MAKALAH REVIEW JURNAL

“HARVARD TEST”

KELOMPOK 2

AYUDIANA GRACIA MANGASA : N10119014

SEPTIANIKA : N10119015
SITTI MASYITHAH : N10119016
EVA FAUZIA S.NANG : N10119017
SYIFA HUMAIRAH N.KHOLIQ : N10119018
MUH.YOLAND MULIADY : N10119019
NURANNIFA AURALIA AZZAHRA : N10119020
ALVIA SYAMSUDDIN : N10119021
YUNI KARLITA : N10119022
NUR FAHZRI FARHAN : N10119023
BIRUNI SUCANTIKA : N10119024
ZALSABILLA INTAN PUTRI : N10119025
MUH.ALIF FIRDAUS : N10119026

DEPARTEMEN FISIOLOGI

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS TADULAKO

2020
 BAB 1

PENDAHULUAN
Kebugaran jasmani merupakan tolak ukur seseorang dikatakan sehat
atau tidak. Kebugaran dibutuhkan oleh setiap jenjang umur, mulai dari anak-
anak sampai lanjut usia.Kebugaran jasmani pengertiannya yaitu kemampuan
tubuh seseorang untuk melakukan pekerjaan seharihari tanpa menimbulkan
kelelahan yang berarti. Kesegaran jasmani pada hakekatnya berkenaan dengan
kemampuan dan kesanggupanfisik seseorang untuk melaksanakan tugasnya
sehari-hari secara efisien dan efektif dalamwaktu yang relatif lama tanpa
menimbulkan kelelahan yang berarti dan masih memilikitenaga cadangan untuk
melaksanakan aktivitas lainnya (Yusuf,2018).

Jika seseorang ingin memiliki kondisi badan bugar, beberapa unsur-

unsur kebugaran jasmani berikut dapat dijadikan sebagai pedoman, yaitu: 1)
daya tahan kardiorespirasi (endurance), 2) daya tahan otot, 3) kekuatan otot
(strength), 4) kelentukan (flexibility), 5) komposisi tubuh, 6) kecepatan (speed),
7) kecepatan reaksi (speed reaction), 8) daya ledak (power), 9) kelincahan
(agility), 10) keseimbangan (balance), 11) ketepatan (accuracy), 12) koordinasi
(coordination). Unsur-unsur kebugaran jasmani dapat diketahui melalui
beberapa instrumen tes/prosedur pelaksanaan tes yang berguna bagi seseorang
untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat kebugaran jasmaninya.Salah satu tes
kebugaran jasmani adalah Harvard Step Test (Yusuf,2018).

Segala kegiatan manusia selalu memerlukan dukungan fisik.Kemampuan

fisik merupakan faktor dasar bagi setiap aktifitas manusia.Maka daripada itu,
untuk melakukan setiap aktifitas seharihari, individu minimal harus mempunyai
kemampuan fisik yang selalu mendukung aktifitas tersebut. Dalam menjalankan
kehidupan sehari- hari setiap orang tidak akan lepas dari kebugaran jasmani,
karena kebugaran jasmani merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat penting
dalam menjalankan kehidupan sehari- hari. Kebugaran jasmani terkait erat
dengan keadaan kesehatan seseorang. Kebugaran jasmani mempunyai fungsi
pengemban kesanggupan kerja bagi siapapun, sehingga dapat menyelesaikan
tugas pekerjaannya dengan baik dengan tanpa mengalami kelelahan yang berarti
(Yusuf,2018).

Adapun fungsi dari kebugaran jasmani dapat digolongkan sebagai berikut:

1. Golongan yang dihubungkan dengan pekerjaan :

a. Kebugaran jasmani bagi olahragawan dibutuhkan untuk

meningkatkan prestasi.

b. Kebugaran jasmani bagi karyawan dibutuhkan untuk

meningkatkan efisien dan produktivitas kerja

c. Kebugaran Jasmani bagi pelajar dan mahasiswa jasmani bagi

anak untuk meningkatkan prestasi dan mempertinggi
kemampuan hasil belajar.
 2. Golongan yang dihubungkan dengan keadaannya (Yusuf,2018).

a. Kebugaran jasmani bagi penderita cacat untuk rehabilitasi.

b. Kebugaran jasmani bagi ibu hamil untuk perkembangan bayi

dalam kandungan mempersiapkan diri menghadapi saat
persalinan.

3. Golongan yang dihubungkan dengan usia (Yusuf,2018).

a. Kebugaran jasmani bagi anak untuk menjamin pertumbuhan dan

perkembangan yang baik.

b. Kebugaran jasmani bagi orang tua untuk mempertahankan kondisi

fisik terhadap serangan penyakit

Menurut (Yusuf,2018). Manfaat dari kesegaran jasmani

meliputi:

a. Fisiologis Memperkuat sendi-sendi dan ligamen, meningkatkan

kemampuan jantung dan paru, memperkuat otottubuh, menurunkan
tekanan darah, mengurangi lemak tubuh, mengurangi kadargula,
mengurangi resiko terkena penyakit jantung koroner, memperlancar
pertukaran gas.

b. Psikologis Mengendurkan ketegangan mental, suasana hati senang,

nyaman dan rasa terhibur.

c. Sosial Meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas persahabatn dengan orang

lain serta menghargai lingkungan hidup dan alam sekitar.

d. Budaya atau Kultur Kebiasaan hidup sehat secara teratur dan terencana,
melestarikan nilai-nilai budaya yang berkaitan dengan jenis latihan
kesegaran jasmani dan olahraga terpilih
Kesegaran atau kebugaran jasmani tidak hanya berfungsi dalam olahraga saja
tetapi berfungsi secara menyeluruh. Berdasarkan fungsinya kesegaran jasmani bagi
pelajar dan mahasiswa meningkatkan kemampuan belajar sedangkan bagi orang dewasa
untuk kesehatan seperti mengontrol kondisi fungsiologis tubuh.Kesegaran jasmani dapat
ditingkatkan yaitu dengan meningkatkan keseimbangan antara latihan olahraga yang
dilakukan dengan reaksi organ tubuh dengan latihan fisik secara teratur dan
berkesinambungan. Harvard Step Test merupakan tes untukmenguji tingkat kesegaran
atau kebugaran jasmani dengan menggunakan media bangku.Semakin cepat detak jantung
kembali normal setelah melakukan tes, semakin baik kebugaran seseorang .Tes Harvard
merupakan salah satu jenis tes untuk meningkatkan kerja jantung untuk mendeteksi atau
mendiagnosa penyakit kardiovaskuler juga.Tes ini sangat mudah dilakukan karena tidak
membutuhkan biaya yang banyak, sehingga cocok sekali dilakukan oleh orang dewasa,
termasuk mahasiswa (Yusuf, 2018).
 BAB 2
REVIEW JURNAL

2.1 Jurnal pertama :

Judul DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS INDEX (PFI)
WITH MODIFIED HARVARD STEP TEST (HST) IN
MALE AND FEMALE MEDICAL STUDENTS OF AGE
17–19 YRS.
Jurnal International Journal of Scientific Research
Volume & Vol.VI / 2 Halaman
Halaman
Tahun 2015
Penulis Dr. K. Ranjith Babu, Dr, Mohit Malge, Dr. Meenakshi S. Sable,
D. Pavani
Reviewers Kelompok 2 Angkatan 2019 (Stambuk N10119014 –
N10119026)
Tanggal review 27 April 2020
Tujuan Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan Harvard Step Test
penelitian (HST) pada mahasiswa kedokteran pria dan wanita untuk
menentukan indeks rata-rata tes nya.
Subjek Total 133 mahasiswa kedokteran terpilih sebagai subjek
Penelitian diantaranya adalah 73 orang pria dan 60 orang wanita yang
rentang umurnya yaitu 17-19 tahun
Metode Metode yang dilakukan adalah pengumpulan data tes yang
Penelitian dilakukan kepada seluruh subjek dengan prosedur test Harvard
yang umum dan sudah tertera pada jurnal mengenai tesebut.
Hasil penelitian Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian ini, rata-rata Indeks Harvard atau
PFI adalah 83,0101 pada pria dan 60,2425 pada wanita. Nilai
rata-rata tinggi dan berat badan masing-masing adalah
170,5603 cm & 56,3219 kg pada pria dan 156,14 cm & 49,2 kg
pada wanita. Dipengaruhi oleh usia,kelamin,tingggi badan,dan
lain sebagainya.
Kelebihan Jurnal -jurnal ini sangat padu dan relavan untuk pembacanya
-jurnal singkat,padat dan cukup jelas
Kekurangan -Tidak adanya disertakan kesimpulan akhir
Jurnal -jurnal tersebut tergolong cukup singkat
-masih banyak lagi faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil
penelitian namun
penulis tidak mencantumkannya
 Volume : 4 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179
Research Paper

