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HOMEWORK :-)
4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 251
4.1 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.
Integration and Differentiation In Exercises 1 and 2,

$ $
(@L
(@
verify the statement by showing that the derivative of the right 31. !tan2 y % 1" dy .
32. !4x " csc2 x" dx &: T@ / LH@:@L
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side equals the integrand of the left side. @7>8@L
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Sketching a Graph In Exercises 33 and 34, the graph of
1. "
6
x4' 2
dx ! 3 % C
x
the derivative of a function is given. Sketch the graphs of two
functions that have the given derivative. (There is more than
2. $& 8x3 %
1
2x 2 '
dx ! 2x 4 "
1
2x
% C one correct answer.) To print an enlarged copy of the graph, go
to MathGraphs.com.
33. y 34. y
Solving a Differential Equation In Exercises 3–6, find
the general solution of the differential equation and check the 6 2
f′ f′
result by differentiation.
1
dy dy 2 x
3. ! 9t2 4. !5 −2 − 1 1 2
dt dt x
dy dy −4 −2 2 4
5. ! x3#2 6. ! 2x"3 −2 −2
dx dx
Rewriting Before Integrating In Exercises 7–10, Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 35–42, find
complete the table to find the indefinite integral. the particular solution that satisfies the differential equation
and the initial condition.
MGD8?8.M>f@8@A
Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify
$ 35. f$!x" ! 6x, f !0" ! 8
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42. f # !x" ! sin x, f$!0" ! 1, f !0" ! 6 @G:@ ?y RjQR-
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 11–32, find

the indefinite integral and check the result by differentiation. Slope Field In Exercises 43 and 44, a differential equation,
$ $
a point, and a slope field are given. A slope field (or direction
11. !x % 7" dx .
12. !13 " x" dx Sb: ?
@ /A field) consists of line segments with slopes given by the
differential equation. These line segments give a visual
13. $ !x5 % 1" dx 14.
. $!8x3 " 9x2 % 4" dx
perspective of the slopes of the solutions of the differential
equation. (a) Sketch two approximate solutions of the
15. $ !x3#2 % 2x % 1" dx .

16. $& '
%x %
1
2%x
dx
differential equation on the slope field, one of which passes
through the indicated point. (To print an enlarged copy of the
$ $! "
graph, go to MathGraphs.com.) (b) Use integration to find the
17. 18. particular solution of the differential equation and use a
. (@
3 x2 dx
% 4 x3 % 1 dx
%
graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result with
19. $ 1
x5
dx D
20. $3
x7
dx (
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the sketches in part (a).
$ $ &QYbQ--QRb
dy dy 1
43. ! x2 " 1, !"1, 3" 44. ! " 2, x > 0, !1, 3"
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x% 6 x4 " 3x2 % 5 dx dx x
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.
27. !1 " csc t cot t" dt 28. !& 2 % sec 2 &" d&
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−2
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29. !sec2 & " sin &" d& 30. sec y !tan y " sec y" dy MGL8 ?
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@7>I@LHMI@L
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Slope Field In Exercises 45 and 46, (a) use a graphing . Tree Growth An evergreen nursery usually sells a certain
51.
utility to graph a slope field for the differential equation, (b) type of shrub after 6 years of growth and shaping. The growth
use integration and the given point to find the particular rate during those 6 years is approximated by dh#dt ! 1.5t % 5,
solution of the differential equation, and (c) graph the solution where t is the time in years and h is the height in centimeters.
and the slope field in the same viewing window. The seedlings are 12 centimeters tall when planted !t ! 0".
dy dy (a) Find the height after t years.
45. ! 2x, !"2, "2" 46. ! 2%x, !4, 12"
dx dx (b) How tall are the shrubs when they are sold?
52. Population Growth The rate of growth dP#dt of a
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS population of bacteria is proportional to the square root of t,
where P is the population size and t is the time in days
47. Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals What is
!0 ' t ' 10". That is, P
abb
(
(J@
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the difference, if any, between finding the antiderivative of =2I@6@ /

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f !x" and evaluating the integral * f !x" dx? dP PDFF / 9 /

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48. Comparing Functions Consider f !x" ! tan2 x and

4]^;
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g !x" ! sec2 x. What do you notice about the derivatives of

The initial size of the population is 500. After 1 day the
f !x" and g !x"? What can you conclude about the
population has grown to 600. Estimate the population after
relationship between f !x" and g !x"?
7 days.
49. Sketching Graphs The graphs of f and f$ each pass
through the origin. Use the graph of f # shown in the figure Vertical Motion In Exercises 53–55, use a(t) ! "32 feet
to sketch the graphs of f and f$. To print an enlarged copy per second per second as the acceleration due to gravity.
of the graph, go to MathGraphs.com. (Neglect air resistance.)
y 53. A ball is thrown vertically upward from a height of 6 feet with
4 an initial velocity of 60 feet per second. How high will the
ball go?
2 f″
54. With what initial velocity must an object be thrown upward
x (from ground level) to reach the top of the Washington
−4 −2 2 4 Monument (approximately 550 feet)? ?
m&
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. A balloon, rising vertically with a velocity of 16 feet per
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55. ^@@ / 9 /
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50. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph of f$ (b) At what velocity will it hit the ground?
shown in the figure to answer the following.
Vertical Motion In Exercises 56–58, use a(t) ! "9.8 meters
y per second per second as the acceleration due to gravity.
5 (Neglect air resistance.) MG@M / / 7>@D FH@
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. A baseball is thrown upward from a height of 2 meters with
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(a) Approximate the slope of f at x ! 4. Explain. 58. Grand Canyon BG@M / 9 / M /D@M /
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(b) Is it possible that f !2" ! "1? Explain.
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(@M .CMX@J8-2II.(@&
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deepest point. A rock is

(d) Approximate the value of x where f is maximum. 5/
dropped from the rim 9 / l& /&ol .
Explain. 1H / l&.&ol / #FM

above this point. Write /
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(e) Approximate any open intervals in which the graph the height of the rock as
of f is concave upward and any open intervals a function of the time t
in which it is concave downward. Approximate in seconds. How long
the x-coordinates of any points of inflection. will it take the rock to
hit the canyon floor?
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aS&bS9S&S?S.lSS&bS--S&bSRS _
!H / 9 / b&b
BG@M / 9 / MD@M / 9 ?
S. /FH@ 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 253
p/ S&bS / 9 ?
!& / #FM
59. Lunar Gravity On the moon, the acceleration due to 67. Acceleration At the instant the traffic light turns green, a
gravity is "1.6 meters per second per second. A stone is car that has been waiting at an intersection starts with a
dropped from a cliff on the moon and hits the surface of the constant acceleration of 6 feet per second per second. At the
moon 20 seconds later. How far did it fall? What was its same instant, a truck traveling with a constant velocity of
velocity at impact? 30 feet per second passes the car.
60. Escape Velocity The minimum velocity required for an (a) How far beyond its starting point will the car pass the
object to escape Earth’s gravitational pull is obtained from the truck?
solution of the equation (b) How fast will the car be traveling when it passes the truck?
$ v dv ! "GM $ 1
y2
dy
68. Acceleration Assume that a fully loaded plane starting
from rest has a constant acceleration while moving down a
runway. The plane requires 0.7 mile of runway and a speed of
where v is the velocity of the object projected from Earth, y is 160 miles per hour in order to lift off. What is the plane’s
the distance from the center of Earth, G is the gravitational acceleration?
constant, and M is the mass of Earth. Show that v and y are
related by the equation True or False? In Exercises 69–74, determine whether the
statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
v 2 ! v02 % 2GM &1y " R1 ' example that shows it is false.
where v0 is the initial velocity of the object and R is the radius

. The antiderivative of f !x" is unique.
69. 3 / EGL7gMG / LH>M@7>@M / L7> EG / B7CDG6
of Earth. 70.
. Each antiderivative of an n th-degree polynomial function is an
!n % 1"th-degree polynomial function. $
Rectilinear Motion In Exercises 61–64, consider a particle
. If p!x" is a polynomial function, then p has exactly one
71.
moving along the x-axis where x(t) is the position of the antiderivative whose graph contains the origin. $
particle at time t, x$ (t) is its velocity, and x# (t) is its acceleration.
. If F!x" and G!x" are antiderivatives of f !x", then
72.
61. x!t" ! t3 " 6t2 % 9t " 2, 0 ' t ' 5
F !x" ! G!x" % C. $
(a) Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle.

