Immune System:
Innate and Adaptive Defenses
Surface barriers
• Skin
• Mucous membranes
Innate
defenses Internal defenses
• Phagocytes
• Natural killer cells
• Inflammation
• Antimicrobial proteins
• Fever
Humoral immunity
• B cells
Adaptive
defenses
Cellular immunity
• T cells
2 Phagocyte forms
pseudopods that
Phagosome eventually engulf the
(phagocytic particles, forming a
vesicle) phagosome.
Lysosome
3 Lysosome fuses
with the phagocytic
vesicle, forming a
phagolysosome.
Acid
hydrolase
enzymes 4 Lysosomal
enzymes digest the
particles, leaving a
residual body.
5 Exocytosis of the
vesicle removes
indigestible and
residual material.
Events of phagocytosis.
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Mechanism of Phagocytosis
• Patogen dibunuh dengan mengasamkan dan
mencerna dengan enzim lisosom
• Sel T pembantu menyebabkan pelepasan enzim dari
semburan pernapasan (respiratory burst), yang
membunuh patogen yang resisten terhadap enzim
lisosom oleh
– Melepaskan radikal bebas pembunuh sel
– Memproduksi bahan kimia pengoksidasi (misalnya, H2O2)
– Meningkatkan pH dan osmolaritas fagolisosom
• Defensins (dalam neutrofil) menembus membran
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells
• Limfosit granular besar nonfagositik
• Menyerang sel yang kekurangan reseptor
permukaan sel "sendiri“ (“self”)
– Menginduksi apoptosis pada sel kanker dan sel
yang terinfeksi virus
• Mengekstrak bahan kimia kuat yang
meningkatkan respons inflamasi
2. Panas (Kalor)
3. Pembengkakan (Tumor)
Initial stimulus
Physiological response
Signs of inflammation
Tissue injury Result
Leukocytosis
(increased numbers of white
blood cells in bloodstream)
Diapedesis
Leaked protein-rich Leaked clotting (leukocytes pass through
fluid in tissue spaces proteins form interstitial capillary walls)
clots that wall off area
to prevent injury to
surrounding tissue
Phagocytosis of pathogens
Heat Redness Pain Swelling and dead tissue cells
(by neutrophils, short-term;
by macrophages, long-term)
Healing
Inflammatory
chemicals
diffusing 4 Chemotaxis.
from the Neutrophils follow
inflamed chemical trail.
site act as
chemotactic Capillary wall
agents. Basement
membrane
Endothelium
Antiviral
2 Interferon mRNA
genes switch DNA
on. Nucleus
mRNA for
interferon
4 Interferon binding
stimulates cell to
3 Cell
turn on genes for
produces Interferon antiviral proteins.
interferon receptor
molecules. Interferon
Host cell 2
Host cell 1 Binds interferon
Infected by virus; from cell 1; interferon
makes interferon; induces synthesis of
is killed by virus
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protective Inc.
Complement System (Complement)
• ~ a20 protein darah yang bersirkulasi dalam
bentuk tidak aktif
• Sertakan C1-C9, faktor B, D, dan P, dan protein
pengatur
• Mekanisme utama untuk menghancurkan zat
asing
• Sel kita mengandung inhibitor aktivasi
komplemen
C3
C3a
C3b
C3b
Opsonization: Enhances inflammation:
C5b C5a Stimulates histamine
Coats pathogen
release, increases blood
MAC
surfaces, which C6
enhances phagocytosis vessel permeability,
C7 attracts phagocytes by
C8 chemotaxis, etc.
C9
MACs form from activated
complement components (C5b
and C6–C9) that insert into the
target cell membrane, creating
pores that can lyse the target cell.
Pore
Complement
proteins
(C5b–C9)
Membrane
of target cell
Antigen-
Antigenic determinants
binding
sites
Antibody A
Antigen
Antibody B
Antibody C
1 Origin
• Both B and T lymphocyte precursors originate in red
bone marrow.
Lymphocyte
precursors
2 Maturation
• Lymphocyte precursors destined to become T cells migrate
(in blood) to the thymus and mature there.
• B cells mature in the bone marrow.
• During maturation lymphocytes develop immunocompetence
Thymus and self-tolerance.
Red bone marrow
– Toleransi diri/Self-tolerance
• Limfosit tidak responsif terhadap antigen sendiri
T cells
• Sel T matang dalam timus di bawah tekanan
seleksi negatif dan positif ("tes")
– Seleksi positif
• Memilih sel T yang mampu mengenali protein MHC
sendiri (pembatasan MHC); kegagalan dihancurkan oleh
apoptosis
– Seleksi negatif
• Mendorong apoptosis sel T yang mengikat antigen
sendiri yang ditampilkan oleh MHC sendiri
• Menjamin toleransi diri
• Clonal selection
– Pertemuan pertama limfosit naif dengan antigen
dipilih untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut
• Tipe utama
– Sel dendritik di jaringan ikat dan epidermis
– Sel B.
Plasma
cells
Secreted
antibody Memory
molecules B cells
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Figure 21.12 Primary and secondary humoral responses.
Secondary immune response to
Primary immune antigen A is faster and larger; primary
response to antigen immune response to antigen B is
A occurs after a delay. similar to that for antigen A.
104
in plasma (arbitrary units)
103
102
101 Anti-
Anti-
Bodies Bodies
to A to B
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Humoral
immunity
Active Passive