Determination of Physical Fitness Index Medical Science

(PFI) With Modified Harvard Step Test KEYWORDS : Male Medical students,
female medical students, height, weight,
(HST) in Male and Female Medical Students Harvard index.
of Age 17-19 Yrs
Dept. of Physiology, Viswabharathi Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
* Dr. K. Ranjith Babu * Corresponding Author
Dr. Mohit Malge Dept. of Physiology, Viswabharathi Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Meenakshi S. Sable Dept. of Physiology, MNR Medical College, Sangareddy, Telangana, India

D. Pavani SRR College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT Background & Objectives: Harvard step test has been given much attention to select highly physically active per-
sons who will be capable of doing hard work so that they may be recruited in various sports & games or appropriate
industrial occupations.
The present study was carried out in medical students to determine the Harvard Step Test (HST). There is significant difference in Harvard
Index (HI) or Physical Fitness Index (PFI) in male and female students because males are generally more aggressive and accepts challenges
more than females, also there is significant difference in Height (Ht) and Weight (Wt) in males and females. So, PFI affected by body size as
evidenced in the co-relation PFI with height and weight.
Methods: The study was conducted in department of physiology, MNR Medical College, Sangareddy. A total of 133 subjects were selected,
of whom 73 were male and 60 were female medical students whose age varied from 17 to 19 years. The subjects selected for this study were
medical students admitted for First MBBS Course. The PFI or HI of the subjects was calculated by asking the subject to perform Harvard Step
test. Prior to the test, age (Yrs), height (cm) and weight (kg) were recorded.
Results: In the present study, the mean Harvard Index or PFI was 83.0101 in males and 60.2425 in females. Mean values of height and weight
were 170.5603cms & 56.3219kgs in males and 156.14cms & 49.2Kgs in females respectively.
Interpretation & Conclusion: Low mean value of PFI in female subjects compared to male subjects can thus be attributable to their lower body
weight and height; also, males are generally more aggressive and accept challenges more than females. This present study is an attempt to
modify Harvard step test with classification of score. But for Indians it is necessary to modify the step test because of short stature.

1. Introduction: 2. Methods and Materials:

Application of Harvard step test in the physical performance ca-
pacity of an individual has aroused interest because of simplic-
ity veracity of test. To make our boys and girls come up to the
standard of top performance in the world of sports today. We
provide them training facilities to increase their physical per-
formance and will power. To motivate them we have to raise the
standards of basis physical fitness levels first and then to later to
specialized training schedules.
The Harvard step test (HST) was introduced by Brouha et al
(Brouha et al,. 1943). From Harvard fatigue laboratory in USA
to select army personnel during World War II. HST has become
well known to study cardiovascular fitness by American Alliance
for Health physical education research and Dance (AAHPERD)
who recommended this level to study health related physical fit-
ness programme in youth (Elbel ER et al,. 1958).
Application of original Harvard step test in Indian population
has been found to be unsatisfactory because of the step height
of 20” which adversely affects Indian men who are relatively
shorter (Sunil K R et al,. 1993 & P K Banerjee et al,. 1983) hence
modification of the test has been proposed with respect of the
stepping model height and frequency, number of modified HST’s
had been recommended by a number of workers either by low-
ering step height or frequency of up-down per min or by alter-
ing duration of exercise instead of maximum period of 5 min
similarly present study makes an attempt to modify HST with
Lowering both step height and frequency keeping same duration
for college students with classification of score to categorize the
physical fitness index (PFI).
The aim of present study is therefore planned to study PFI in
both male and female medical students with modified HST
along with a statistical subdivision to classify the score relatively
on a moderate number of subjects.
A total of 133 subjects of which 73 were male and 60 were fe-
male whose age varied from 17 to 19 years. The subjects selected
for this study were medical students admitted for MBBS Course
after obtaining Instituitional Ethical Clearance. They were not
practicing any athletic event. Informed consent was obtained
from all participants. The study was conducted in the depart-
ment of physiology, MNR Medical College, Sangareddy.
All the subjects were familiarized with Hardward step test. The
procedure of this method is that subject took rest for 5 minutes
prior to test and initial pulse was noted Ask the subject to per-
form the exercise of ascending and descending Harvard step
of 16” (40cm) height 20 times per min for 5 min (Brouha et al,.
1943). It he gets exhausted earlier then note the time for which
he was able to perform the test. Time is noted with the help of
stopwatch. At the end of test ask the subject to sit immediately
on chair count the pulse and record it during 1 to 1-1/2 min to
2 to 2/-1/2, 3 to 3/-1/2 min interval. Total of these three reading
is called recovery pulse. Convert the duration of exercise in sec-
onds and fatigue index or Harvard index is calculated as follows,
Duration of exercise in seconds
HI = ------------------------------------------- X 100
2 X recovery
Prior to the test age, height and weight were recorded. Student’s
‘t’ test were applied for statistical analysis for finding mean and
standard deviation.
3. Results:
The physical characteristics like age, height, weight and PFI of
subject are given in table I. The classifications of fitness accord-
ing to index are given in table II.

568 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179

4. Discussion:
This modified HST is found to be height suitable for Indian men
and women. It may be mentioned that all the subjects contin-
ued the exercise step test for 5 min. when step height was 16”
with step frequency 20/min respectively. The finding in the pre-
sent study suggests that there is significant difference in physi-
cal fitness Index or Harvard index in male and female medical
students because male is generally more aggressive and accepts
challenge more than female (Ian Gregg et al,. 1973). Also there is
significant difference in height and weight in males than female
so PFI affects by body size as evidenced in positive co-relation
between PFI with height and weight (P K Banerjee et al,. 1983).
A similar observation was earlier made by Elbel et al,. 1958
(Debnath P K et al,. 1978) on male college students.

The lower men values of PFI in the female students compared

with male students can thus be attributable to their lower body
weight and height. This present study is an attempt to modify
test with classification of score. It would be valid for untrained
men and women. It may be mentioned that no physical explana-
tion is given to modify the HST in any country (Brouha L et al,.
1843). But for Indians with short stature, it is felt necessary to
modify HST and its physiological and anthropometric relations
are yet to be explored (Sunil K R et al,. 1993).

Table – 1: Shows physical characteristics and PFI in male

and female medical students (Mean ± SD)
Height Weight PFI (HI) Statistical ‘p’
Sex No. (cms) (Kg) Mean Signature Value
Mean Mean
Male 73 170.5603 56.3219 83.0101 HS <0.0001

Female 60 156.1400 49.2000 60.2425 HS <0.0001

Table – 2: Classification of fitness according to Harvard in-

dex.

Category Harvard Index

Poor <55

Average 65-69

Good 80-89

Excellent 90 & above

REFERENCE Astrand P. O. and rhyming I. A. homogram for calculation of a aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work. J App
Physiol 1954, 7: 218. | Bandopathyay B. and Chatto Padhyay H. Assessment of physical fitness sedentary physical active male college students
by modified Harvard step test. Ergonomic 1981, 24:15. | Brouha L. The step test, a simple method of measuring physical fitness for muscular work in young men. Res. Quart 1843;
14:36-37. | Datta SR. Chatterjee B. B. and Rande V. G. An Improved simple exercise test for evaluation of physical fitness. Ergonomic 1974, 17 : 205. | Debnath P. K. Roy Dc et al A
comparison of physical efficiency between Indian physical education and medical students. Brit J. sports med. 1978, 12. 93-96. | Elbel ER, Reid K.N. et al Comparison of certain test of
physical fitness and certain bodily measurements. J. App/Physiol 1958.12:37. | Hettinger T. Birkhead N. C. Horvath S. N. Assessment of physical work capacity J. App / Physiol / 1961,
16.153. | Ian Gregg and A. J. Nunn, Peak Expiratory flow in normal subjects. British Medical Journal 1973, 3.282-284. | P. K. Banerjee, S Chatterjee. Harvard Step Test as a measure
of physical fitness in adolescent boys. Ind J Med. Res. 1983 ; 79-413-417. | Sunil KR, Das et al. Determination of physical fitness index(PFI) with modified Harvard step test(HST) in
young men and women. Ind J Physiol and Allied Sci, 1993; 47(2) 73-76. |

IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 569

2.2 Jurnal kedua :

Judul Effects of Combined Vigorous Interval Training Program and

Diet on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Physical Self-
Perceptions Among Obese Adolescent Boys and Girls
Jurnal Pediatric Exercise Science
Volume Vol. 29, No. 1
Tahun 2017
Penulis Olivier Rey, Jean-Marc Vallier, Caroline Nicol Charles-
Symphorien Mercier, Christophe Maïano
Sumber jurnal http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0105
Reviewer Kelompok 2 Angkatan 2019 (Stambuk N10119014 –
N10119026)
Tanggal Senin, 27 April 2020
Tujuan Penelitian Studi ini meneliti efek dari intervensi lima minggu
menggabungkan pelatihan interval yang kuat (VIT) dengan diet
di antara dua puluh empat remaja gemuk. Empat belas anak
perempuan dan sepuluh anak laki-laki (berusia 14-15)
bersekolah di sebuah pusat rehabilitasi anak berpartisipasi

Subjek penelitian Studi ini berfokus pada 24 peserta yang tersisa (14 anak
perempuan dan 10 anak) yang melakukan semua sesi pelatihan
dan menyelesaikan semua langkah di pusat pediatric di Perancis
Selatan
Metode penelitian Intensitas VIT ditargetkan dan tetap di atas 80% dari denyut
jantung maksimal (HR) dan lebih dari enam kilokalori per
menit. Tindakan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi adalah
komposisi tubuh (BMI, berat badan, persentase lemak tubuh),
persepsi diri fisik (PSP), kebugaran fisik (6 menit) berjalan kaki
 dan bekerja) dan respons fisiologis terkait (HRpeak dan
konsentrasi laktat darah). Serangkaian analisis varian dua arah
atau kovarians mengendalikan penurunan berat badan
digunakan untuk memeriksa perubahan.

Hasil penelitian Perbaikan signifikan ditemukan pada komposisi tubuh,

kebugaran fisik, dan PSP (daya tahan, tingkat aktivitas,
kompetensi olahraga, konsep dan penampilan fisik fisik global).
Selain itu, anak laki-laki disajikan tingkat kekuatan persepsi
yang lebih tinggi dan konsep diri fisik global daripada anak
perempuan. Akhirnya ada peningkatan yang signifikan dalam
daya tahan yang dirasakan, kompetensi olahraga, dan konsep
diri fisik global pada anak perempuan saja.

Kelebihan - Pembahasan dalam jurnal dinilai mudah dipahami

apalagi pembahasan nya mengenai kasus yang sering
terjadi; obesitas.
- Adanya table memudahkan pembaca memahami hasil
pengamatan
- Hasil diskusi juga dijelaskan dengan baik yang meliputi
perubahan komposisi tubuh dan kebugaran fisik,
persepsi diri fisik, dll.
Kekurangan - Kekuatan dan keterbatasan penelitian termasuk
generalisasi tidak dijelaskan dalam jurnal tersebut
- Jurnal ini juga tidak memberikan rekomendasi untuk
penelitian selanjutnya
 Effects of Combined Vigorous Interval Training Program
and Diet on Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and
Physical Self-Perceptions Among Obese Adolescent Boys
and Girls
Olivier Rey, Jean-Marc Vallier, Caroline Nicol, Charles-Symphorien Mercier,
Christophe Maïano

To cite this version:

Olivier Rey, Jean-Marc Vallier, Caroline Nicol, Charles-Symphorien Mercier, Christophe Maïano.
Effects of Combined Vigorous Interval Training Program and Diet on Body Composition, Physical
Fitness, and Physical Self-Perceptions Among Obese Adolescent Boys and Girls. Pediatric Exercise
Science, Human Kinetics, 2017, 29 (1), pp.73-83. �10.1123/pes.2016-0105�. �hal-01649504�

HAL Id: hal-01649504

https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01649504
Submitted on 29 Nov 2017

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
Pediatric Exercise Science, 2017, 29, 73  -83
http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0105
© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Effects of Combined Vigorous Interval Training Program

and Diet on Body Composition, Physical Fitness,
and Physical Self-Perceptions Among Obese
Adolescent Boys and Girls
Olivier Rey and Jean-Marc Vallier
University of Toulon

Caroline Nicol
Aix Marseille University

Charles-Symphorien Mercier
Le Noble Age Group

Christophe Maïano
University of Quebec in Outaouais

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a five-week intervention combining vigorous interval training
(VIT) with diet among twenty-four obese adolescents. Fourteen girls and ten boys (aged 14–15) schooled in
a pediatric rehabilitation center participated. Methods: The VIT intensity was targeted and remained above
80% of maximal heart rate (HR) and over six kilocalories per minute. Pre- and postintervention measures were
body composition (BMI, weight, body fat percentage), physical self-perceptions (PSP), physical fitness (6-min
walking distance and work) and its associated physiological responses (HRpeak and blood lactate concentra-
tion). A series of two-way analyses of variance or covariance controlling for weight loss were used to examine
the changes. Results: Significant improvements were found in body composition, physical fitness and PSP
(endurance, activity level, sport competence, global physical self-concept and appearance). In addition, boys
presented higher levels of perceived strength and global physical self-concept than girls. Finally, there was a
significant increase in perceived endurance, sport competence, and global physical self-concept in girls only.
Conclusion: This five-week VIT program combined with diet represents an effective means for improving
body composition, physical fitness, and PSP in obese adolescents, the effects on PSP being larger among girls.

Keywords. pediatric obesity; interval training; vigorous exercise; physical self-perceptions, physical fitness

Substantial evidence indicates that physical activity
is positively associated with weight loss and long-term
weight control (5). The relationship between obesity
and physical activity (PA) consists in a vicious circle:
Rey and Vallier are with the Université de Toulon, LAMHESS,
France. Nicol is with the Aix Marseille University, CNRS,
ISM, Inst. Movement Sci, Marseille, France. Mercier is with
the AJO®Les Oiseaux, Pediatric Obesity Follow-up and Reha-
bilitation Care, Le Noble Age Group, Sanary-sur-Mer, France.
Maïano is with the Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Dept. of
Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en
Outaouais (UQO), Canada. Address author correspondence to
Olivier Rey at olivier.rey@univ-amu.fr.
insufficient PA leads to overweight/obesity, which can
lead to decreased PA (4). In addition, evidence of several
well-being constructs that include subjective well-being
and health, mood, and self-esteem suggests that PA is an
important contributor to mental well-being (19). Simi-
larly, physical self-perception (PSP) could be considered
as a central psychological construct of obese adolescents
for adherence to PA (18). Although it is still unclear
whether and how poor PSP might influence overweight/
obese youth’s motivation to participate in PA, such
information is considered relevant to the development of
effective PA programs (43). As overweight/obese adoles-
cents present lower involvement in PA and a less positive
attitude toward PA than their normal-weight peers, it has
been suggested that PA programs should include more

