VITAMIN C
.................................................................................................................
10
F. NANOPARTIKEL
.................................................................................................................
12
1. Nanoteknologi
............................................................................................................
12

viii
 2. Nanopartikel Polimer
............................................................................................................
13
3. Teknik Pembuatan Nanopartikel
............................................................................................................
13
4. Metode Pembuatan Nanopartikel
............................................................................................................
14
5. Manfaat Nanopartikel
............................................................................................................
15
6. Karakterisasi Nanopartikel
............................................................................................................
16
G. PENGERINGAN BEKU (FREEZE DRYING)
.................................................................................................................
18
H. NANOPARTIKEL KITOSAN
.................................................................................................................
19
1. Kitosan
............................................................................................................
19
2. Pelepasan Obat Dari Nanopartikel Kitosan
............................................................................................................
20
3. Sifat Mukoadhesif Nanopartikel Kitosan
............................................................................................................
21
4. Ketersediaan Hayati Nanopartikel Kitosan
............................................................................................................
22
I. NATRIUM TRIPOLIFOSFAT

ix
 .................................................................................................................
23
J. MONOGRAFI BAHAN
.................................................................................................................
23
1. Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
23
2. Kitosan
............................................................................................................
24
3. Natrium Tripolifosfat
............................................................................................................
25
K. UJI STABILITAS
.................................................................................................................
26
L. LANDASAN TEORI
.................................................................................................................
26
M. HIPOTESIS
.................................................................................................................
28

BAB III RANCANGAN PENELITIAN

A. PRINSIP PENELITIAN
.................................................................................................................
29
B. TEMPAT PENELITIAN
.................................................................................................................
29
C. TAHAP PENELITIAN
.................................................................................................................
30

x
 1. Pengumpulan dan Penyediaan Bahan Penelitian
............................................................................................................
30
2. Pemeriksaan Mutu Bahan Baku
............................................................................................................
30
3. Optimasi dan Pembuatan Suspensi Nanopartikel Vitamin C
Berbasis Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat
............................................................................................................
30
4. Optimasi dan Pembuatan Suspensi mikropartikel Vitamin C
Berbasis Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat
............................................................................................................
30
5. Karakterisasi Suspensi Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
30
6. Pemilihan dan Pengeringan Formula Terbaik
............................................................................................................
30
7. Karakterisasi Serbuk Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
30
8. Pengujian Stabilitas Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
30
9. Analisis Data
............................................................................................................
31

BAB IV METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

A. BAHAN
.................................................................................................................
32

xi
B. ALAT
.................................................................................................................
32
C. METODE PENELITIAN
.................................................................................................................
32
1. Pengumpulan dan Penyediaan Bahan Penelitian
............................................................................................................
32
2. Pemeriksaan Mutu Bahan Baku
............................................................................................................
32
3. Optimasi dan Pembuatan Suspensi Nanopartikel Vitamin C
Berbasis Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat
............................................................................................................
33
4. Optimasi Pembuatan Suspensi mikropartikel Vitamin C Berbasis
Kitosan-Natrium Tripolifosfat
............................................................................................................
34
5. Karakterisasi Suspensi Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
35
6. Pengeringan Formula Terpilih
............................................................................................................
37
7. Karakterisasi Serbuk Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
37
8. Pengujian Stabilitas Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel Vitamin C
............................................................................................................
38
9. Analisis Data
............................................................................................................
40

xii
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

A. PENGUMPULAN DAN PENYEDIAAN BAHAN PENELITIAN

.................................................................................................................
41
B. HASIL PEMERIKSAAN BAHAN
.................................................................................................................
41
C. OPTIMASI DAN PEMBUATAN SUSPENSI NANOPARTIKEL
VITAMIN C BERBASIS KITOSAN-NATRIUM TRIPOLIFOSFAT
.................................................................................................................
43
D. OPTIMASI DAN PEMBUATAN SUSPENSI MIKROPARTIKEL
VITAMIN C BERBASIS KITOSAN-NATRIUM TRIPOLIFOSFAT
.................................................................................................................
45
E. KARAKTERISASI SUSPENSI NANOPARTIKEL DAN
MIKROPARTIKEL VITAMIN C
.................................................................................................................
46
F. PEMILIHAN DAN PENGERINGAN FORMULA TERBAIK
.................................................................................................................
52
G. KARAKTERISASI SERBUK NANOPARTIKEL DAN
MIKROPARTIKEL VITAMIN C
.................................................................................................................
54
H. PENGUJIAN STABILITAS SERBUK NANOPARTIKEL DAN
MIKROPATIKEL VITAMIN C
.................................................................................................................
59