(b) Find the open t-intervals on which the particle is moving . If f$!x" ! g !x", then *g !x" dx ! f !x" % C.
73. $
to the right. . * f !x"g !x" dx ! * f !x" dx *g !x" dx

74. 3 / ": '! D:. / H:6: /
9=E^6:
K
rV:6:JH:6: / 9:nH(
N
r
(c) Find the velocity of the particle when the acceleration is 0. ((

9 / &O @
9 /
75. Horizontal Tangent Find a function f such that the graph N
62. Repeat Exercise 61 for the position function of f has a horizontal tangent at !2, 0" and f # !x" ! 2x.
x!t" ! !t " 1"!t " 3"2, 0 ' t ' 5. 76. Finding a Function The graph of f$ is shown. Find and
sketch the graph of f given that f is continuous and f !0" ! 1.
63. A particle moves along the x-axis at a velocity of v!t" ! 1#%t , MG@M
?IBDU6@9=@@A
t > 0. At time t ! 1, its position is x ! 4. Find the aSSS / 9 / &SSS ?SA y
A / 9 / - ?
N
acceleration and position functions for the particle. / N

9
MD@M &I@ ?S&

2
9
1H H 7L@M 9 1T (@@ / 9
f′
. A particle, initially at rest, moves along the x-axis such that its
9
64. N@ TFF
? 1
acceleration at time t > 0 is given by a!t" ! cos t. At the time 1D@@ MD>@ p
1H 9
-9b
!D>H ?SA _
9
ILHM@6@ 9 ?SA
t ! 0, its position is x ! 3. x
_
?S-S?R-
^@@ LHM@
IMD>@@L _6@9
?
?
?
1 2 3 4
aSbS9?SbabR-SbS
/?S AV
(a) Find the velocity and position functions for the particle. ^@@
h
/
&9mRS??-
LHM@ ?S-
9 ?
−1
BG@M MD>@
(b) Find the values of t for which the particle is at rest.
?
−2
?
MD>@ ?
?
,
@ / eUGCGD> /
?
?
>G@ DM / 7> / D>@GJGC
65. Acceleration The maker of an automobile advertises that
_
it takes 13 seconds to accelerate from 25 kilometers per hour 77. Proof Let s!x" and c!x" be two functions satisfying
to 80 kilometers per hour. Assume the acceleration is constant. s$!x" ! c!x" and c$!x" ! "s!x" for all x. If s!0" ! 0 and
c!0" ! 1, prove that +s!x",2 % +c!x",2 ! 1.
(a) Find the acceleration in meters per second per second.
(b) Find the distance the car travels during the 13 seconds. PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
66. Deceleration A car traveling at 45 miles per hour is 78. Suppose f and g are non-constant, differentiable, real-valued
brought to a stop, at constant deceleration, 132 feet from functions defined on !"(, (". Furthermore, suppose that
where the brakes are applied. for each pair of real numbers x and y,
(a) How far has the car moved when its speed has been
reduced to 30 miles per hour? f !x % y" ! f !x" f ! y" " g !x"g ! y" and
g !x % y" ! f !x"g ! y" % g !x" f ! y".
(b) How far has the car moved when its speed has been
reduced to 15 miles per hour? If f$!0" ! 0, prove that ! f !x""2 % !g !x""2 ! 1 for all x.
This problem was composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
(c) Draw the real number line from 0 to 132. Plot the points © The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
found in parts (a) and (b). What can you conclude?
4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 273
Evaluating a Limit In Exercises 1 and 2, use Example 1 as . f $x% " 4 ! x

15. && ? f $x% " x 2
16.
a model to evaluate the limit y y ID: T6:
@DF@ ^D6G
?
n
lim
n→! i"1 * f "c # $x i i 8 4
6 3
over the region bounded by the graphs of the equations.
4 2
1. f $x% " -x, y " 0, x " 0, x " 3 2 1
+ 3i 2
Hint: Let ci " 2 .
n , −4 −2 2 4
x
−1 1 2 3
x
2. f $x% " -
3 x, y " 0, x " 0, x " 1
4
. f $x% " 25 ! x2
17. 18. f $x% "
+ i3
Hint: Let ci " 3.
n , (. gM . :T D6:
x2 # 2
y @.D@ZG(6:
y
Evaluating a Definite Integral as a Limit In Exercises

3–8, evaluate the definite integral by the limit definition.
3. ! 6
2
8 dx 4. ! 3
x dx
15
10 1
! !
!2
1 4
5
5. x3 dx 6. 4x2 dx x x
1 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −1 1
! !
!1
2 1
7. $x2 # 1% dx 8. $2x2 # 3% dx . f $x% " cos x
19. . f $x% " tan x
20.
1 !2
y ; y
(n / LHM:6:
=n^ @7>:6:
Writing a Limit as a Definite Integral In Exercises 9–12,
write the limit as a definite integral on the interval [a, b], where
ci is any point in the ith subinterval. 1 1
Limit Interval
n
9. lim
)$)→0 i"1
* $3c # 10% $x i i '!1, 5(
x x
n π π π π
10. lim
)$)→0 i"1
* 6c $4 ! c % i i
2 $xi '0, 4( 4 2 4 2
n 21. g $ y% " y 3 22. f $ y% " $ y ! 2%2

11. lim
)$)→0 i"1
* -ci 2 # 4 $xi '0, 3( y y
*+
c ,
n 3 4 4
12. lim $x 2 i '1, 3(
)$)→0 i"1 i 3 3
Writing a Definite Integral In Exercises 13–22, set up a 2 2

definite integral that yields the area of the region. (Do not 1 1
evaluate the integral.)
x x
. f $x% " 5
13. ? f $x% " 6 ! 3x
14. 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4
y y rHE H:6:
Evaluating a Definite Integral Using a Geometric
?
= na6:
5 6 Formula In Exercises 23–32, sketch the region whose area is
4 5 given by the definite integral. Then use a geometric formula to
3
4 evaluate the integral "a > 0, r > 0#.
! !
3 Sb DI
7>
3 6
.
2 2
.
l
1
23. 4 dx 24. 6 dx 9 / lb
1 0
! !
!4 -
x 4 8
x
−2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 2 3 4 5 25. x dx .
26.
4
dx 9 /j &
0 0
7
É S&SSjS ?- ?& & / - / E
7>
'
7
N / - / E / j
=( K .
&jS
7>
&-
j l
-
l
274 Chapter 4 Integration

/
k
/j ?
E - ?& & / - / E j
! !
?
2 3 SS-SSjS
44. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given
&
[7
27. $3x # 4% dx .
28. $8 ! 2x% dx
! !
9 ;
7
1 1
0 0 ^(
! !
SmS9Sa & / -
1 a f $x% dx " 0 and f $x% dx " 5

29. $1 ! &x&% dx 30. $a ! &x&% dx !1 0
! !
!1 !a
7 "C
T
r evaluate
! ! !
}
.
31. 32.
-49 ! x dx 2 DJU@
?
-r 2 ! x 2 dx 0 1 0
f $x% dx. f $x% dx ! f $x% dx.
&
!7 !r (a) (b)
0
! !
!1 !1
Using Properties of Definite Integrals In Exercises 1 1
33–40, evaluate the integral using the following values. (c) 3f $x% dx. (d) 3f $x% dx.
!1 0
!2
4
x 3 dx " 60, ! 2
4
x dx " 6, !2
4
dx " 2
45. Estimating a Definite Integral
to find lower and upper estimates of
Use the table of values
33. ! 2
x dx I
! .
34.
2
x 3 dx ! 10
f $x% dx.
b9-j
9 ?
9
/
4 2 0
35. !2
4
8x dx ? ! 36.
2
4
25 dx 9 / =,
Assume that f is a decreasing function.
37. !2
4 l ?
$x ! 9% dx
Sj
.
/? ?
S&
. !
/
38.
2
4 lbRj
$x 3 # 4% dx 9
/ lj
x
f $x%
0 2 4 6 8 10
!$ . !
4 S&SlbS?mSlSR- 4 &bS?&- Sjb
32 24 12 !4 !20 !36
%
?
1 3
.
39. 2x ! 3x # 2 dx 9 (I 40. $10 # 4x ! 3x % dx 3 .
/
?
?
Sml
2 2
46. Estimating a Definite Integral Use the table of values
41. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given to estimate
!0
5
f $x% dx " 10 and ! 5
7
f $x% dx " 3 ! 6
0
f $x% dx.
evaluate Use three equal subintervals and the (a) left endpoints,
! !
7 0 (b) right endpoints, and (c) midpoints. When f is an increasing
(a) f $x% dx. (b) f $x% dx. function, how does each estimate compare with the actual
0 5 value? Explain your reasoning.
(c) !5
5
f $x% dx. (d) !
0
5
3f $x% dx.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
42. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given
f $x% !6 0 8 18 30 50 80
!0
3
f $x% dx " 4 and ! 6
3
f $x) dx " !1
47. Think About It The graph of f consists of line segments
and a semicircle, as shown in the figure. Evaluate each definite
evaluate integral by using geometric formulas.
(a) !0
6
f $x% dx. (b) !
3
6
f $x% dx. y
(4, 2)
(c) !3
3
f $x% dx. (d) !
3
6
!5f $x% dx.
2
1 f
43. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given x
! !
−4 −1 1 3 4 5 6
6 6
−1
f $x% dx " 10 and g $x% dx " !2 (− 4, − 1)
2 2
evaluate
(a) ! 6
' f $x% # g $x%( dx. (b) !
6
'g $x% ! f $x%( dx. (a) !
0
2
f $x% dx ($A^
-? /
T
9 ?
($ (b) ! 2
6
f $x% dx ]S&SS-S 9 -
! !
2 2
! !
6 6 2 6
(c) 2g $x% dx. (d) 3f $x% dx. (c) f $x% dx ?