73
 74  Rey et al.
fun and attractive exercises to reverse this situation (13).
For instance, since there are more barriers to PA for girls
than for boys (51), programs specifically designed for
girls, could be helpful. These suggestions agree with the
general idea that youth with positive attitudes and high
self-efficacy would be more attracted to PA and have
more intention to participate in PA (22).
Most PA interventions among young people with
obesity have focused on either aerobic training (38) or
resistance training (41). For example, Klijn and col-
leagues (26) examined the effects on obese adolescents
of a 12-week aerobic training program and found a
significant increase in physical fitness through improved
walking functional capacity and aerobic indices. Tan and
colleagues (44) examined the effects on obese children
Downloaded by Ebsco Publishing aellsworth@ebsco.com on 03/09/17, Volume 29, Article Number 1
of an eight-week program that included various forms
of vigorous PAs targeted at a mean heart rate (HR) of
165 ± 15 bpm and mean energy expenditure of within
3.52–7.98 kcal/min. Positive improvements were found
in body composition, cardiovascular fitness index, and
physical fitness (i.e., walking and jumping performances).
Their study also showed the potential use of HR and
energy expenditure measurements to control exercise
intensity during various short forms of PA. Morano and
colleagues (37) examined the psychophysical effects of an
eight-month multimodal aerobic program on obese ado-
lescent boys and girls. They found significantly reduced
body mass index (BMI), increased physical fitness and
improved perceived physical abilities, for both sexes.
In the last decade, more research has focused on
the effects of PA on physical fitness and PSP, but varied
training programs and diverging findings have been
reported. Among these studies, Daley and colleagues (9)
reported significant improvements of physical self-worth
and global self-esteem in obese adolescents, regardless
of their sex, despite unchanged BMI and physical fitness
after an eight-week PA program (30 min, three times per
week, of moderate intensity aerobic exercises) followed
by a six-week home aerobic program. Yu and colleagues
(50) reported among overweight/obese children signifi-
cant changes, regardless of their sex, in body composi-
tion and increased actual physical capacities, perceived
physical strength, and perceived endurance after a six-
week program combining diet with resistance exercise.
Goldfield and colleagues (21) examined the effects of a
22-week program of aerobic and/or resistance training
on obese adolescents’ PSP. Regardless of the training
type, significant improvements were found for most of
the PSP subdomains (i.e., sport competence, physical
condition, body satisfaction, physical strength, and physi-
cal self-worth) and global self-esteem. In this study, like
in most previous ones, sex-based differences were not
assessed. Thus, although the literature shows that over-
weight/obese girls have significantly lower PSP (3,42)
and physical fitness (12) than their male counterparts, it
is still unknown how girls’ and boys’ PSP and physical
fitness differ according to their PA experience.
Recent emphasis has been put on high-intensity
interval training (HIIT), which is considered a promising
PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017
and time-efficient strategy to promote health in sedentary
overweight/obese individuals (e.g., 1,2). Commonly,
HIIT is of short duration and performed above the lac-
tate threshold, with intermittent rest periods that provide
sufficient time to recover and to perform additional high-
intensity bouts. HIIT is recognized for its lower volume
but higher impact on body composition and fat loss than
commonly used aerobic exercises of moderate intensity
(e.g., 6,10,29). Moreover, HIIT has been demonstrated to
enhance perceived enjoyment (25). Nevertheless, incon-
sistencies remain concerning the actual HIIT design in
terms of working levels, volume and duration, and rest
periods (for a review, see 11). A promising alternative
could rely on vigorous interval training (VIT) that con-
sists of an intermittent type of PA that share similar char-
acteristics to HIIT, but that it is performed at submaximal
rates and potentially using various forms of exercise. As
recently emphasized by Ekkekakis and colleagues (15),
the challenge in limiting avoidance and nonadherence
in designing PA programs for obese individuals lies in
maximizing energy expenditure while striking the “right”
balance between intensity and duration. The efficacy of
such program types has not yet been examined in obese
adolescent boys and girls.
The present study aimed to assess the combined
effects of a five-week VIT program and diet on body com-
position (body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage),
physical fitness (six-minute walking distance and work)
and physiological responses (heart rate and blood lactate
concentration) as well as PSP among obese adolescent
boys and girls. Significant improvements which varied by
sex were expected in obese adolescents’ physical fitness
and PSP. More specifically, given that girls have lower
PSP and physical fitness than boys, it was hypothesized
that the effects of the five-week VIT program and diet
on PSP and physical fitness would be greater for girls
than for boys.
Methods
Participants and Procedures
A total of 30 obese adolescents, aged 14–15 (without
medical disorders, e.g., metabolic, cardiac or orthope-
dic), were recruited in a pediatric rehabilitation center
in Southern France. Six participants were excluded from
the analysis because they failed to complete the program
due to several absences or medical reasons. This study
thus focuses on the 24 remaining participants (14 girls
and 10 boys) who performed all the training sessions
and completed all the measures. These participants (see
Table 1 for detailed anthropometric and body composition
data) were categorized as obese based on their body fat
percentage (36.75 ± 7.04%) and BMI (32.64 ± 4.88 kg/
m2). Boys and girls were both classified as obese (sex-
and-age 95th percentile) using the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) growth reference (27).
The protocol was constructed in accordance with the
Declaration of Helsinki and met France’s ethical require-
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Table 1  Effects of Time, Sex, and Time × Sex on the Participants’ Anthropometric Measures, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness
Girls Boys Total Covariate Time Sex Time x Sex
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post F F F
Measures M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD F(1,21) p (1,21) p (1,21) p (1,21) p
Standing
161.9 ± 5.3 162.4 ± 5.5 171.1 ± 7.6 171.8 ± 7.4 165.8* ± 7.7 166.3* ± 7.8 - - 9.84 .005 12.31 0.002 0.07 .80
Height (cm)

Weight (kg) 86.93 ± 10.07 83.92 ± 9.89 93.64 ± 22.86 90.15 ± 21.05 89.73* ± 16.53 86.52* ± 15.44 - - 44.23 < .001 0.96 0.34 0.243 .63

BMI (kg/
33.19 ± 4.03 32.02 ± 4.26 31.86 ± 6.01 30.34 ± 5.61 32.64* ± 4.88 31.32* ± 4.83 - - 37.52 < .001 0.56 0.46 0.63 .44
m 2)

BMI
2.09 ± 0.24 1.98 ± 0.28 2.10 ± 0.45 2.07 ± 0.60 2.10 ± 0.45 2.02 ± 0.44 - - 2.68 0.12 0.11 0.74 0.84 .37
Z-Score

BMI
97.93 ± 1.09 97.21 ± 1.62 97.46 ± 2.61 96.14 ± 4.16 97.73* ± 1.85 96.77* ± 2.92 - - 17.88 < .001 0.61 0.44 1.58 .22
Percentile

Body Fat
38.44 ± 4.16 36.16 ± 3.69 34.66 ± 9.67 30.90 ± 7.44 36.75* ± 7.04 33.97* ± 6.03 - - 44.76 < .001 2.96 0.10 3.76 .07
(in %)

PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017

Fat-free
53.44 ± 4.92 53.36 ± 4.98 59.30 ± 6.16 60.98 ± 8.14 55.88 ± 6.10 56.53 ± 7.40 - - 2.43 .13 7.74 0.01 2.95 .10
mass (kg)

6MWD (m) 559 ± 50 582 a ± 51 564 b ± 62 648 a,b ± 56 561* ± 54 609* ± 62 0.58 .45 7.39 .01 3.45 0.08 7.79 .01

6MWW
48613 ± 6845 48882 a ± 7127 52582 b ± 12498 58023 a, b ± 11741 50266* ± 9571 52690* ± 10190 3.62 .07 7.43 .01 2.59 0.12 10.11 .005
(kg/m)
HRpeak
141 ± 21 148 ± 21 135 ± 22 150 ± 17 138 ± 21 149 ± 19 3.05 .09 0.90 .35 0.01 0.94 0.47 .50
(bpm)

[La-]b
1.68 ± 0.42 1.88 ± 0.68 1.90 ± 0.41 2.00 ± 0.59 1.77 ± 0.42 1.93 ± 0.63 2.68 .12 0.01 .97 1.69 0.21 0.14 .71
(mmol/l)

Note. M = mean; ± SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index; 6MWD = six-minute walking distance; 6MWW = six-minute walking work; HRpeak = peak heart rate; [La-]b = blood lactate concentration; 6MWD.
* Significant Time effects (p < .05). a,b Significant Time × Sex effects (p < .05).