BAB VI SIMPULAN

A. SIMPULAN

xiii
 .................................................................................................................
65
B. SARAN
.................................................................................................................
65

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
....................................................................................................................................
66

LAMPIRAN
....................................................................................................................................
67

xiv
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel IV. 1. Optimasi dan Pembuatan Nanosuspensi

....................................................................................................................................
33
Tabel IV. 2. Optimasi dan Pembuatan Mikrosuspensi
....................................................................................................................................
34
Tabel IV. 1. Klasifikasi Aktivitas Antioksidan
....................................................................................................................................
36
Tabel V. 1. Hasil Pemeriksaan Bahan Baku Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
41
Tabel V. 2. Hasil Pemeriksaan Bahan Baku Kitosan 50 Kda
....................................................................................................................................
42
Tabel V. 3. Hasil Pemeriksaan Bahan Baku Kitosan 100 Kda
....................................................................................................................................
42
Tabel V. 4. Hasil Pemeriksaan Bahan Baku Kitosan 200 Kda
....................................................................................................................................
42
Tabel V. 5. Hasil Pemeriksaan Bahan Baku Natrium Tripolifosfat
....................................................................................................................................
43
Tabel V. 6. Hasil Optimasi Volunme Nattp 0,1% Nanopartikel
....................................................................................................................................
44
Tabel V. 7. Hasil Optimasi Volunme Nattp 0,1% Nanopartikel
....................................................................................................................................
45
Tabel V. 8. Hasil Pemeriksaan Ukuran Partikel

xv
....................................................................................................................................
46
Tabel V. 9. Hasil Penetapan Nilai Zeta Potensial
....................................................................................................................................
48
Tabel V. 10. Hasil Kurva Kalibrasi
....................................................................................................................................
49
Tabel V. 11. Hasil Penetapan Efisiensi Penjerapan
....................................................................................................................................
51
Tabel V. 12. Hasil Karakterisasi Nanosuspensi Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
52
Tabel V. 13. Hasil Karakterisasi Mikrosuspensi Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
53
Tabel V. 14. Hasil Uji FITR
....................................................................................................................................
54
Tabel V. 15. Hasil Uji Difraksi Sinar X
....................................................................................................................................
55
Tabel V. 16. Hasil Uji DSC
....................................................................................................................................
57
Tabel V. 17. Hasil Uji Organoleptik
....................................................................................................................................
59
Tabel V. 18. Hasil Uji Stabilitas Kadar
....................................................................................................................................
61
Tabel V. 19. Hasil Uji Stabilitas Antioksidan
....................................................................................................................................
63

xvi
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar II. 1. Reaksi Antioksidan-Dpph

....................................................................................................................................
9
Gambar Ii. 2. Struktur Kimia Asam Askorbat
....................................................................................................................................
10
Gambar Ii. 3. Struktur Kimia Kitosan
....................................................................................................................................
19
Gambar Ii. 4. Transport Paraselular Nanopratikel Kitosan
....................................................................................................................................
20
Gambar Ii. 5. Mekanisme Pelepasan Obat Nanopratikel Kitosan
....................................................................................................................................
21
Gambar Ii. 6. Mekanisme Mukoadhesif Nanopratikel Kitosan.
....................................................................................................................................
22
Gambar Ii. 7. Skema Ketersediaan Hayati Nanopratikel Kitosan
....................................................................................................................................
22
Gambar Ii. 8. Struktur Kimia Natrium Tripolifosfat
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
23

xvii
Gambar V. 1. Mikropartikel Pada Penetapan Ukuran Partikel
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
47
Gambar V. 2. Grafik Kurva Kalibrasi
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
50
Gambar V. 3. Hasil Pengamatan Morfologi Nanopartikel Menggunakan TEM
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
52
Gambar V. 4. Hasil Pemeriksaan XRD Vitamin
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
56
Gambar V. 5. Hasil Pemeriksaan XRD Nanopartikel
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
56
Gambar V. 6. Hasil Pemeriksaan XRD Mikropartikel
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
56
Gambar V. 7. Hasil Pemeriksaan DSC Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
58
Gambar V. 8. Hasil Pemeriksaan DSC Nanopartikel
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
58
Gambar V. 9. Hasil Pemeriksaan DSC Mikropartikel
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
59
Gambar V. 10. Grafik Hasil Uji Stabilitas Kadar

xviii
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
61
Gambar V. 11. Grafik Hasil Uji Stabilitas Antioksidan
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
63