/ N($ ?
( (d) / f $x% dx ( ?
&S$
! !
2 2 !4 !4
6 6
(e)
!4
& f $x%& dx }($ ?Sa (f)
!4
' f $x% # 2( dx
/ ?
( &S$
z IG:D6:.D@fR&6:
4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 275
. Think About It The graph of f consists of line segments,

48. 51. Think About It A function f is defined below. Use
8
as shown in the figure. Evaluate each definite integral by using geometric formulas to find /0 f $x% dx.
geometric formulas.
y f $x% " .4,x, x < 4
x & 4
4
3 52. Think About It A function f is defined below. Use
(3, 2) (4, 2) 12
2 (11, 1) geometric formulas to find /0 f $x% dx.
1 & /
N
& f
?-10
.6,! x # 9, x > 6
SS&
x
SS&
f $x% "
?SS&
.
SX&
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 11 1
2 x % 6
−2
−3 (8, −2)
−4
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
(a) !0
1
!f $x% dx 9
/ SX& (b) /
! 3
4
3 f $x% dx 9 / bS&S9l
Approximation In Exercises 53–56, determine which
value best approximates the definite integral. Make your
! 7
f $x% dx ! 11
f $x% dx
selection on the basis of a sketch.
!
(c) E ?
S9a (d) 9 / ( ?
- / 9 ?
=
4
0 5
! !
11 10 53. -x dx
0
(e) f $x% dx E ?
-9& (f) / f $x% dx &?-9?&
0 4 (a) 5 (b) !3 (c) 10 (d) 2 (e) 8

49. Think About It Consider the function f that is continuous
on the interval '!5, 5( and for which 54. ! 102
0
4 cos ' x dx
! 5
f $x% dx " 4.
(a) 4 (b)
4
3 (c) 16 (d) 2' (e) !6
0
Evaluate each integral.

55. ! 1
0
2 sin 'x dx
! !
1 5
5 3 (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 4
(a)
0
' f $x% # 2( dx (b) f $x # 2% dx
56. !$ 9
1 # -x % dx
! !
!2
5 5
0
(c) f $x% dx ( f is even.) (d) f $x% dx ( f is odd.)
!5 !5 (a) !3 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 3
57. Determining Integrability Determine whether the

50. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the figure to fill function
in the blank with the symbol <, >, or ". Explain
1
your reasoning. f $x% "
x!4
y
is integrable on the interval '3, 5(. Explain.
6
5
58. Finding a Function Give an example of a function
4
that is integrable on the interval '!1, 1(, but not continuous
3
on '!1, 1(.
2
1
Finding Values In Exercises 59–62, find possible values of
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 a and b that make the statement true. If possible, use a graph
to support your answer. (There may be more than one correct
(a) The interval '1, 5( is partitioned into n subintervals answer.)
! ! !
of equal width $x, and xi is the left endpoint of the 1 5 b
ith subinterval. 59. f $x% dx # f $x% dx " f $x% dx
!
1 a
! ! ! !
5 !2
n
* f $x % $x !
i"1
i
1
f $x% dx
60.
3
f $x% dx #
6
f $x% dx !
b
f $x% dx "
6
f $x% dx
3 a
!
!3 !1
(b) The interval '1, 5( is partitioned into n subintervals b
of equal width $x, and xi is the right endpoint of the 61. sin x dx < 0
a
!
ith subinterval. b
*
i"1
n
f $xi % $x ! ! 5
1
f $x% dx
62.
a
cos x dx " 0
288 Chapter 4 Integration
Graphical Reasoning In Exercises 1–4, use a graphing Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 35–38,
utility to graph the integrand. Use the graph to determine determine the area of the given region.
whether the definite integral is positive, negative, or zero.
1
( ( . y " x # x2
! ! 35. 36. y "
4 x2
1. dx 2. cos x dx MD: :T D6:
" ($ '
x2 $ 1
? ?
?
?
y y
?SS
0 0
( (
(
/
V
9
@H
?
2 2
. ?
3. x'x 2 $ 1 dx 4. x'2 # x dx 1
($^
#2 #2 4 1
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 5–34, evaluate

the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to verify your x
result. 1 x
1 2
?5.( 0
2
6x dx
T
9HDg
l]
Kn
T
/ .
H 6. (
#3
1
8 dt 37. y " cos x = n;LHM:6:9MD>:K n
;
38. y " x $ sin x
. ( (
/ S&
y y
9
MD>G ,
?
?
?
0 2
7. #2x # 1$ dx ($ K n _9H 8. #7 # 3t$ dt / (
9
.
: ?
( ?
(
4
#1 9 & #1
. ( (
?
1 3
1 2
^:^]^]
9. # # 2$ dt @.7@
t2 ?
/(
10. #
6x2 # 3x$ dx 2
#1 1 1
. ( (
]?- IH>@
/T
(
? ? ?
1 3
x x
11. #2t # 1$ 2 dt 12. #4x3 # 3x2$ dx π π π π
(@ (@T@ T@ K n
T
4 2 2
?
0 8G7 .8@R _ 1 .
(+ 2
( +
#1 M
(I (
/
\
]RS
3
, 1
,
9
? 9
13. # 1 dx 14. u # du Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 39–44, find the
1 x2 #2 u2
area of the region bounded by the graphs of the equations.
( (
;
TFF
CD
T
g
4 8
.
u # 2 ;
|xD 1)3
(
15. 16.
;
du ] ?
x dx 39. y " 5x2 $ 2, x " 0, x " 2, y " 0

1 'u / #8
I? @HHF
.
(# ('
40. y " x 3 $ x,
?
1 8
x " 2, y " 0 & / - / E j
2
17. 3 t # 2 dt
' $ 18.
x
dx . y"1$ '
41. 3 x, x " 0, x " 8, y " 0 ( n^@:; F6:9O@H8 K n
/T
9 /
jRb|&a
;
#1 1
( (
42. y " 2'x # x, y " 0 &b
9
1 2
x # 'x
19. dx 20. #2 # t$'t dt . y " # x 2 $ 4x,
43. y " 0 =H@@:D@:F6:
-
0 3 0
?
R /
(( K -
v
.
.. ( # (
0 #1 44. y " 1 # x 4, y " 0 9]>93
21. t 1)3 # t 2)3$ dt H@\ .
/
( 22. x#
3
dx
x2
#1
_
#8 2' x Using the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals In
(* ( *
;
Exercises 45–50, find the value(s) of c guaranteed by the Mean

.
5 / 4
\
* #3 # x # 3*$ dx
7.
23. 2x # 5 dx 24. Value Theorem for Integrals for the function over the given
; /T
0 =H V:D6:DI MD6G 1
interval.
(M gC
(* (*
?
.
4 M:?:8DU?D:@M:@Dr?".3(X9 ] 4 -
25.
0
x2 # 9 dx
-9b * 26.
0
x2 # 4x $ 3 dx * 45. f #x$ " x3, %0, 3& 46. f #x$ " 'x, %4, 9&
. ( (
=cGJ :-6:R=x^T/ Kn
.
?
MD6G
: LHM@ @H x2 9
47. y " , %0, 6& 48. f #x$ " 3, %1, 3&
! !
?
.
9
D
27. #1 $ sin x$ dx ($ ?S&
28. #2 $ cos x$ dx 4 x
9
0 0
?. ( ( !# !4 , !4 " !# !3 , !3 "
T@
K n
T-
49. f #x$ " 2 sec 2 x, 50. f #x$ " cos x,
LHM
!)4 H !)4
1 # sin2% 9
"8
sec2 %
29. 2
d% 30. d%
0 cos % 0 tan2 % $ 1
( !)6
@7>@
Finding the Average Value of a Function In Exercises
M@7>G @7>@ 51–56, find the average value of the function over the given
31. sec 2 x dx
?
&S
# !)6 interval and all values of x in the interval for which the
9
/
(
(
!)2 }@@LH@: function equals its average value.

32. #2 # csc 2 x$ dx
!)4 4#x 2 $ 1$
( !)3 51. f #x$ " 9 # x 2, %# 3, 3& 52. f #x$ " , %1, 3&
x2
33. 4 sec % tan % d%
# !)3 53. f #x$ " x3, %0, 1& 54. f #x$ " 4x3 # 3x2, %0, 1&
34. ( !)2
# !)2
#2t $ cos t$ dt 55. f #x$ " sin x, %0, !& 56. f #x$ " cos x, !0, !2 "
4.5 Integration by Substitution 301
Finding u and du In Exercises 1–4, complete the table by Slope Field In Exercises 31 and 32, a differential equation,
identifying u and du for the integral. a point, and a slope field are given. A slope field consists of line
&
segments with slopes given by the differential equation. These
line segments give a visual perspective of the directions of the
f ) g)x**g! )x* dx u ! g)x* du ! g! )x* dx
solutions of the differential equation. (a) Sketch two
&
approximate solutions of the differential equation on the slope
1. !8 x 2 & 1"2!16x" dx ! ! field, one of which passes through the given point. (To print an
enlarged copy of the graph, go to MathGraphs.com.) (b) Use
2.& x 2#x3 & 1 dx ! !