75
 76  Rey et al.
ments for human research. Permission to conduct the study
was first obtained from the administration and medical
staff of the pediatric rehabilitation center. The adolescents’
parents or legal representatives received an information
letter regarding the study, and only the adolescents who
returned the cosigned consent forms participated.
Vigorous Interval Training Program
Combined With a Diet
The VIT program took place during a dietary care follow-
up. After a nutritional and lifestyle assessment, all the par-
ticipants followed the same dietary program for rebalanc-
ing their nutrition at the beginning of the intervention. The
program evolved into a more autonomous management of
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food groups and portions with educational support based
on the principle of energetic balance. The food portions
were not weighed, but corresponded to visual cues. Food
was consumed four times per day. The average energy
intake was 2000 kcal/day (17% protein, 33% fat and 50%
carbohydrates) for girls and 2200 kcal/day (17% protein,
30% fat and 53% carbohydrates) for boys.
The obese participants were involved in three sessions
per week, over five weeks, of 45 min of various types of
interval training in basketball, bike ’n’ run, and noncon-
tact fist and kick boxing with a similar 10-min warm-up
followed by different periods of work and rest. These
three types of training were each performed: (a) in three
series of 10 min’ work / three minutes’ passive rest in a
three-on-three basketball game; (b) in two series of three
minutes’ work / three minutes’ passive rest of random
“all-out” bike (against a mechanical resistance of 4/10 on
a cycle ergometer—Kettler “Golf M” model, Germany)
and run performed at a free cadence for a maximal dis-
tance; and (c) in three series of eight-minute sequences
of repeating 10 s “all-out” knocks against a bag / 20 s of
passive rest separated by four minutes of intermediate
passive rest. Each of these exercises/sports was proposed
to the participants for five weeks. Every interval training
session was considered vigorous based on the two follow-
ing criteria (23): (a) an energy expenditure of over 6 kcal/
min (about four Metabolic Equivalent of Task [METs]
for our population); and (b) a relative required effort of
at least 80% of the theoretical maximal heart rate (HRmax)
based on the definition of the American College of Sports
Medicine (14). The overall mean values for the training
intensity for the 15 sessions were 9.37 ± 1.81 kcal/min
or 6.2 ± 0.4 METs, and 89.30% of the theoretical HRmax
(i.e., 177 ± 9 bpm). These values assess the actual PA
intensity level. All of the VIT sessions were conducted
by the first author of this research under the supervision
of the medical staff of the pediatric rehabilitation center.
The days, times, and geographic and material conditions
were identical for each training session.
Measures
Body Composition.  All anthropometric measures
were taken before and after the VIT program by the
PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017
medical staff. They used a Harpenden stadiometer for the
participants’ standing height (with a precision of 1 cm)
and a Tanita impedance measurement device (BC 418,
Japan) for their bodyweight and body fat percentage.
BMI was calculated as follows: body weight / height x
height (in kg/m2). The BMI scores were then converted
into BMI percentiles and z-scores according to the CDC
growth reference for youth (27).
Physical Fitness.  To assess the submaximal functional
capacities of the participants, the six-minute walk test
(6MWT) was proposed to them before and after the
VIT program. This protocol has been validated for
obese children (17). To comply with the American
Thoracic Society (46) standard, the test was performed
in a 40-m corridor with a hard surface. Standardized
encouragement was provided every minute. Patients were
allowed to stop at any time during the test, but they were
told to walk as far as they felt able to for six minutes
without running. Walking performance was quantified
by using the six-minute walking distance (6MWD) and
the six-minute walking work (6MWW = 6MWD x body
weight), the latter parameter being reported as adequate
for the evaluation of the participants’ fitness levels (7).
To limit the influence of a learning effect (i.e., better
pacing strategy) between the pre- and postintervention
tests, a familiarization test session was performed the
previous week. The pre- and the post-6MWT were
performed individually under the same conditions (i.e.,
no spectator except the investigation staff, same time of
day, and same timed normative encouragement sentences
for both tests).
Blood lactate concentration [La-]b. The [La-]b was
assessed using a portable lactate analyzer (Lactate Pro,
Arkray, Japan). To do so, the medical staff took a blood
sample from the participants’ earlobe at the end of the
6MWT.
Heart Rate Measurement and Target Values.  HR
was recorded throughout the 6MWT (Polar RS 400,
Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). Peak heart rate
value (HRpeak) was estimated based on the mean of the
four highest values between the fourth and fifth minute
to avoid a false value due to a faster pace at the end
of the test. HR was continuously recorded during all
VIT sessions to obtain the HR peak (HRpeak) and mean
(HRmean).
The HR target value of VIT was established based
on the percentage of the estimation of the maximum HR
(HRmax) using [208—(0.7 × age)], a formula provided by
Tanaka and colleagues (45). To be considered vigorous
work, each VIT session aimed at inducing HRpeak of at
least 80% of the participants’ theoretical HRmax (157 bpm
on average for adolescents aged 14.6 years).
Assessment of Energy Intensity and Expenditure.  A
validated (40) triaxial accelerometer (RT3, Stayhealthy
Inc., Monrovia, CA) was used to assess the intensity
and energy expenditure of the participants’ PA (48)
from the start to the end of each training session. The
accelerometer was carried on the belt on the right hip. To

assess each training session, the energy expenditure was
expressed in kcal/min and estimated in METs.
Physical Self-Perceptions.  PSP were measured with
the French version of the short form of the Physical
Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ-S; 31, 33).
This 40-item questionnaire measures 11 physical self-
dimensions: coordination (CO), strength (ST), flexibility
(FL), endurance (EN), global self-esteem (GSE), health
(HE), activity (AC), body fat (BF), sport competence (SC),
global physical self-concept (GPSC), and appearance
(AP). Participants rate each sentence using a six-point
Likert scale ranging from 1 (false) to 6 (true). The PSDQ-S
was completed before and after the intervention. The
internal consistency means of the various scales measured
before (αpre) and after (αpost) the intervention were mostly
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acceptable [CO (αpre = 0.82; αpost = 0.79), ST (αpre = 0.81;
αpost = 0.67), FL (αpre = 0.84; αpost = 0.83), EN (αpre = 0.82;
αpost = 0.83), GSE (αpre = 0.69; αpost = 0.50), HE (αpre =
0.82; αpost = 0.60), AC (αpre = 0.84; αpost = 0.78), SC (αpre
= 0.85; αpost = 0.79), GPSC (αpre = 0.85; αpost = 0.80), and
AP (αpre = 0.85; αpost = 0.88)]. However, the BF subscale
was excluded from the analyses due to its unsatisfactory
internal consistency (αpre = 0.54; αpost = 0.31).
Statistical Analyses
All analyses were performed using Statistica 12.0 (Stat-
soft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). A two-way repeated measures
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the
effects of time (pre- vs. postintervention), sex, and their
interaction (Time × Sex) on standing height, bodyweight,
BMI, BMI z-scores, BMI percentiles and BF percent-
age. Finally, a two-way repeated measure analysis of
covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for delta-weight
changes between pre- and postintervention was used to
examine the effects of time, sex and their interaction on
the 6MWD, 6MWW, HRpeak, [La-]b, and PSP. In cases
Figure 1 — Boys’ and girls’ group mean values at pre- and postinterventions for the six-minute walking distance (6MWD) (A) and
the six-minute walking work (6MWW) (B). Significant Post-Hoc Time and Sex effects: * (p < .05), *** (p < .001).
PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017
Obesity, Vigorous Interval Training and Diet   77
of significance (p < .05), a Student Newman-Keuls post
hoc test was used. The effect sizes were estimated using
Cohen’s d (8).
Results
Anthropometric Measures and Body
Composition
Findings from the two-way repeated-measures ANOVA
showed significant effects of Time for standing height,
weight, BMI, BMI percentile, and BF percentage. How-
ever, no significant differences were found for the BMI
z-score or the fat-free mass (Table 1). More specifically,
the significant differences revealed that participants: (a)
increased their standing height by 0.36% (+ 0.6 ± 0.7
cm, d = 0.08); (b) lost 3.6% of their initial weight (-3.03
± 3.02 kg, d = -0.20); (c) reduced their BMI (-1.32 ±
1.05 kg/m2, d = -0.27) and their BMI percentile (-0.97 ±
1.18, d = -0.40); and (d) reduced their BF percentage by
7.52% (-2.78 ± 2.23%, d = -0.42). The significant effect
of Sex on the standing height and fat-free mass variables
(Table 1) indicated that, regardless of the testing time, the
boys were taller (+ 5.66%, d = 1.40) and presented more
fat-free mass than the girls (+ 10.9%, d = 1.05). None
of the anthropometric or body composition parameters
was significantly influenced by the effect of Time × Sex.
Physical Fitness and Physiological
Responses to the 6MWT
As illustrated in the lower part of Table 1, the covari-
ate (Weight changes) and the participants’ sex did not
significantly influence any of the walking performances
or any of the physiological measures. Significant effects
of Time and Time x Sex were observed for the 6MWD
(Figure 1A) and the 6MWW (Figure 1B). The time effect
 78  Rey et al.
showed an increase of 6MWD and 6MWW between pre-
and postintervention. In addition, the Time x Sex effect
showed significant increases in the 6MWD and 6MWW
(+48 ± 58 m, d = 0.83 and +2424 ± 4711 kg/m, d = 0.25,
respectively) for the boys (+84 ± 61 m, p < .001, d = 1.42,
and +5441 ± 4873 kg/m, p < .001, d = 0.45, respectively),
but not for the girls. At postintervention, the boys walked
for a significantly longer distance (+66.25m in mean, p
= .030, d = 1.24) and produced more work (+9140 kg/m
in mean, p < .001, d = 0.94) than the girls. Finally, no
effect of Time, Sex or Time × Sex was found for the
physiological measures of [La-]b, and HRpeak.
Physical Self-Perceptions
As illustrated in Table 2, none of the PSDQ-S subscales
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was significantly affected by the covariate (Weight
changes). Subsequent analyses of the Time effects
revealed significant pre-post intervention improvements
of the EN (d = 0.50), AC (d = 0.28), SC (d = 0.62), GPSC
(d = 0.58), and AP (d = 0.31) subscales of the PSDQ-S.
However, no significant effect was observed for the CO,
ST, FL, GSE, and HE subscales. Referring to the sig-
nificant Sex effect, boys presented significantly higher
scores than girls in the ST (d = 0.94) and GPSC (d = 1.31)
subscales of the PSDQ-S. In addition, a significant Time x
Sex effect was found for the EN (Figure 2A), SC (Figure
2B), and GPSC (Figure 2C) subscales of the PSDQ-S.
Girls reported significantly higher levels of EN (p < .001,
d = 1.07), SC (p = .002, d = 1.02), and GPSC (p < .001,
d = 1.41) between pre- and postintervention. In addition,
girls had significantly lower levels of GPSC than boys
at both pre- (p = .007, d = -1.64) and postintervention (p
< .001, d = -2.13).
Discussion
As attested by the mean values of HR and energy
expenditure registered per training session, which were
systematically above the targeted values, of 80% HRmax
and 6 kcal/min (or 4 METs), the intensity of the training
program was vigorous throughout its five weeks. These
outcome values are consistent with those reported by
Tan and colleagues (44) and Jakicic and colleagues (24),
who examined closer types of exercise intensities with
overweight or obese youths. This responds to the objec-
tive of eliciting an acute high level of energy expenditure
while improving long-term physical fitness and body
composition (e.g., 20).
Changes in Body Composition and
Physical Fitness
The significant effects on body composition (body
weight, BMI and BF) observed in both boys and girls
are consistent with and greater than those reported in the
literature for similar time periods of aerobic, resistance
or combined exercises (e.g., 9,50,21). The 6MWD values
before and after the exercise intervention are consistent
PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017
with the performances reported for this population in the
literature (17). The significant gain of 8.6% in the 6MWD
values after five weeks is close to the gain reported by Tan
and colleagues (44) after eight weeks of multicomponent
activities at the lactate threshold intensity but without diet,
and demonstrates the functional benefits of the present
intervention. The associated gain in fitness is suggested
by the increased 6MWW values independently of the
weight loss, with better results for the boys as compared
with the girls. In the absence of a Time x Sex effect on
any of the anthropometric and body composition param-
eters, the gain in physical fitness observed in the boys
could not be attributed to either growth or maturation.
This suggests that the VIT program is more suitable
for improving functional capacities in obese boys than
obese girls. The nonsignificant change in the measured
physiological parameters ([La-]b, HRpeak), despite the
increase in 6MWD and 6MWW performance, shows that
the metabolic cost is similar even with higher walking
speeds, which suggests an improved walking economy.
These results are of great importance as regards obese
adolescents’ higher metabolic cost in walking, compared
with their normal-weight peers (39). As both the increase
in physical fitness and the weight loss may improve meta-
bolic outcome and explain a better efficiency (16), it is
of further interest that the present weight changes did not
significantly influence any of the walking performance
or physiological measures. It is of further interest that
these findings reinforce the physical fitness improvements
provided by the VIT program.
Physical Self-Perceptions
No effect of the weight loss was observed in the results for
PSP. This suggests that the significant effects observed on
PSP may not have been influenced by weight changes but
rather by the VIT program despite its short term. This is in
contrast with longer-term studies on dietary and exercise
programs among obese adults showing that weight loss
was associated with changes in global self-esteem and
PSP (e.g., 35). Such discrepancies are common in the
literature. For example, a 5% weight-loss threshold has
been defined for a small improvement of health-related
quality of life (49) and is considered the minimum reduc-
tion needed for mental health improvements in the review
by Lasikiewicz and colleagues (28). However, Messier
and colleagues (36) reported an increase in body esteem
with a body-weight loss of only 3%.
The findings showed a significant increase in several
physical self-dimensions, including postintervention per-
ceived endurance, activity level, sport competence, global
physical self-concept and appearance after intervention.
These results differ from those of the study by Yu and
colleagues (50), who reported a time effect only on the
scale of perceived strength, and a significant improve-
ment of perceived endurance during a diet and resistance
training program compared with diet alone. In addition,
in contrast to the findings of Daley and colleagues (9)
and Goldfield and colleagues (21), no significant effect
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Table 2  Effects of Time, Sex and Time x Sex on Physical Self-Perceptions.

