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PKN STAN - Diploma 3
8
PREPARED BY
Public Finance and Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 2 of 53
8.1
Jenis Pajak
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 3 of 53
8.1
Jenis Pajak
3. Taxes on Corporate Income (Pajak atas Pendapatan
Korporasi)
o Corporate income tax : Pajak yang dikenakan atas
penghasilan korporasi.
4. Taxes on Wealth (Pajak atas Kekayaan)
o Wealth taxes: Pajak yang dibayarkan atas nilai aset,
seperti real estat atau saham, yang dimiliki oleh
seseorang atau keluarga.
o Property taxes: Suatu bentuk pajak kekayaan berda-
sarkan nilai real estat, termasuk nilai tanah dan setiap
struktur yang dibangun di atas tanah.
o Estate taxes: Suatu bentuk pajak kekayaan berda-
sarkan nilai harta yang ditinggalkan (warisan) ketika
seseorang meninggal, seperti uang, properti, dan
sebagainya)
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 4 of 53
8.1
Jenis Pajak
5. Taxes on Consumption:
o Sales taxes: Pajak yang dibayar oleh konsumen
kepada vendor di titik penjualan.
o Excise tax: Pajak yang dibayarkan atas penjualan
barang tertentu, seperti rokok atau bensin.
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 5 of 53
8.1
Jenis Pajak
2004 2018
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 6 of 53
8.1
Struktur Dasar Pajak Pendapatan
Penghitungan Basis Pajak (tax base)
Pajak pendapatan dinilai berdasarkan penghasilan
kotor dikurangi pengurangan (deductions) dan
pengecualian (exemptions).
Penghitungan tax base :
Gross income : jumlah total berbagai sumber
pendapatan individu.
– Termasuk upah, bunga, dividend, pendapatan sewa, etc.
Adjusted gross income (AGI) : pendapatan bruto
(kotor) individu dikurangi deduksi (pemotongan) tertentu
– Termasuk kontribusi akun pensiunan tunjangan, dan
barang-barang lainnya.
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 7 of 53
8.1
Pajak Pendapatan Perorangan : Penghitungan
Tax Base
Gaji Rp 5.750.000
Pengurangan:
1. Biaya Jabatan Rp 287.500
(5% x Rp 5.750.000) Rp 200.000
2. Iuran Pensiun
Jumlah Pengurang Per Bulan Rp 487.500
Penghasilan Neto Sebulan Rp 5.262.500
Penghasilan Neto Setahun Rp 63.150.000
(12 x Rp 5.262.500)
PTKP Setahun Rp 58.500.000
– Untuk Wajib Pajak Sendiri Rp 54.000.000
– Tambahan karena Menikah Rp 4.500.000
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 8 of 53
8.1
Struktur Dasar Pajak Pendapatan
Penghitungan Basis Pajak (tax base)
Untuk membentuk AGI dari pendapatan bruto, kurang-
kan exemptions dan deductions.
• Exemption: jumlah tetap yang bisa dikurangkan wajib
pajak dari AGI untuk anggota dependen sebuah rumah
tangga, dan juga bagi wajib pajak dan pasangan wajib
pajak.
• Wajib pajak bisa mengambil satu dari dua jenis
deductions :
o Standard deduction: jumlah tetap yang bisa dikurangkan
wajib pajak dari pendapatan kena pajak (taxable income).
o Itemized deductions: Alternatif standard deduction, di
mana seorang wajib pajak memotong jumlah total uang
yang dibelanjakan untuk berbagai pengeluaran, seperti
hadiah untuk amal dan bunga atas hipotek rumah.
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 9 of 53
8.1
Struktur Dasar Pajak Pendapatan
Tax Rates dan Taxes Paid
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 10 of 53
8.2
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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8.3
Mendefinisikan Basis Pajak Pendapatan
Definisi Pendapatan Komprehensif Haig-Simons
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
Finance STAN Adopted from : Jonathan Gruber : “Public Finance and Public Policy
Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 14 of 53
8.3
Mendefinisikan Basis Pajak Pendapatan
Definisi Pendapatan Komprehensif Haig-Simons
Definisi Haig-Simons memperbaiki vertical equity dan
horizontal equity.
─ Dalam vertical equity, mereka yang memiliki sumber
daya lebih banyak (bahkan melalui saluran tak kena
pajak) memiliki penghasilan lebih tinggi.
─ Dalam horizontal equity, orang-orang yang sama
dalam hal sumber daya yang mendasari membayar
jumlah yang sama terlepas dari bentuk di mana
mereka menghabiskan sumber daya.
Implementasi definisi yang ideal ini sulit karena 2 alasan :
─ Mendefinisikan kekuatan seseorang untuk mengkon-
sumsi/kemampuan membayar (ability to pay)
─ Masalah pengeluaran terkait pekerjaan (pengeluaran
non-konsumsi)
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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8.3
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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8.3
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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Public Policy Jonathan Gruber Fifth Edition Copyright © 2016 Worth Publishers 17 of 53
8.3
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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Public III – PKNand
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Public III – PKNand
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8.3
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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8.3
Diploma
Public III – PKNand
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8.3
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