integration to find the particular solution of the
differential equation and use a graphing utility to graph the
solution. Compare the result with the sketches in part (a).
3.& tan2 x sec2 x dx ! ! 31.
dy
dx
" x#4 # x2 32.
dy
dx
" x2!x3 # 1"2
. &
cos x
4. dx ! ! !2, 2" !1, 0"
-b
sin2 x
y y
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 5–26, find the
indefinite integral and check the result by differentiation. 3 2
5. & !1 & 6x"4!6" dx & 6. !x 2 # 9 "3!2x" dx

x
& & −2
C@
2
?
g@D>:
p
7. #25 # x2 !# 2x" dx 8. 3 3
# 4x 2 !# 8 x" dx
-
;
# 9
-
R /A
x
−2 2
& &
(
AUGL2
-
−1 −2
9. x 3!x 4 & 3"2 dx 10. x2!6 # x3"5 dx
11. & x 2!x3 # 1"4 dx . &12. x!5x 2 & 4"3 dx 9IHF^\-#@A9F@\-@@Aindefinite integral.
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 33– 42, find the
6g@HM:6:
& & & &
']IF\(-#@89^M:]]^H:(9:^:-8D
LUGL2
13. t#t 2 & 2 dt 14. t3#2t 4 & 3 dt 33. $ sin $ x dx 34. sin 4x dx
-9oSb?-QYS?jSSS
& . &
; /T
FgM@8 6g
& . &
p
9
$% x
; /T
.DHZHFH?-:-@A=??(Ir8FH?@:-^?j^
?
?
IFgD6 ^@L 35. cos 8 x dx 36. csc2 dx

15. 3
5x # 1 # x 2 dx 16. u 2#u 3 & 2 du 2
9 ?
& &
J
& & 'Z;--9]I]8k@-;

/T
JDBD>J
LUGL2
^4x 1 1
x x3 37. cos d% 38. x sin x 2 dx
17. dx 18. dx %2 %
!1 # " !1 & x "
T
/
x2 3 4 2 9 / g
& . & & . &
]S-SS
;
x2 9(I^:@Ma6:9(^(((
6x2 39. sin 2x cos 2x dx 40. #tan x sec2 x dx
F7:
Ig
;
19. dx 20. dx R /L
9
!1 & x3"2 !4x # 9 "3

9
3 T
6g
i
T@
?&bSSRR-
& ']]DJc@89]^( & &
!GL
/ Vg
9
9
6D
&
?&
R-
LUGL2
2
csc x sin x Ìgw
. &' 7HF.3(X@A??(Fk@&(2@A
x x3 41. dx 42. dx
9
21. dx 22. dx &-]
.MGZr6G$(Dg9@7>:-F-O@J(
?-S&Q-
#1 # x 2 #1 & x 4
9 /
-
cot 3 x cos3 x
&$
9 / lQ&
;
F8D>J
%$ % Finding an Equation In Exercises 43–46, find an equation
(
(
1 3 1 1 :
.
23. 1& dt 24. x2 & dx / bQ-RS

t t2 !3x"2 / /A
for the function f that has the given derivative and whose graph
9
$8@H
@ 9
?
HgC
& & ']]]""r9]] LUGL2

passes through the given point.
1 x
25. dx 26. dx
.
#2x 3
# 5x2 Derivative Point
x
Differential Equation In Exercises 27–30, solve the 43. f!!x" " # sin !0, 6" @G:@
2 ?y
=g@F7>6
differential equation.
x( S_YS].6GX??H(=FZJ>6:
$$2 , 2%
/
9
@D@7>Dgd ?SA
. f!!x" " sec !2x"

44. 2
dy 4x dy 10x 2 &9(@7>I"(X@A
27. " 4x & . dx " #1 & x3
28.
/ ; /T
/ @:@ L
7@
9 @
dx #16 # x 2
45. f!!x" " 2x! # 10" !2, 10"
A /
4x2 2 9 &
;
A
9
M
ID:K / 9(@7>F&O(
dy x& 1 dy x# 4 ?S&
29. " 30. " 46. f!!x" " # 2x#8 # x2 !2, 7 "
dx !x 2 & 2x # 3"2 dx #x 2 # 8 x & 1
302 Integration
/ 4 ?S-
Chapter 4
O/ 9
'
X $
49=O ?
-
& &
6g
6$9t
Change of Variables In Exercises 47–54, find the indefinite 2$+3 $+4 {
LHdG
$%
x _ MD>2
67. sec2 68. 6gJ
7FF
(I
(@
dx csc 2x cot 2x dx
9
integral by the method shown in Example 5. 2 6

_
76DGg
;
(I
$+2 $+12
VLHMV:
;
T6
nU]|
& &
^"^
?Ig
9
9
_ _
y y
x"+^
(
` /
4
Jg
;
O9(
?
T6
?
47. x#x & 6 dx 48.

. x#3x # 4 dx
9 F 4 -
T
LHM@ y6g ( 4(
e
@ 9
`
4
9
4
.
Ñ T S& N
4
8
& &
_
9
( ^@@Z
!x & 1"#2 # x dx 9IIgx]^br
3 3 9
T
Td
49. x 2#1 # x dx 50. =@L
;
2 2
(@@ U7FF T@
.
?
?
& &
p
O94 ?-
1
x2 # 1 2x & 1
51.
#2x # 1
dx 52.
. #x & 4
dx 49O@-
6g
6(9
T
π π 3π π
x
π π 3π π
x
&
6: ? 6g 4 2 4 16 8 16 4
# x }4 ?Y
53. dx 9=&4
=&F4?-
^D 6g
; ; /T
6g /
T
Even and Odd Functions In Exercises 69–72, evaluate

/
!x & 1) # #x & 1
?
TFF
4
&
the integral using the properties of even and odd functions as
;
@g Td ?SA
gD2I88
9
/ ?
54. 3 t & 10 dt
t# (8IG:@@@@F
an aid.
@G:@
9 /
& &
?
2 2
g?@D>gC6:.G6g
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 55–62, 69. x 2!x 2 & 1" dx 70. x!x 2 & 1"3 dx
# 2 # 2
& &
evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to verify 4/ 9 /&Q-RS
$+2 $+2
your result. `49b 6gII O9 / (
(
9 jQb
71. sin2 x cos x dx 72. sin x cos x dx
& &
:9Hè9 6: 6gG
# $+2 # $+2
9
1 1 C@
.
55. x!x 2 & 1"3 dx 56. x3!2x 4 & 1"2 dx .
73. Using an Even Function Use ,04 x 2 dx " 64 3 to evaluate

9=D|e6]
^ `0 '
# 1 0
& &
9
2 1 each definite integral without using the Fundamental Theorem

57. 2x 2#x 3 & 1 dx 58. x#1 # x 2 dx 9
Z IH D@
T
? 9
(
of Calculus.
& &
S&
1 0
& &
0 4
4/ / SR&Q&
4 2
9
Z (a) x 2 dx (b) x 2 dx
;
1 x DD f /
9J
59. dx 60. dx n S]
(
6]9-:
6:.6G # 4 # 4
#2x & 1 #1 & 2x 2
& &
0 0 -K n
9]-g;
& &
-$ 4 0
9 5
1 x ?S&Sa
9 IDJ ?
O9-49J
SS9b
(c) # x 2 dx (d) 3x 2 dx
61. 62.
4 (
dx dx `
?
?
#x !1 & #x "2
0 # 4
1 1 #2x # 1 9
74. Using Symmetry Use the symmetry of the graphs of the

Differential Equation In Exercises 63 and 64, the graph of sine and cosine functions as an aid in evaluating each definite
a function f is shown. Use the differential equation and the integral.
given point to find an equation of the function.
6D6
4 ,O ?Sa
& $+4
& $+4
?y
6g
(a) sin x dx (b) cos x dx
/H
?]
?
I? Rj.SbQRaS 9 b
6:.6G
/
89I|C
dy dy # 48 # $+4 # $+4
& &
63.
dx
" 18 x2!2x3 & 1"2 . dx " !3x & 5"3
64. ?
Sl
t
$+2 $+2
k(3( (c) cos x dx (d) sin x cos x dx
y y
# $+2 # $+2
;
8
9 .
LH@@7
7 f 6
8 jSb-aa-A Even and Odd Functions In Exercises 75 and 76, write the
9
6 f 5
b9jSbS?SSRaa-S
5 4 integral as the sum of the integral of an odd function and the
A / (
integral of an even function. Use this simplification to evaluate
9
4
(0, 4) 8
9 / j? R/ (
SbQRaS& the integral.
& &
2 (− 1, 3)
3 $+2
1 x
x −6 − 5 −4 − 3 − 2 − 1 1 2 75. !x3 & 4x 2 # 3x # 6" dx 76. !sin 4x & cos 4x" dx
− 4 − 3 −2 1 2 3 4 # 3 # $+2
−2
Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 65–68, find the WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
area of the region. Use a graphing utility to verify your result. 77. Using Substitution Describe why
65. &0
7
3 x & 1 dx
x# 66. & 6
# 2
x2 #
3 x & 2 dx
& x!5 # x 2"3 dx ' & u 3 du
y y
where u " 5 # x 2.
16 80
78. Analyzing the Integrand Without integrating,
12 60 explain why
&
8 40 2
4 20 x!x 2 & 1"2 dx " 0.
# 2
x x
2 4 6 8 −2 2 4 6
334 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 1–26, find the

indefinite integral. 33. !csc 2x dx 34.! sec
x
2
dx 9 /
VF>IMGL@V@@7>@VI@L
! ! 1.
5
x
dx .
2.
10
x
dx
FHI@6:
FHF>F:F@L
35. ! "cos 3' ! 1# d' 36.!$ 2 ! tan
'
4
d'% 9&H?
@FF>ILHMH8I@L
! ! ! . !
9
1 1 cos t csc2 t
3. dx 4.. dx (>@GC MD@ 37. dt 38. dt F>FLH@@F@F
1 " sin t cot t
? 9
x"1 x!5
? ?
! ! ! !
N ?
AML T@
1 9 sec x tan x
9M=\|6: 5. dx .
6. dx 9 ?
]S 6: 39. dx 40. "sec 2x " tan 2x# dx 9
( F>IMGLV:@@7>V:F
/ ?
@F>FLHMgDL
2x " 5 5 ! 4x sec x ! 1
! ! HF>FM?:.D@
/
] SUSa?-QSRS
9 ?
x x2
. Differential Equation In Exercises 41– 44, solve the
( ?bS
7. dx 8. dx 9
(
x2 !3 5 ! x3
?
differential equation. Use a graphing utility to graph three