Girls Boys Total Covariate Time Sex Time x Sex
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
Measures M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD F(1,21) p F(1,21) p F(1,21) p F(1,21) p
Coordination 3.41 ± 1.07 3.86 ± 0.83 3.58 ± 0.96 3.76 ± 0.79 3.48 ± 1.01 3.82 ± 0.80 2.71 0.11 2.23 0.15 0.08 0.78 0.90 0.35
(CO)
Strength (ST) 3.06a ± 1.02 3.55 ± 0.80 4.18 ± 0.88 4.20a ± 1.06 3.53 ± 1.10 3.82 ± 0.95 0.01 0.97 0.77 0.39 6.05 0.02 1.80 0.19
Flexibility (FL) 3.06 ± 1.29 3.52 ± 0.98 2.43 ± 1.29 2.87 ± 1.19 2.80 ± 1.30 3.25 ± 1.10 1.58 0.22 0.79 0.38 1.64 0.21 0.026 0.87
Endurance (EN) 2.19a,b ± 0.94 3.12b ± 0.79 3.40 ± 1.33 3.43a ± 1.21 2.69* ± 1.25 3.25* ± 0.97 1.87 0.18 10.92 0.003 4.12 0.05 8.67 0.008
Global Self- 3.46 ± 1.00 3.57 ± 1.19 4.22 ± 0.95 4.04 ± 0.89 3.78 ± 1.03 3.77 ± 1.08 0.24 0.63 0.60 0.45 2.46 0.13 0.67 0.42
Esteem (GSE)
Health (HE) 5.16 ± 0.86 5.08 ± 0.70 4.40 ± 1.36 4.54 ± 0.97 4.85 ± 1.13 4.85 ± 0.85 0.32 0.58 0.13 0.72 3.10 0.09 0.68 0.42
Activity Level 3.01 ± 1.42 3.70 ± 1.03 3.63 ± 1.68 3.55 ± 1.26 3.26* ± 1.53 3.64* ± 1.11 0.72 0.40 4.48 0.046 0.29 0.60 3.21 0.09
(AL)

PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017

Sport Compe- 3.05 a ± 0.97 3.89 a ± 0.67 3.80 ± 1.16 3.97 ± 0.73 3.26* ± 1.09 3.92* ± 0.68 1.16 0.29 7.39 0.01 1.80 0.19 4.35 0.049
tence (SC)
Global Physical 1.86a,b,c ± 0.87 3.02a ± 0.77 3.87b ± 1.50 4.10c ± 1.21 2.69* ± 1.53 3.47* ± 1.09 1.13 0.30 6.01 0.02 14.49 0.001 8.37 0.009
Self-Concept
(GPSC)
Appearance (AP) 2.88 ± 1.24 3.46 ± 1.36 3.27 ± 0.78 3.32 ± 1.14 3.04* ± 1.07 3.40* ± 1.25 2.74 0.11 7.09 0.01 0.19 0.66 3.53 0.07
Note. M = mean; SD = standard deviation.
* Significant Time effects (p < .05). a,b,c Significant Time × Sex effects (p < .05).

79
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80
PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017
Figure 2 — Boys’ and girls’ group mean values at pre- and postinterventions for the perceived endurance (A), perceived sport competence (B) and global physical self-concept (C)
scales. Significant Post-Hoc Time and Sex effects: * (p < .05), ** (p < .01), *** (p < .001).