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Skema Tahapan Penelitian Secara Umum

....................................................................................................................................
69
Lampiran 2. Skema Kerja Penetapan kadar Vitamin C, Nanopartikel dan
Mikropartikel Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
70
Lampiran 3. Skema Aktivitas Antioksidan Vitamin C, Nanopartikel dan
Mikropartikel Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
71
Lampiran 4. Foto Hasil Optimasi Formula Nanopartikel dan Mikropartikel
....................................................................................................................................
72

xix
Lampiran 5. Penetapan Panjang Gelombang Maksimum dan Absorbansi Seri
c Konsentrasi Vitamin C standar dalam HCl 0,1
....................................................................................................................................
73
Lampiran 6. Penetapan Efisiensi Penjerapan Nanopartikel
....................................................................................................................................
74
Lampiran 7. Penetapan Efisiensi Penjerapan mikropartikel
....................................................................................................................................
76
Lampiran 8. Hasil Pengujian Ukuran Partikel Nanopartikel Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
78
Lampiran 9. Hasil Penetapan Ukuran Partikel Mikropartikel Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
81
Lampiran 10. Hasil Pengujian Zeta Potensial Nanopartikel Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
83
Lampiran 11. Hasil Pengujian Zeta Potensial Mikropartikel Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
86
Lampiran 12. Hasil Pengujian FTIR
....................................................................................................................................
89
Lampiran 13. Hasil Pengujian XRD
....................................................................................................................................
93
Lampiran 14. Hasil Pengujian DSC
....................................................................................................................................
97
Lampiran 15. Perhitungan Kesetaraan Bobot Nanopartikel
....................................................................................................................................
99
Lampiran 16. Perhitungan Kesetaraan Bobot Mikropartikel

xx
....................................................................................................................................
100
Lampiran 17. Contoh Perhitungan Kadar
....................................................................................................................................
101
Lampiran 18. Hasil Uji Stabilitas Kadar
....................................................................................................................................
102
Lampiran 19. Contoh Perhitungan Penetapan IC50
....................................................................................................................................
105
Lampiran 20. Hasil Uji Stabilitas Antioksidan
....................................................................................................................................
106
Lampiran 21. Foto Penetapan IC50
....................................................................................................................................
112
Lampiran 22. Hasil Statistik Uji Penetapan Efisiensi Penjerapan
....................................................................................................................................
113
Lampiran 23. Hasil Statistik Uji Stabilitas Kadar
....................................................................................................................................
114
Lampiran 24. Hasil Statistik Uji Stabilitas Aktivitas Antioksidan
....................................................................................................................................
116
Lampiran 25. Foto Bahan-Bahan Penelitian
....................................................................................................................................
118
Lampiran 26. Foto Alat-Alat Penelitian
....................................................................................................................................
119
Lampiran 27. Certificate Of Analysis Vitamin C
....................................................................................................................................
120

xxi
Lampiran 28. Certificate Of Analysis Natrium Tripolifosfat
....................................................................................................................................
121
Lampiran 29. Certificate Of Analysis Kitosan 100 kDa
....................................................................................................................................
122
Lampiran 30. Certificate Of Analysis Kitosan 200 kDa
....................................................................................................................................
123
Lampiran 31. Certificate Of Analysis Kitosan 50 kDa
....................................................................................................................................
124

xxii
 ABSTRAK

(A) HANNY ZAHRA (2014210106)

(B) UJI STABILITAS KADAR DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN

NANOPARTIKEL DAN MIKROPARTIKEL VITAMIN C DENGAN
PEMBAWA KITOSAN
(C) xvi + 124 halaman; 19 tabel; 18 gambar; 31 lampiran