! !
.
/ |
4x3 " 3 x2 ! 2x SbS /

Ü(>(:T H:8 ?SA
/
solutions, one of which passes through the given point.
.
9
9. dx 10. dx
?
x4 " 3x x3 ! 3x2
! !
H: / @H:
dy 3 dy x ! 2
T
9=:
?
x2 ! 4 x3 ! 8x CV6:?I:6:?II.6G 41. # , "1, 0# 42. # , "!1, 0#

11. dx 12. dx dx 2 ! x dx x
?SXRS
x x2
! !
MCF>I:F@L
dy 2x dr sec2 t
9 ?
T
:
x 2 " 2x " 3 x2 " 4x 43. # , "0, 4) 44. # , "&, 4#
:6
: ?
13. dx 14. dx SbS /

(rF>I:H@E:U@MF@L dx x2 ! 9x dt tan t " 1
(6:
.
?
?
H:
x 3 " 3x 2 " 9x ?&S&YRYRm x " 6x2 " 5

3
?
( &O ?SSS
^"^ ! &^ !
9
6:@MIIJ6:
:
x 2 ! 3x " 2 2x 2 " 7x ! 3 Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 45 and 46, find

15. dx .
16. dx 9I&@@U6:@II\6:
:H !
9=:
= SSQ?b
x"1 SSQ?&&& x!2 @UG ?SSoS>+?&SRS the particular solution that satisfies the differential equation 9
@U:
!
T
RaS>+
So
9
and the initial equations.

x3 ! 3x 2
"5 3
x ! 6x ! 20 I@
M:@DM6:@I 6:
T
.
= /
? ^@L
17. dx 18. dx 2
x!3 x"5 / RSoQRSSaS-QRaS
45. f$ "x# # 2 , f% "1# # 1, f "1# # 1, x > 0 9
T
?SA
!
x
9I:
V6:@I86:
T
x4 "x!4 4
?
7
@
SX--Q-bQb
bj-?S&SS9SQ-S
?
19. dx ?SbQ-Q?-
O@=ZOEO
?
x2 " 2 R- R&Q& / 46. f$ "x# # ! ! 2, f% "2# # 0, f "2# # 3, x > 1

(( (T U@ / ; - A
"x ! 1#2
$M:
/ - /
@/
aQRSo
T
?
T
?
@
(
: !
::
H:
O( aK
-S?-QR&b
:T/
S!$
/ ?
^ -
=O(}=O
?
?
x3 4x2 ! 4x " 20
9c
!
?
@6:@I86:
?
.
?
&b
20. dx
(
?
-S-RSXR&b
Slope Field In Exercises 47 and 48, a differential equation,
/
SjQRoa
?
?
-S-
/ / R&b
x2 ! 5 -QRSS-|aXRb
!
a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate
9
?
"ln x#2 9Ix\Q6g

.
21. dx g9F>:
solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
FF>J@6@L6:.G6g x 9 /
(J
?SN
6(9] which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to
!
6:
1 9
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use

22.
. dx
a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result
DDDD6
T@
x ln x3 T
?
9
=
!
J
I@>FFF>F:DFF@L
1
?
?
with the sketches in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the

23. dx graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
&x"1 ! 3&x#
! 24.
1
x2'3"1 " x1'3#
dx }4 ?S&
p/ O94@F
47.
dy
#
1
dx x " 2
, "0, 1# 48.
dy ln x
dx
#
x
, "1, !2#
!
S&S] 6g g9: ?
(
9
9IV6gR-TV6g
6g96: y y
2x (
?
.
25. dx
"x ! 1# 2 ?SX?&?RS
3 3
!
T@ 9&F>IO
x"x ! 2#
g
9K
6g : ?
(
2
/ @D
T
26. dx p/ O94@(
"x ! 1# 3
?
g9: (
I@g6g
I@c.6g
?
1
?
6g96:
(>IGC x x
/A
Finding an Indefinite Integral by u -Substitution In
9
@
&]
−2
T
4 −1 5
Exercises 27–30, find the indefinite integral by u-substitution. −1
p/ O9Fg (Hint: Let u be the denominator of the integrand.) −2
! !
&
49@?$:
6g
1 1 −3 −3
]
?
6D
27. dx 28. dx
1 " &2x 1 " &3x
! !
6@?I:6g?IIgFg?FF6g?Fg?FF6g?I.G6g
&x 3 x
&
Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 49– 56,
I@g6g
29. dx ?
30. dx evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to verify
s
&x ! 3 3
&x ! 1
?
9 ^" ?
@>IF@V:F@L your result.

Finding an Indefinite Integral of a Trigonometric
Function In Exercises 31–40, find the indefinite integral. 49. !
0
4
5
3x " 1
dx 50. ! 1
2x
1
"3
dx
! !
!1
' 98]P6g
g
31. cot d' 32. tan 5' d' T
3
9I4.bIFgR^@X-@6g
5Fg@U
p
g9$O? (
i\7
n
9 / ;
9
>FHHMMHF@L ,=4^=4^=4.@F X x7 ]
9
_
.@HZ@HgR(>IgXX6:??H:-H6g??k@M8(@!g@HF>Fg(9F$:?DF?
9
@HIg
oF$: @ / ^$!()($"(($A
!($" ?
4 ?y ^()$
3? T@ 5.2 The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration 335

DDD.
9
"@
:.
6@?:6g?I.FDZ:D.:6g
! !
/O & 4 O@F
5x
9
e2
? ?
e
"1 " ln x#2 1 O/ 9 /4 ?
(
72. y # , x # 1, x # 5, y # 0
. dx 9^@8: K n 52.
Irg@DgD6g
51. dx / T
6g96:
x2 " 2
x x ln x S?
7
ID:IHD86@ 1
! !
D6 e
(M F>F:@DF@L
? ?
9
1 ]/ ] &x
?
2
.
x2 ! 2 x!1
_
O
F>I:@F K K n 53.
. dx 54.
. dx 9
O VF>F:@FF@L 73. y # 2 sec , x # 0, x # 2, y # 0
6
?
9 ? ?
0 x"1 0 x"1 ?&SUN
! !
/ (
(>H
9
/ (>IH MD>J K n
9
S.S
2
1 ! cos '
9 ?
&/4 9 ?
b.bjlb
74. y # 2x ! tan 0.3x, x # 1, x # 4, y # 0
"csc 2' ! cot 2'# d'
9
55.
. 56.
?
d' 9D>FD (
1 ' ! sin ' &/8
9
/ S.jb Numerical Integration In Exercises 75–78, use the
Using Technology to Find an Integral In Exercises 57–62, Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule to approximate the value
use a computer algebra system to find or evaluate the integral. of the definite integral. Let n ! 4 and round your answer to
four decimal places. Use a graphing utility to verify your result.
57. ! 1
1 " &x
dx 58. ! 1 ! &x
1 " &x
dx
75. ! 5
12
dx 76. ! 4
8x
dx
! !
x 2 "4
1 0 x
! !
&x x2 &'3
59. dx 60. dx 6
x!1 x!1 77. ln x dx 78. sec x dx
61. ! &'2
&'4
"csc x ! sin x# dx
2 !&'3
! &'4 WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS

sin2 x ! cos2 x
62. dx Choosing a Formula In Exercises 79–82, state the
!&'4 cos x
integration formula you would use to perform the
Finding a Derivative In Exercises 63–66, find F% )x*. integration. Do not integrate.
63. F "x# # ! x
1
t
dt 64. F "x# # ! x
tan t dt 79. ! 3
& x dx 80. ! x
"x 2 " 4#3
dx
! !
1 0
65. F "x# # ! 1
3x
1
t
dt 66. F"x# # ! 1
x2
1
t
dt 81.
x2
x
"4
dx 82.
sec2 x
tan x
dx
Area In Exercises 67–70, find the area of the given region. Approximation In Exercises 83 and 84, determine
Use a graphing utility to verify your result. which value best approximates the area of the region
between the x-axis and the graph of the function over the
6 2 (@ given interval. (Make your selection on the basis of a sketch
67. y # 68.
. y#
x x ln x of the region, not by performing any calculations.)
y y
( '| TFF Kf 83. f "x# # sec x, +0, 1,
9
4
4
g>FD>2 SUS- (a) 6 (b) !6 (c) 1
2 (d) 1.25 (e) 3
3 S.bjlb 2x
84. f "x# # 2 , +0, 4,
9
2
2 x "1
x
96>v>@(^
−2 2 4 6 1 (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) !2 (d) 5 (e) 1
−2
x
1 2 3 4
85. Finding a Value Find a value of x such that
! !
sin x F>IF@FHM:F K
aS--
69. y # tan x . y#
70. x x
9 ?
1 " cos x #8 3 1
dt # dt.
y y
9 ?
F>FD?LHMI(((?F>FD@FHI"((?F.@@ 1 t 1'4 t
86. Finding a Value Find a value of x such that
!
1 2 x
1
1 dt
x 1 t
−π π x
2 2 −π π π is equal to (a) ln 5 and (b) 1.
2
−1 87. Proof Prove that
Area In Exercises 71–74, find the area of the region ! (

cot u du # ln sin u " C. (
bounded by the graphs of the equations. Use a graphing utility
to verify your result. 88. Proof Prove that
71. y #
x2 " 4
x
, x # 1, x # 4, y # 0 ! (
csc u du # !ln csc u " cot u " C. (
354 Chapter 5 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions
& & A?
"
?
X
86. Modeling Data The table lists the approximate values V e'x e1%x
2
SSQ&
of a mid-sized sedan for the years 2006 through 2012. The 97. dx 98.
. dx
9 ?
@ /A
'x x3 N
& &
variable t represents the time (in years), with t ! 6
e"x e2x
corresponding to 2006. 99.
. dx F>IF@D@F@L 100.
. (
1 $ e2x nx@
T /;
9 ?
dx 9 N
1 $ e"x
& &
&
t 6 7 8 9 e x " e"x
101. e x'1 " ex dx 102.
. dx 9
F>IG@@GD@I@L
e x $ e"x
& &
F7>G
9K
G:
^G
T
"^ 6g ;
V $23,046 $20,596 $18,851 $17,001 GT @G

?
g
?
?
e x $ e"x 2e x " 2e"x 6]9G

T
? /G
;
103. dx ?y
(>FG@ G?
/ /TT
D@ 104.
. dx
!e x $ e"x" 2
?
e x " e"x '|

& & '
9=MD
; /;
/ G? 6: &
t 10 11 12 5 " e x ( G? e 2x $ 2e x $ 1
/ &: 9
?
_
?
105. dx D
/ ;
DT /A 106.
. dx
e 2x ( ex
9
?
R / R
&
V $15,226 $14,101 $12,841
9I"R&@]6:
107. e"x tan!e"x" dx
NGe
G7C
}"^
DD. /
G@@V: G?
/
@RA
&
/
6G
(a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to fit
9 ?
9=G|LMg76G
?
?
6:
linear and quadratic models to the data. Plot the data and 108.
. e2x csc!e2x" dx
6: ?y
6DG
graph the models.
\\\
9
;^@FLH@GGxFI@A
\ (>IF7dG
(b) What does the slope represent in the linear model in Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 109–118,
part (a)? evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to verify
(c) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to fit your result.
(D
/ ;
D
& &
an exponential model to the data. 1 2
5x"3 G@
T
(d) Determine the horizontal asymptote of the exponential 109. e"2x

dx 110.
. e dx 9 / G
.
J?
0 1
& &
&SY.ja
model found in part (c). Interpret its meaning in the /
.
/?
1 0 S] ;
'L
context of the problem. 111. xe"x dx
2
.
112. x 2e x %2 dx
3 9
JG@
JG@
;
JGH
/
0
& &
"2 9 ?
(e) Use the exponential model to find the rate of decrease in 3 '2
e 3%x /O
/ b.l&Y
?
the value of the sedan when t ! 7 and t ! 11. 113. dx 114.

. xe"!x %2" dx
2
G?
/ ; /T
=C
x2
9 ?
1 0
& &
t
G? / (
/T
9 / ?
3 1
Linear and Quadratic Approximation In Exercises 87 2e2x ex 9 ?
b.jl
115. dx 116.
. dx
and 88, use a graphing utility to graph the function. Then 0 1 $ e2x 0 5 " ex (>@H "F K n
&
9 ? .
graph #%2
(>D@ SUSa
117. esin# x cos # x dx
9
? ?
G@
P1(x) " f (0) # f& (0)(x $ 0) and 0

9 / b.al
P2(x) " f (0) # f& (0)(x $ 0) # 1

2 f' (0)(x $ 0" 2 118. & #%2
#%3
esec 2x sec 2x tan 2x dx
in the same viewing window. Compare the values of f, P1 , P2,
and their first derivatives at x " 0. Slope Field In Exercises 119 and 120, a differential
equation, a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two
87. f !x" ! e x 88. f !x" ! ex%2 approximate solutions of the differential equation on the slope
field, one of which passes through the given point. (b) Use
Stirling’s Formula For large values of n, integration to find the particular solution of the differential
equation and use a graphing utility to graph the solution.
n! " 1 % 2 %3%4. . . (n " 1) % n
Compare the result with the sketches in part (a). To print an
can be approximated by Stirling’s Formula, enlarged copy of the graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
n
n! y #ne$ '2! n. 119.
dy
dx
! 2e"x%2, !0, 1" 120.
dy
dx
2
! xe"0.2x , #0, " 23$
y y
In Exercises 89 and 90, find the exact value of n!, and then
approximate n! using Stirling’s Formula. 5 4
89. n ! 12 90. n ! 15
Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 91–108, find x

−4 4
the indefinite integral. x
& &
−2 5
:@
91. e 5x!5" dx 92. e "x 4 !"4x 3" dx
?
/
9N /A
−2 −4
R
& &
4 ?
( ?
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93. e 2x"1 dx .
94. e1"3x dx Differential Equation In Exercises 121 and 122, solve the
T/ / ;
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?
/A
FG
?y
9
?
R
= b
95. & x 2e x dx
3
96.
. & ex!ex $ 1"2 dx
4/
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6:
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L
Q
121.
dy
! xe ax
2
122.
dy
! !e x " e"x" 2
9
=G@
.
BD. /6G
6:
dx dx
G:
9
6G
G:
9
( @ /A
,
FGI@
T@ /A
T
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8
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K ?S--aYD>
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/ , 6.1 Slope Fields and Euler’s Method 403
0D6
Verifying a Solution In Exercises 1–8, verify the solution Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 29–32, some
of the differential equation. of the curves corresponding to different values of C in the
general solution of the differential equation are shown in the
Solution Differential Equation graph. Find the particular solution that passes through the
1. y ! Ce4x y" ! 4y point shown on the graph.
2. y ! e& 2x 3y" % 5y ! & e& 2x
29. y2 ! Ce& x#2 30. y!x 2 % y" ! C
3F8 7>8/ S9SRSQ-
T
/
2xy
.
3. x 2 % y 2 ! Cy 67I@F8
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(@
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^
y" ! 2 2y" % y ! 0 2xy % !x2 % 2y"y" ! 0
x & y2
67II gC
y y
?
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678 /
@C8
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dy xy
4.. y2 & 2 ln y ! x2 "F8 ((
! 4
T
( / ?
6
6D6 /
9
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/ (( dx y2 & 1 (0, 2)
F8
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(0, 3)
5. y ! C1 sin x & C2 cos x y$ % y ! 0
6. y ! C1 e& x cos x % C2e& x sin x y$ % 2y" % 2y ! 0 x
2 −4 −2 2 4
(
7. y ! & cos x ln sec x % tan x ( y$ % y ! tan x
'\''''\\\\
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8
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Verifying a Particular Solution In Exercises 9–12, verify
9
@."?D8.JGZR.D8??8"R""
9
/ NI
O the particular solution of the differential equation. 31. y2 ! Cx 3 32. 2x2 & y2 ! C
Differential Equation 2xy" & 3y ! 0 yy" & 2x ! 0

Solution and Initial Condition y y
9. y ! sin x cos x & cos2 x 2y % y" ! 2 sin!2x" & 1 4 4 (3, 4)

3 3
y &#4 ' ! 0 2
1
(4, 4) 2
10. y ! 6x & 4 sin x % 1 y" ! 6 & 4 cos x x x

8
T
/
FH@-bbSS −1 3 4 5 6 7 −4 −3 3 4
y!0" ! 1
? ?
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−2 −2
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6x2
11. y ! 4e& y" ! & 12xy −3 −3
y!0" ! 4 −4 −4
12. y ! e& cos x ((( y" ! y sin x

Graphs of Particular Solutions In Exercises 33 and 34,
/ T/ ;
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9
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the general solution of the differential equation is given. Use a

9
y !1
2 graphing utility to graph the particular solutions for the given
values of C.
Determining a Solution In Exercises 13–20, determine
whether the function is a solution of the differential equation 33. 4yy" & x ! 0 34. yy" % x ! 0
y$4% ! 16y " 0. T
/
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4y 2 x2 x2 % y2 ! C
8
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9
TT
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;
; T
8
9
8
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13. y ! 3 cos x 14.
eD> .
. y ! 2 sin x C ! 0, C ! ± 1, C ! ± 4 C ! 0, C ! 1, C ! 4
.
.
SbS
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T
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Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 35–40, verify

T ;
FE8 /
/
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8
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; T ; ?bbQ?-?SlSa/ (>:M
FE8 /
TT
/
(@
8
9
8
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T
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8
17. y ! e& 2x
18. y ! 5 ln x
9
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T ; T
. that the general solution satisfies the differential equation. Then

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8
9
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find the particular solution that satisfies the initial condition(s).