was observed for global self-worth in the current study.
It can be hypothesized that the shortness of interven-
tion in the current study could explain this absence of
influence on global self-esteem, since most studies used
longer-term programs. Indeed, Leith (30) reported a
12-week threshold to induce a significant improvement
in global self-esteem compared with programs of less
than eight weeks.
However, the present findings show that obese
adolescents’ physical self-perceptions were reactive
to a short-term program of five weeks of mixed VIT.
Considering the lack of studies on the effects of VIT
on PSP, it may be of interest to consider the findings
reported for the most similar HIIT conditions. The present
VIT results are consistent with the HIIT literature that
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reports a good tolerability, pleasant affective responses
and self-efficacy beliefs after high-intensity intermittent
exercise (25). Thus, considering that actual and perceived
physical fitness were improved by the VIT program, it
can be hypothesized that increased in walking functional
capacities provided more well-being and satisfaction in
participants. Defined as a multidimensional construct that
includes endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and
motor coordination (47), an increase in physical fitness
could also be related to so-far unsubstantiated changes
in self-concept as reported by Berger (4).
A significant Sex effect showed that boys had higher
baseline scores of perceived strength and global physi-
cal self-concept than girls. These results are consistent
with those found in the literature among overweight and
obese adolescents in the absence of any training program
(32,34). Furthermore, a significant effect of Time and Sex
was found, revealing that, with time, girls significantly
increased their scores for the endurance, sport compe-
tence, and global physical self-concept subscales with a
strong effect size. These results are original considering
that female adolescents consistently report less favorable
perceptions of their physical self-worth than adolescent
males (32,34). Consequently, these findings revealed that
the beneficial effects of this VIT program on PSP were
greater in girls than in boys, despite their lower gains in
the walking functional capacities.
Limitations and Future Directions
The findings of the current study must be interpreted
with caution due to certain limitations. Firstly, the small
sample size may have influenced the power of the statisti-
cal analyses. Secondly, this promising study did not com-
pare its findings with those of participants who followed
either other types of exercise programs or a diet only.
Consequently, any objective proof of a better effect of VIT
compared with aerobic or resistance training would merit
further examination. Thirdly, participants were recruited
in a specific context (i.e., rehabilitation pediatric center
for obese youth) where their social interactions may have
influenced their physical self-perceptions. Indeed, they
may have compared themselves positively or negatively
with similar peers or with others who did not participate
PES Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017
Obesity, Vigorous Interval Training and Diet   81
in the program. Finally, because of the short duration
of the program we do not know if the observed effects
could be maintained over a longer period or whether the
participants would adhere to or drop out of the program.
Consequently, it would be interesting to examine the
effects of this VIT program over a longer period compared
with other exercise modalities (like continuous moderate
or resistance training), and to include a control group as
well as a follow-up of the cohort’s attitudes toward physi-
cal activities after the end of the program.
Conclusion
The present study confirms the positive effect of a short-
term VIT program combined with a diet on body com-
position, walking performance, and PSP. The findings
revealed that the effects of this program on PSP were
greater among girls than boys. This program seems to
be particularly adapted to obese adolescents for promot-
ing PA. It would be a relevant alternative to aerobic or
resistance programs, which require either a high volume
of exercise or elevated loads involving risks for the joints
and muscles of sedentary young people.
Acknowledgments
We thank the pediatric rehabilitation center, the staff and the
youth of AJO® Les Oiseaux, Pediatric Obesity Follow-up, and
Rehabilitation Care of “Le Noble Age” group for their support
and participation in this study. The authors have no competing
interests. The authors have no financial or other conflict of
interest to disclose. They declare that the experiments comply
with the current laws of France, the country in which the experi-
ments were performed.
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2.3 Jurnal ketiga :

Judul STUDI KEBUGARAN JASMANI MENGGUNAKAN METODE

HARVARD STEP TES PADA MAHASISWA PENJAS
SEMESTER VI UNIVERSITAS BENGKULU TAHUN
AKADEMIK 2018-2019
Jurnal Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani
Volume & Vol.3 / 5 Halaman
Halaman
Tahun 2019
Penulis Suwandi Saputra
Reviewer Kelompok 2 Angkatan 2019 (N10119018 – N10119026)
Tanggal review 27 April 2020
Tujuan Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui Tingkat
penelitian Kebugaran Jasmani Mahasiswa penjas semester VI Universitas
Bengkulu Tahun Akademik 2018 – 2019. Dalam penelitian ini
instrumen yang digunakan yaitu harvard step tes
Subjek Mahasiswa penjas semester VI Universitas Bengkulu yang
Penelitian berjumlah 50 orang.
Metode METODE PENGUMPULAN DATA TES: Metode dengan cara
Penelitian naik turun bangku setinggi 50 cm untuk pria dan 42 cm untuk
wanita dan mengikuti irama yang teratur selama 5 menit
Hasil penelitian Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian ini, tingkat kebugaran jasmani
Mahasiswa penjas semester VI Universitas Bengkulu yang
berjumlah 50 orang yaitu: 30 orang mahasiswa masuk kategori
Cukup (70%) dan 20 orang mahasiswa masuk kategori Sedang
(30%). Artinya kondisi fisik Mahasiswa Penjas Semester VI
Universitas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik 2018 – 2019 masih
 tergolong Cukup dan dapat dikatakan masih belum optimal.

Kelebihan - Jurnal ini berisi kan tentang topic yang mudah dipahami
Jurnal pembaca dan umumnya terjadi di setiap orang.
- Memaparkan tujuan secara lengkap tentang latar belakang
dari jurnal
- Menggunakan kosa kata yang mudah dipahami dan baku

Kekurangan - Tidak memaparkan secara jelas tentang tatalaksana saat

Jurnal penelitian
- Penjelasan dinilai masih kurang tentang apa hasil dari
penelitian tersebut
KINESTETIK : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 3 (2) 2019 e-ISSN:2685-6514

STUDI KEBUGARAN JASMANI MENGGUNAKAN METODE HARVARD STEP TES

PADA MAHASISWA PENJAS SEMESTER VI UNIVERSITAS BENGKULU
TAHUN AKADEMIK 2018-2019

Suwandi Saputra
Program Studi Pendidikan Jasmani FKIP Email : SuwandiSM@gmail.com
Universitas Bengkulu

Sugiyanto
Universitas Bengkulu

Defliyanto
Universitas Bengkulu

Abstrack
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani
Mahasiswa penjas semester VI Universitas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik 2018-2019.Dalam
penelitian ini instrumen yang digunakan yaitu harvard step tes, Harvard step Test adalah untuk
mengukur physical fitnes ( Kebugaran Jasmani ). Dengan cara naik turun bangku setinggi 50 cm
(pria) dan 42 cm 9 ( wanita ) dan mengikuti irama yang teratur selama 5 menit. Berdasarkan
Hasil penelitian ini, tingkat kebugaran jasmani Mahasiswa penjas semester VI Universitas
Bengkulu yang berjumlah 50 orang yaitu: 30 orang mahasiswa masuk kategori Cukup (70%) dan
20 orang mahasiswa masuk kategori Sedang (30%). Artinya kondisi fisik Mahasiswa Penjas
Semester VI Universitas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik 2018-2019 masih tergolong Cukup dan
dapat dikatakan masih belum optimal.

Kata Kunci : Kebugaran dan Dayatahan Tubuh

Abstrack

This research was conducted with the aim to determine the Physical Fitness Level of the
Semester Semester University of Bengkulu Students Academic Year 2018-2019. In this study the
instruments used were Harvard step test, Harvard step test is to measure physical fitness. By
going up and down the bench as high as 50 cm (male) and 42 cm 9 (female) and following a
regular rhythm for 5 minutes. Based on the results of this study, the level of physical fitness of
the University of Bengkulu semester VI students totaling 50 people are: 30 students in the
Enough category (70%) and 20 students in the Medium category (30%). This means that the
physical condition of the University of Bengkulu Semester VI Students Academic Year 2018-2019
is still quite and can be said to be still not optimal.

Keywords: Fitness and Body Endurance

193
KINESTETIK : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 3 (2) 2019
PENDAHULUAN
Kadang-kadang dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari kita membandingkan bagaimana
kesanggupan kita melakukan aktivitas
dengan orang lain. Misalnya ketika menaiki
gedung dengan tangga bersama teman, ada
yang merasa sangat lelah dan ada pula yang
terlihat biasa saja. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh
kebugaran jasmani setiap orang. Orang
yang sering berolahraga, tubuhnya akan
terbiasa atau beradaptasi sehingga ketika
melakukan aktivitas yang berat cadangan
kekuatannya lebih banyak dibandingkan
dengan yang jarang berolahraga. Selain itu,
orang yang rajin berolahraga juga memiliki
kerja jantung yang baik dan berujung pada
lebih rendahnya tekanan darah dibanding
yang jarang berolahraga.
Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini,
akan mempelajari bagaimana norma
kebugaran jasmani menggunakan metode
tes harvard. Untuk menentukan
kesanggupan badan kita dalam melakukan
suatu aktivitas maka dilakukan tes harvard.
Tes ini bertujuan untuk menentukan indeks
kesanggupan badan untuk melakukan kerja,
di sini kita menilai kebugaran dan
kemampuan untuk pulih dari kerja berat.
Menurut pengamatan peneliti tingkat
kebugaran jasmani mahasiwa penjas
semester VI Universitas Bengkulu tahun
ajaran 2018-2019 tidak merata.
Dikarenakan aktifitas mahasiswa semester
VI ini berbeda-beda, ada yang melakukan
olahraga setiap harinya ada pula yang tidak
melakukan olahraga sama sekali. Karena
belum diketahuinya tingkat kebugaran
jasmani mahasiswa Penjas semester VI
Universitas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik
2018-2019 ini, maka peneliti tertarik ingin
meneliti “Studi Kebugaran Jasmani
Menggunakan Metode Harvard Step Tes
Pada Mahasiswa Penjas Semester VI
194
e-ISSN:2685-6514
Universitas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik
2018-2019”.
METODE
Sesuai dengan permasalahan dan
tujuan penelitian yang telah diuraikan
sebelumnya, bahwa penelitian yang
dimaksud adalah tentang Studi Kebugaran
Jasmani Menggunakan Metode Harvard
Step Tes Pada Mahasiswa Penjas Semester
VI Universitas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik
2018-2019. Jenis penelitian ini adalah
penelitian lapangan yang bersifat deskriptip
analisis yang menggunakan pendekatan
kualitatif. Deskriptif adalah hanya
menggambarkan situasi yang sedang
berlangsung, tampa penguji hipotesis.
Metode yang digunakan adalah tes yaitu
dengan Harvard Step Tes. Seperti yang
dikemukakan oleh Iskandar (2010:61)
menjelaskan bahwa penelitian deskriptif
merupakan penelitian untuk memberi
uraian mengenai fenomena atau gejala yang
diteliti dengan mendeskripsikan yuridis
formal tentang nilai variabel mandiri, baik
satu variabel atau lebih (independent).
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Penelitian ini menggunakan tes dan
pengukuran terhadap fisik yang digunakan
untuk menunjang kemampuan fisik bagi
mahasiswa penjas Semester VI Universitas
Bengkulu Tahun Akademik 2018-2019.
Teknik analisis data yang digunakan untuk
menguji data dalam penelitian ini adalah
analisis deskriptif persentase. Dimana hasil
dari data penelitian dihitung dalam jumlah
persen berapa mahasiswa penjas yang
dalam katagori baik sekali, baik, cukup,
sedang, dan kurang.
Dari data yang terkumpul disusun
dan dianalisis dengan statistik dimana hasil
penelitian dapat diuji kebenarannya.
KINESTETIK : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 3 (2) 2019 e-ISSN:2685-6514