(D) Kata kunci : vitamin C, nanopartikel, mikropartikel, kitosan, bobot molekul,

aktivitas antioksidan, kadar
(E) Vitamin C merupakan salah satu antioksidan yang dapat mengurangi risiko
kanker dan mencegah penuaan dini. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, nanopartikel
vitamin C menunjukan peningkatkan pelepasan obat dan peningkatkan waktu
tinggal obat in vivo lebih besar dari in vitro. Atas dasar tersebut penelitian ini
dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai stabilitas kadar dan aktivitas
antioksidan dari nanopartikel dan mikropartikel vitamin C. Vitamin C dibuat
menjadi nanopartikel dan mikropartikel dengan metode gelasi ionik
menggunakan natrium tripolifosfat dan kitosan dengan bobot molekul 50 kDa,
100 kDa dan 200 kDa. Bobot molekul kitosan memberikan pengaruh terhadap
karakteristik dari nanopartikel dan mikropartikel vitamin C seperti ukuran
partikel, potensial zeta dan persen efisiensi penjerapan. Bobot molekul kitosan
yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan nanopartikel dan mikropartikel dengan ukuran
partikel dan efisiensi penjerapan yang lebih besar. Formula terpilih adalah
nanopartikel dan mikropartikel vitamin C dengan bobot molekul kitosan 100
kDa yang menghasilkan ukuran partikel cukup kecil, dengan potensial zeta
lebih dari +/- 30 mV dan memiliki efisiensi penjerapan yang tinggi. Secara
spesifik, nanopartikel dan mikropartikel vitamin C dengan ukuran partikel 55,8
nm dan 21,56 µm, potensial zeta +37,00 mV dan –33,20 mV, efisiensi
penjerapan 19,65% dan 29,80%. Formula terpilih dikeringkan menggunakan
freeze dryer dan ditentukan spektrum FTIR, kapasitas kalor (DSC) dan struktur
kristal (XRD). Vitamin C, nanopartikel dan mikropartikel vitamin C diuji
stabilitas kadar dan aktivitas antioksidan setiap minggu selama 1 bulan pada
suhu kamar dan suhu 40oC. Penelitian ini penunjukan bahwa ada perbedaan
bermakna stabilitas kadar dan stabilitas aktivitas antioksidan antara
nanopartikel vitamin C, mikropartikel vitamin C, dan vitamin C.

(F) Daftar Rujukan : (2002-2017)

(G) Dr. rer. Nat. Deni Rahmat, M.si., Apt.

(H) 2020

xxiii
 ABSTRACT

(A) HANNY ZAHRA (2014210106)

(B) DRUG CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT STABILITY TEST OF VITAMIN
C NANOPARTICLE AND MICROPARTICLE WITH CHITOSAN AS
CARRIER
(C) xvi + 124 pages; 19 tables; 18 figures; 31 appendices
(D) Key words : vitamin C, nanoparticle, microparticle, chitosan, molecular
weight, antioxidant activity, drug content
(E) Vitamin C is one of antioxidant that can reduce cancer risk and aging. In the
previous study, vitamin C nanoparticle showed enchancement of the drug
release and the drug resident time in vivo higher than in vitro. With this
context, the objective of the study was to get information about the drug
content and the antioxidant stability of vitamin C nanoparticle and
microparticle. Vitamin C was made into nanoparticle and microparticle with
gelation ionic method using sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan whose
molecular weight of 50 kDa, 100 kDa and 200 kDa. Molecular weight of
chitosan influenced the characteristics of vitamin C nanoparticle and
microparticle terms of particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency.
For instance, higher molecular weight of chitosan generated nanoparticle and
microparticle with higher particle size and entrapment efficiency. The chosen
formulas were vitamin C nanoparticle and microparticle with chitosan
molecular weight of 100 kDa that generated small particle size, with zeta
potential more than +/- 30 mV and high entrapment efficiency. Specifically,
vitamin C nanoparticle and microparticle whose particle size of 55,8 nm and
21,56 µm, zeta potential of +37,00 mV and –33,20 mV, entrapment efficiency
of 19,65% and 29,80%. The chosen formulas were dried using freeze dryer
which were-then identified in terms of its FTIR spectrum, calor capacity (by
DSC), and crystal structure (by XRD). The drug contents and the antioxidant
stability of vitamin C, vitamin C nanoparticle and microparticle were evaluated
every week for one month at room temperature and at 40oC. The study showed
that there were significant difference in drug content and antioxidant stability
among vitamin C nanoparticle, vitamin C microparticle and vitamin C.

(F) Biliography : (2002 – 2017)

(G) Dr. rer. Nat. Deni Rahmat, M.si., Apt.

(H) 2020

xxiv