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19.
?
8
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bQbR&o&9&S
20. y ! 3e2x & 4 sin 2x p/

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0(A
T@
FEWGe@FELVG?e@FEFJMD>g@FEF8.A,X&O?FEFA_A|@AVG?^@AJMD>&O@A8A &QS
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35. y ! Ce& 2x 36. 3x 2 % 2y 2 ! C
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6
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jbS&2 0(x S-86
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8
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y" % 2y ! 0 3x % 2yy" ! 0 +@
I? Z
(IK
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Determining a Solution In Exercises 21–28, determine

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9
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T ; 9
8
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T ;
Rb&bbS&SS
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;
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whether the function is a solution of the differential equation y ! 3 when x ! 0 y ! 3 when x ! 1 ?
, / 9 / ,
xy" ! 2y " x 3e x. 37. y ! C1 sin 3x % C2 cos 3x 38.
. y ! C1 % C2 ln x FG
V 9N
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21. y ! x2 22. x3
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23. y ! x 2e x 24.
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27. y ! ln x 28.
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Chapter 6 Differential Equations

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39. y ! C1 x % C2 x 3 40. y ! e 2x#3!C1 % C2 x" Matching In Exercises 57–60, match the differential
x 2 y$ & 3xy" % 3y ! 0 9y$ & 12y" % 4y ! 0 equation with its slope field. [The slope fields are labeled (a),
- / 9N
(b), (c), and (d).]
y ! 0 when x ! 2 y ! 4 when x ! 0
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b9aS-Rb-
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x( (a) y (b) y
y" ! 4 when x ! 2 y ! 0 when x ! 3 J?
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s h
Finding a General Solution In Exercises 41–52, use
integration to find a general solution of the differential
89&O(]RA
equation.
−2 2
x
−3
Z 3
x
dy dy
41. ! 6x 2 42.
. ! 10x4 & 2x3
dx dx }
dy x dy ex F>F:@G@F@L
−3
43. ! 44. ! 8
−2
?
.
dx 1 % x 2 dx 4 % e x
dy x & 2 dy (c) y (d) y
45. ! 46.
. ! x cos x 2 8
?y
VFMD>:DL
dx x dx 3 2
dy dy MGH2 ?
(
47. ! sin 2x 48. ! tan2 x @7>: O@L
p
8
?
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dx dx
dy dy
Z
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49. ! x)x & 6 50. ! 2x)4x2 % 1 8 G:7d

'L
;
x
dx dx −3 3
x
dy 2 dy − 32 3
51. ! xe x 52.
. ! 5e & x#2
(HD T@
; 2
dx dx
/A
89
?
−3 −1
Slope Field In Exercises 53–56, a differential equation and

its slope field are given. Complete the table by determining the dy dy 1
57.
. ! sin!2x" 0 5H 68G ?
.
H 58.
. ! cos x A @9H`66]9(
slopes (if possible) in the slope field at the given points. dx _
6: dx 2
dy dy 1
59.
. ! e& 2x 0
60. ! + O ?y H 68G 9
4)0"3()"0
x & 4 & 2 0 2 4 8 dx dx x _
6:
y 2 0 4 4 6 8 Slope Field In Exercises 61–64, (a) sketch the slope field

for the differential equation, (b) use the slope field to sketch the
dy#dx
solution that passes through the given point, and (c) discuss the
graph of the solution as x → # and x → !#. Use a graphing
dy 2x dy utility to verify your results. To print a blank graph, go to
53. ! 54. !y& x
dx y dx MathGraphs.com.
y y
61. y" ! 3 & x, !4, 2" 62. y" ! 13 x2 & 1
2 x, !1, 1"
14 10
63. y" ! y & 4x, !2, 2" 64. y" ! y % xy, !0, & 4"
65. Slope Field Use the slope field for the differential
equation y" ! 1#x, where x > 0, to sketch the graph of the
x solution that satisfies each given initial condition. Then make
x −8 8 a conjecture about the behavior of a particular solution of
−10 10
y" ! 1#x as x → '. To print an enlarged copy of the graph, go
−6 −6 to MathGraphs.com.
y
55.
dy
dx
! x cos
#y
8
56.
dy
dx
! tan
6& '
#y
3
y y 2
14 8 1
x
6
−1
x −2
−8 8 −3
x
− 10 10
(a) !1, 0" (b) !2, & 1"
−6 −8
412 Chapter 6 Differential Equations
Solving a Differential Equation In Exercises 1–10, solve dy 1 dy 3

17. !" y 18. ! y
the differential equation. dt 2 dt 4
dy dy Writing and Solving a Differential Equation In
1. !x#3 2.
. ! 5 " 8x 89=: k@L
dx dx
?
Exercises 19 and 20, write and solve the differential equation

dy dy that models the verbal statement. Evaluate the solution at the
3. !y#3 4.. !6"y (II8
I7:
K 68
?
?
dx dx specified value of the independent variable.

SUSl 8F /O@L
I?
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5x
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5. y$ ! /
T
/
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WF>FE
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19. The rate of change of N is proportional to N. When t ! 0,
N8
y 8G@
?
9
E ?
8/
9 G?
/T ;
N ! 250, and when t ! 1, N ! 400. What is the value of N

I
T
/ ;
/
T
@H
68 8
9 ?
AGD
when t ! 4?
T
E
8/
!x
?
9
6:
_(T
T@
/T
6.. y$ ! " 8 L
9
68 :FF@8D6:
I@c.8X68??I:6:8??AG"?DS>FDHH?8F98(@A
?
4y
?
20. The rate of change of P is proportional to P. When t ! 0,

_(68W9I:6: :8@68 FHH@
P ! 5000, and when t ! 1, P ! 4750. What is the value of P

?
7. y$ ! !x y
?
6: T+/;
@HH xT
?
F>U@8@ 9
"@L 68 :8
when t ! 5?
9
68G6
.
6:
8.. y$ ! x&1 # y'
_
A"/
;
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9
A"
^8
9
9. &1 # x 2'y$ " 2xy ! 0 Finding an Exponential Function In Exercises 21–24,

10.
. xy # y$ ! 100x 8F Å(
WF>FFHH
?
/ 9
@H find the exponential function y ! Ce kt that passes through the
8 /
9
@HH ?
A"" two given points.
Writing and Solving a Differential Equation In 21. y 22.
. y - / 9 / h LH
Exercises 11 and 12, write and solve the differential equation A 9 / -
that models the verbal statement. 5 (5, 5) T@
(/ 8G
9 /
(0, 4)
4 4 5/ 9 ?
b.-Sao
11. The rate of change of Q with respect to t is inversely propor- x/

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3 3
tional to the square of t.
2 2
12. The rate of change of P with respect to t is proportional to
1
)0, 12 ) 1 )5, 12 )
25 " t.
t t
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate 23. y 24.
? y =/ 9 /h ? /
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.
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solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of

G@2
T@ A/ / b.bbb-J
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9
(
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9
5 (4, 5)
which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to 6 Sb / /
(1, 5)
9
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use 4

5 2/ 9 / &.bb&l
a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result 4 3 8/

9 / b.bbb-J G
&.bb&*@
with the sketch in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the 3 (5, 2) 2
graph, go to MathGraphs.com. 2
1 1 )3, 12 )
dy dy
$0, 12%
t t
13. ! x&6 " y', &0, 0' 14. ! xy, 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
dx dx
y y
9
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
4
25. Describing Values Describe what the values of C and
k represent in the exponential growth and decay model,
y ! Ce kt.
x
−4 4
26. Exponential Growth and Decay Give the
differential equation that models exponential growth and
x decay.
−5 −1 5
−4
Increasing Function In Exercises 27 and 28, determine
the quadrants in which the solution of the differential
Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 15–18, find equation is an increasing function. Explain. (Do not solve
the function y ! f "t# passing through the point "0, 10# with the the differential equation.)
given first derivative. Use a graphing utility to graph the solution.
dy 1 dy 1 2
dy 1 dy 27. ! xy 28. ! x y
15. ! t 16. ! "9!t dx 2 dx 2
dt 2 dt
6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay 413
Radioactive Decay In Exercises 29–36, complete the table Population In Exercises 51–54, the population (in millions)
for the radioactive isotope. of a country in 2011 and the expected continuous annual rate
of change k of the population are given. (Source: U.S. Census
Amount Amount Bureau, International Data Base)
Half-life Initial After After
Isotope (in years) Quantity 1000 Years 10,000 Years (a) Find the exponential growth model
29. 226Ra 1599 20 g P ! Ce kt
IG@DMU
q/
9
5/ 9 ?
b.bbb-b
30.
. 226Ra
1599 &. / ,F6M 1.5 g b.bbbb
S. = / / I
9 W
?
b.bbb-bSSbbbS
for the population by letting t ! 0 correspond to 2010.
h / &.bSbj 31. 226Ra
1599 0.1 g
(b) Use the model to predict the population of the country in
9
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b.bbb-bSSbbbb
8
32. 14C
5715 3g
9
9
/ b.bbbb 2020.
33. 14C
5715 5g (c) Discuss the relationship between the sign of k and the j&.YAGH/ 9
.
/b&SSS
A / jb.-Y
change in population for the country.
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34. 14C
5715 1.6 g / jb.-Y A7H
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35. 239Pu
24,100 2.1 g
P / jb.-YA
Country 2011 Population k