Metode pengumpulan data Tes digunakan Baik 80 – 89 0 0%

sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Teknik
Analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji Cukup 65 – 79 30 70%
data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis
deskriptif persentase, dimana hasil dari data Sedang 55 – 64 20 30%
penelitian dihitung dalam jumlah persen
berapa jumlah mahasiswa penjas semester Kurang 54 – 0 0%
IV Universita Bengkulu Tahun Akademik
2018-2019 yang masuk dalam kategori Baik kebawa
Sekali, Baik, Cukup, Sedang, Kurang.
h
Tabel 5. Grafik Data Kebugaran Jasmani
Mahasiswa Penjas Semester VI Jumlah 50 100%
35%
30%
30% Dari tabel di atas dapat
disimpulkan penilaian Harvard Step Tes
25% terhadap 50 mahasiswa penjas
20% semester VI Universitas Bengkulu yaitu:
20%
20 mahasiswa masuk kategori cukup
15% (30%), 30 mahasiswa masuk kategori
sedang (70%).
10%
PENUTUP
5%
0% 0% 0%
kesimpulan
0% Setelah dilakukan analisis data
Baik Baik Cukup Sedang Kurang penelitian mengenai kebugaran jasmani
Sekali mahasiswa penjas semester VI Tahun
Akademik 2018-2019 menggunakan
Hasil penelitian tes pengukuran kebugaran metode harvard step tes Maka dapat
jasmani mahasiswa penjas semester IV diambil kesimpulan bahwa kondisi
menggunakan metode Harvard step tes kebugaran jasmani Mahasiswa semester VI
adalah : Universitas Bengkulu Adalah Cukup. dari tes
Tabel 6. Hasil Tes Kebugaran Jasmani harvard step tes yang telah dilaksanakan,
Mahasiswa Penjas semester VI Ternyata kondisi kebugaran Mahasiswa
Kategor Rentang Frekuens Persentas semester VI Universitas Bengkulu Tahun
Akademik 2018-2019, 30 Orang
i skor i e memperoleh kategori Cukup (70%), dan 20
Orang memperoleh kategori sedang (30%).
Baik 90 - 0 0% Dan dapat dikatakan kebugaran jasmani
mahasiswa semester VI Universitas
sekali keatas Bengkulu Tahun Akademik 2018-2019
Masih belum optimal.

195
KINESTETIK : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 3 (2) 2019 e-ISSN:2685-6514

SARAN-SARAN methods in health,

physicakl education,
1. Bagi mahasiswa semester VI tahun exrcise science, and
akademik 2018-2019, agar dapat lebih recreation. Ohama :
memperhatikan kondisi fisik dan Wolters Kluwer.
kebugaran jasmani mahasiswa itu
sendiri. diharapkan mahasiswa Izu Zuanto. 2013 Analisis kondisi
semester VI dapat mengkonsumsi kebugaran jasmani siswa-
makanan yang lebih sehat dan juga siswi sekolah dasar negri
dapat menghindari minuman 07 kota Bengkulu.
beralkohol dan juga asap rokok. Bengkulu 2013.
2. Bagi peneliti, Yang akan datang agar
Iskandar. 2010 Metode penelitian
dapat mengadakan pertimbangan
dan sosial (kualitatif dan
penelitian ini dengan menggunakan
kuantitatif). Jambi 2010.
subyek yang lain baik dalam hal kualitas
maupun tingkatan kualitas. Nurhasan ,2001. Tes dan pengukuran
3. Bagi Peneliti yang ingin melanjutkan dalam pendidikan jasmani,
penelitian ini, hasil penelitian ini dapat pernsip-prinsip dan
dijadikan sebagai bahan informasi dan penerapannya. Jakarta :
refrensi untuk mengembangkan hasil 2001
yang lebih baik terhadam tingkat
kebugaran jasmani mahasiswa penjas Pujianto&insanistyo, 2017. Dasar-
Universitas Bengkulu. dasar penelitian jasmani.
4. Bagi Dosen atau guru pendidikan Bengkulu 2017
jasmani dan olahraga kiranya dapat
menganalisa variabel-variabel lain
untuk karya ilmiah yang baru dan dapat Suharsimi A, 2002. Perosedur
dijadikan bahan pertimbangan dalam penelitian suatu
pendekatan peraktek.
memberikan pembelajaran pendidikan
Jakarta 2002.
jasmani dan olahraga, serta dapat
memahami tingkat kebugaran jasmani Thomas, Nelson. 1990 Research
mahasiswa penjas Universitas methods in physical
Bengkulu. education. Jakarya 1990.

Uhamisastra, dkk. 2003. Pengelolaan

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
model pengajaran
Abu Hasan A, 2017 Analisis tingkat pendidikan jasmani di
kebugaran jasmani siswa pondok pesantren .
dipendidikan pondok Bandung 2003.
pesantren kota Bengkulu.
Bangkulu 2017 Widaninggar, dkk. 2002. Ketahuilah
tingkat kesegaran jasmani
Berg. K.E, Latin,R.W. 2008 anda. Jakarta 2002.
Essensial of research

196
KINESTETIK : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 3 (2) 2019 e-ISSN:2685-6514

Winarni, E.W. 2011. Penelitian

pendidikan. Bengkulu
2011.

Widiastuti 2011. Tes Dan

Pengukuran Olahraga. PT,
Bumi Timur Jaya.

197
 BAB 3
PENUTUP
3.1 Kesimpulan
Ketiga review jurnal diatas adalah jenis tes stres jantung untuk mendeteksi
dan mendiagnosis penyakit kardiovaskular. Ini juga merupakan pengukuran
kebugaran yang baik dan kemampuan seseorang untuk pulih setelah
melakukan olahraga yang berat dengan memeriksa tingkat pemulihan.
Kebugaran jasmani merupakan tolak ukur seseorang dikatakan sehat atau
tidak. Kebugaran dibutuhkan oleh setiap jenjang umur, mulai dari anak-anak
sampai lanjut usia.Kebugaran jasmani pengertiannya yaitu kemampuan tubuh
seseorang untuk melakukan pekerjaan seharihari tanpa menimbulkan
kelelahan yang berarti. Kesegaran jasmani pada hakekatnya berkenaan
dengan kemampuan dan kesanggupanfisik seseorang untuk melaksanakan
tugasnya sehari-hari secara efisien dan efektif dalamwaktu yang relatif lama
tanpa menimbulkan kelelahan yang berarti dan masih memiliki tenaga
cadangan untuk melaksanakan aktivitas lainnya.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Harvard Step Test (HST) in Male and Female Medical Students of Age 17-19 Yrs.
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Rey, O., et al. 2017. Effects of Combined Vigorous Interval Training Program and
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Yusuf, H. 2018. Evaluasi Kebugaran Jasmani Melalui Harvard Step Test pada
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