IMK - 3. Faktor Manusia-1
IMK - 3. Faktor Manusia-1
MANUSIA DAN
KOMPUTER
3. Faktor Manusia
1) Hardware
2) Software
3) Brainware (manusia)
Human Factors Model
Sensors Displays
Brain Machine
State
Responders Controls
106
circuits Property of light leading to the
104
perception of color
Radio
waves
102
100
Visible Light
10-2 Radar
Wavelength (nanometers)
10-4 400 500 600 700
Infrared
10-6
Ultra-
violet
10-8 rays
10-10
X-rays
10-12
Gamma
10-14 rays
Intensity
Intensity:
The strength or amount of light
produced by a specific light source.
The rate at which light spreads over a
surface of a given area some distance
from a source. T
Related to intensity is luminance and
brightness.
Luminance and Brightness
Luminance:
• Banyaknya cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh permukaan
obyek
• Semakin besar luminans sebuah obyek, rincian obyek
yang dapat dilihat oleh mata akan semakin bertambah
Brightness (Kecerahan):
• Tanggapan subjektif terhadap cahaya
• Berupa pesepsi dari otak
• Besarnya luminans suatu objek dapat
berimplikasi pada kecerahan
Fixations and Saccades
Melalui mata, manusia dapat melihat dan
mempersepsikan lingkungan sekitar.
Dalam melakukan aktivitas tersebut, ada dua aksi
yang terjadi: Fixation dan Saccades
Fixation adalah kegiatan mata yang memandang terus
atau terpaku pada sesuatu hal pada suatu saat
Fixations dapat berlangsung lama atau cepat,
biasanya 200 ms
Saccades adalah gerakan mata/ kedipan mata
Saccades biasanya terjadi dengan cepat, 30–120 ms
Fixations and Saccades
Early and influential research on fixations and
saccades was presented in a 1965 publication in
Russian by Yarbus, translated as Eye Movements and
Vision
Yarbus demonstrated a variety of inspection patterns
for people viewing scenes.
Eye movements (fixations and saccades) were
recorded and plotted for a variety of tasks.
HCI research in eye movements has several themes.
One is analyzing how people read and view content
on web pages.
Yarbus’ Eye Tracking Research (1965)
1Tatler, B. W., Wade, N. J., Kwan, H., Findlay, J. M., & Velichkovsky, B. M. (2010).
Yarbus, eye movements, and vision. i-Perception, 1, 7-27..
Scan Path
Visual depiction of sequence of saccades and
fixations.
Saccades straight lines
Fixations circles
Diameter of circle duration of fixation
Applications
• User behaviour research (e.g., reading patterns)
• Marketing research (e.g., ad placement)
Example: advertisers might want to know about
viewing patterns and, for example, how males and
females differ in viewing content.
Scan Path Example
Warna
• Penggunaan warna yang sesuai akan mempertinggi
efektivitas tampilan grafis.
Sound Hearing
Auditory Stimulus
Pitch:
• Frekuensi suara
• Kebanyakan manusia dapat mendeteksi suara
dalam kisaran frekuensi 20 Hertz s/d 20
KHeartz
Timbre
• Aka richness, brightness
• Results from harmonic structure of sound
• E.g., a musical note of 200 Hz, has harmonics at 400 Hz,
600 Hz, 800 Hz, etc.
• Notes of the same frequency from different instruments
are distinguished, in part, due to timbre
200 Hz “trumpet”
200 Hz “oboe”
Attack
• Aka envelope (pembangkitan suara)
• Results from the way a note and its harmonics build up
and transition in time – from silent, to audible, to silent
• Considerable information in the onset envelop
• Assists in distinguishing notes of the same pitch coming
from different instruments
• Onset envelop created through articulation (e.g., legato,
staccato)
Staccato Legato
time time
Sounds and Human Interaction With Computer
Sensors Displays
Brain Machine
State
Responders Controls
Responders
• Humans control their environment through
responders, for example…
– A finger to text or point
– Feet to walk or run
– Eyebrow to frown
– Vocal chords to speak
– Torso to lean
• Penfield’s (1990) motor homunculus
– Shows human responders and the relative area
of motor cortex dedicated to each.
Motor Homonculus
1 Majaranta, P., MacKenzie, I. S., Aula, A., & Räihä, K.-J. (2006). Effects of feedback
and dwell time on eye typing speed and accuracy. Universal Access in the
Information Society (UAIS), 5, 199-208.
Brain
Sensors Displays
Brain Machine
State
Responders Controls
The Brain
Large variation!
Example of Simple Decision
Driving a car decision to depress the
brake pedal in response to a changing signal
light
Using a mobile phone decision to press
Reject-call in response to an incoming call
Reading news online decision to click the
Close button on a popup ad
These are reaction time tasks (discussed
shortly)
Memory
212348278493202
2) Semantic
Tipe semantic digunakan untuk menyimpan informasi
yang sifatnya terstruktur seperti fakta, konsep dan
pengetahuan. Semantic long-term memory diturunkan
dari episodic long-term-memory.
Contoh Jenis Memori Jangka Panjang
(LTM)
Perbedaan Individual
Jangka Panjang :
Jenis kelamin, fisik dan kemampuan
intelektual
Jangka Pendek :
efek stres atau kelelahan
Berubah :
usia