Energetics
• NN
• Haber-Bosch (100-200 atm, 400-500°C, 8,000
kcal kg-1 N)
• Nitrogenase (4,000 kcal kg-1 N)
BIOLOGI TANAH
5 TNH 526
In the industrial Haber process, N2 is reduced to NH3 by H2 at
high temperature and pressure with an iron oxide catalyst
N2 3H2
2 NH3
Biological
Agricultural land ~ 90
Forest and non-agricultural land ~ 50
Sea ~ 35
Total ~ 175
BIOLOGI TANAH TNH 526 9
BIOLOGI TANAH TNH 526 10
Importance of Nitrogen in
Biochemistry
• Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the main
elemental constituents of living organisms
• Peptide backbone in proteins
• Functional side chains (His, Lys, Arg, Trp, Asn, Gln) in
proteins
• Nucleobases in DNA and RNA
• Found in several cofactors (NAD, FAD, Biotin … )
• Found in many small hormones (epinephrine)
• Found in many neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA…)
• Found in many pigments (chlorophyll, heme…)
NADPH + H+ NADP +
3. Transamination of -ketoglutarate
• in animals
• amino groups provided by amino acids during catabolism
BIOLOGI TANAH TNH 526 16
The glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
Glutamate Glutamine
Glutamine
BIOLOGI TANAH TNH 526 18
Tubuh manusia dapat mensisntesis 10 dari 20 asam amino yang
dibutuhkan
BAKTERI PEMFIKSASI N
Phototrophs
• Cyanobacteria
• Anabaena -> aerobe, heterocystous filamentous
• Nostoc -> aerobe, heterocystous filamentous
• Plectonema -> filaments, no heterocysts
23 TNH 526
BIOLOGI TANAH
Organisme Pemfiksasi N
• Organisme yang dapat memfiksasi N terdiri atas :
– Cyanobacteria
• (Nostoc biasa lichen)
Lichen
25 TNH 526
BIOLOGI TANAH
Azolla
26 TNH 526
BIOLOGI TANAH
MEKANISME FIKSASI N
1. Fiksasi N non simbiotik
2. Fiksasi N simbiotik
Nitrogenase complex
N2 + 10H+ + 8e- + 16ATP 2NH4 + + 16ADP + 16Pi + H2
Fd(red) N2 + 8H+
8e-
nMgATP 2NH3 + H2
Dinitrogenase
Dinitrogenase
reductase
N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 MgATP 2NH3 + H2 + 16MgADP
BIOLOGI TANAH TNH 526 32
Mekanisme fiksasi
Nitrogen
nodule
formation
Rhizobium
(1) Roots emit chemical bacteria Dividing cells (2) The bacteria penetrate the
signals that attract in root cortex cortex within the Infection thread.
Infection Cells of the cortex and pericycle
Rhizobium bacteria. The thread
bacteria then emit signals begin dividing, and vesicles
that stimulate root hairs to Bacteroid Dividing cells in containing the bacteria bud into
elongate and to form an pericycle cortical cells from the branching
infection thread by an
1 2.
infection thread. This process
Infected
invagination of the plasma root hair 2 results in the formation of
bacteroids
membrane.
Developing
root nodule
3 Bacteroid
Flavonoid released
by root as signal Nod factor trigger development by the
root of the infection thread and nodule
“ Infection” of legumes
1) Developing roots of a legume release
flavonoid compounds into the
surrounding soil.
Transporteurs H+ / e-
PHB (cytochrome, quinone, …)
O2 e- / H +
METABOLISME
végétal Glutamate NH4+
PHOTOSYNTHESE
BIOLOGI TANAH
50 TNH 526
BINTIL AKAR KEDELAI
http://www.york.ac.uk/res/dcms/josenodules.GIF
BIOLOGI TANAH
51 TNH 526
Types of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
52 TNH 526
BIOLOGI TANAH Frankia
• Berdasarkan hasil percobaan menggunakan enzyme yang dipurifikasi
ditemukan bahwa dalam setiap reaksi selalu ditemukan H2 dalam setiap
reduksi N2 Produksi H2 bervariasi terhadap perbandingan konsentrasi
dari dua komponen nitrogenase. Kekurangan Mg-ATP memperlambat
transfer elektron antara dua komponen. Akibatnya meningkatkan
kebutuhan ion H+ dan otamatis meningkatkan jumlah H2 yang terbentuk
untuk setiap reduksi N2 (Burris et al, 1980). Schubert and Evans (1976)
mendefinikan perbandingan antara kecepatan sintesis H2 dengan
kecepatan reduksi acetylen sebagai aktivitas relative (Relative Activitity).
Common
nod genes
Nod factor–LCO
(lipo-chitin oligosaccharide)
BIOLOGI TANAH TNH 526 57
Metoda DNA Rekombinan
• Amplifikasi gen
– Plasmid dan
bacteriophage vectors
mengandung gen asing
dan jumlahnya
ditingkatkan sebelum
diekspresikan
• Kloning DNA
rekombinan
– Menggunakan bakteri
atau sel yang lainnya