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. 239Pu
24,100 b.abba HHHH 0.4 g 51. Latvia 2.2 "0.006 2/ DM cHMD@DBG _
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37. Radioactive Decay Radioactive radium has a half-life of

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approximately 1599 years. What percent of a given amount 53. Uganda 34.6 0.036 P /
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remains after 100 years?
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38. Carbon Dating Carbon-14 dating assumes that the carbon 2/ DM / >GJ7@DBG P/ DM
_
/6GLCG7MD>J
dioxide on Earth today has the same radioactive content as it 55. Modeling Data One hundred bacteria are started in a
did centuries ago. If this is true, the amount of 14C absorbed by culture and the number N of bacteria is counted each hour for
a tree that grew several centuries ago should be the same as the 5 hours. The results are shown in the table, where t is the time
amount of 14C absorbed by a tree growing today. A piece of in hours.
ancient charcoal contains only 15% as much of the radioactive
carbon as a piece of modern charcoal. How long ago was the t 0 1 2 3 4 5
tree burned to make the ancient charcoal? (The half-life of 14C
is 5715 years.) N 100 126 151 198 243 297
Compound Interest In Exercises 39– 44, complete the (a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to find
table for a savings account in which interest is compounded an exponential model for the data.
continuously. (b) Use the model to estimate the time required for the
Initial Annual Time to Amount After population to quadruple in size.
Investment Rate Double 10 Years 56.
. Bacteria Growth The number of bacteria in a culture is
,HM@ 39. $4000 6% increasing according to the law of exponential growth. There
blbbb / / Sjbbb / JH
.
are 125 bacteria in the culture after 2 hours and 350 bacteria
9
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40. $18,000
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after 4 hours.
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42. $12,500 20 yr
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b.bb-lSSbS
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44. $6000 $8950.95 (c) Use the model to determine the number of bacteria after
8 hours. 6H
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Compound Interest In Exercises 45–48, find the principal

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(d) After how many hours will the bacteria count be 25,000? &abbb9-Sb.aS-jS
P that must be invested at rate r, compounded monthly, so that @ S&.&j / UCM /
9
$1,000,000 will be available for retirement in t years. 57. Learning Curve The management at a certain factory has
found that a worker can produce at most 30 units in a day. The
45. r ! 712%, t ! 20 learning curve for the number of units N produced per day
S&S-bS
(
46. r ! 6%, t ! 40 S_bbb_bbb9SmXSRb
P/ 9 jS&l&.bj
after a new employee has worked t days is
47. r ! 8%, t ! 35 N ! 30&1 " ekt'.
48. r ! 9%, t ! 25 After 20 days on the job, a particular worker produces 19 units. Sj9bbSS
L728 ?
2 / b.bab&
(a) Find the learning curve for this worker.

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Compound Interest In Exercises 49 and 50, find the time )/ 9 / bbSS ?

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necessary for $1000 to double when it is invested at a rate (b) How many days should pass before this worker is
of r compounded (a) annually, (b) monthly, (c) daily, and producing 25 units per day? &a / =HG8 ?
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(d) continuously.
9
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49. r ! 7% 50. r ! 5.5%
6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 421
Finding a General Solution Using Separation of Slope Field In Exercises 31 and 32, sketch a few solutions of
Variables In Exercises 1–14, find the general solution of the the differential equation on the slope field and then find the
differential equation. ( 8 68 /
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general solution analytically. To print an enlarged copy of the
9IM:T6: graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
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7. !2 # x"y$ ! 3y 8.
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10. yy$ ! "8 cos!%x"
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13. y ln x " xy$ ! 0

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Slope Field In Exercises 33–36, (a) write a differential
14. 12yy$ " 7e x ! 0 E8
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equation for the statement, (b) match the differential equation
8 / ((( T@
with a possible slope field, and (c) verify your result by using a
Finding a Particular Solution Using Separation of
graphing utility to graph a slope field for the differential
Variables In Exercises 15–24, find the particular solution
equation. [The slope fields are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).] To
that satisfies the initial condition.
print an enlarged copy of the graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
Differential Equation Initial Condition
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(a) y (b) y
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(>@ @H@ / Finding a Particular Solution In Exercises 25–28, find an − 2.5
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−5 −1 5
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equation of the graph that passes through the point and has the
?YbS
WF>F@ 9 /
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given slope. . The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to the

33.
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4y HF>F8F 9 4>@DF ?SA
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difference between x and 4.

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28. y$ ! 35.
. The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to the
h
2x 3x
9
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9
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A product of y and the difference between y and 4. 28F8 6GI8
9
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Using Slope In Exercises 29 and 30, find all functions f 36. The rate of change of y with respect to x is proportional to y 2. 68]928
T
having the indicated property. 0
29. The tangent to the graph of f at the point !x, y" intersects the 37. Radioactive Decay The rate of decomposition of
x-axis at !x # 2, 0". radioactive radium is proportional to the amount present at any
time. The half-life of radioactive radium is 1599 years. What
30. All tangents to the graph of f pass through the origin. percent of a present amount will remain after 50 years?
IG
q
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Differential Equations b.&a

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422 Chapter 6 GdD@ 9
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38. Chemical Reaction In a chemical reaction, a certain Using a Logistic Equation In Exercises 51 and 52, the
compound changes into another compound at a rate logistic equation models the growth of a population. Use the
proportional to the unchanged amount. There is 40 grams of equation to (a) find the value of k , (b) find the carrying
the original compound initially and 35 grams after 1 hour. capacity, (c) find the initial population, (d) determine when
When will 75 percent of the compound be changed? the population will reach 50% of its carrying capacity, and
(e) write a logistic differential equation that has the solution
. Weight Gain A calf that weighs 60 pounds at birth gains
39.
weight at the rate P&t'.
6g
( S&bb
9
I26@
2100 5000
?
k
@ 4 @H / lb9S&bb AGH
dw 51. P!t" ! 52. P!t" !
,
r
9 9
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(>/ SS&bb eX / 5@ /
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_
! k!1200 " w"

9 R
G?IG@@
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1 # 29e"0.75t 1 # 39e"0.2t
9
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dt GF>UFHH
UD@ 2@@L
e/ / S&bb SS-ba2@
?
9 ?
k / 9
/ S&bb ?
where w is weight in pounds and t is time in years. Using a Logistic Differential Equation In Exercises 53
,@@ SS-b G? and 54, the logistic differential equation models the growth
(a) Solve the differential equation.
jbb 9
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rate of a population. Use the equation to (a) find the value of k ,
/
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SS-b G?
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9
/ S&bb
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(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the particular solutions for (b) find the carrying capacity, (c) graph a slope field using a
^/ 9
/ S&bb ? SS-bI@ k ! 0.8, 0.9, and 1. computer algebra system, and (d) determine the value of P at
/ S.ba
which the population growth rate is the greatest.
s(c) The animal is sold when its weight reaches 800 pounds.
/
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Find the time of sale for each of the models in part (b). dP
$ P
% dP
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53. ! 3P 1 " 54. ! 0.1P " 0.0004P2

I@c.8X6g??I6@S>SSNHH?eF??@@A (d) What is the maximum weight of the animal for each of the dt 100 dt
models in part (b)? eGDJU@ / cHg>6M #7: / 9
S&bb
WF>FFFHH
AI@L
gF
Solving a Logistic Differential Equation In Exercises

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S&bb ?
k/ 9
AA@
. Weight Gain A calf that weighs w0 pounds at birth gains
40.
k / S&bb AG@ 55–58, find the logistic equation that passes through the given
weight at the rate dw(dt ! 1200 " w, where w is weight in
?
9
kFHF / / S&bb 9 AGH

point.
?
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pounds and t is time in years. Solve the differential equation.
k / 9 / S&bb ?
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SS&bb ?
Finding Orthogonal Trajectories In Exercises 41–46, find 55.

dy
dt $
!y 1"
y
36
, % !0, 4" 56.
dy
dt $
! 2.8y 1 "
y
10 %
, !0, 7"
the orthogonal trajectories of the family. Use a graphing utility
to graph several members of each family. dy 4y y2 dy 3y y2
57. ! " , !0, 8" 58. ! " , !0, 15"
dt 5 150 dt 20 1600
41. x 2 # y 2 ! C 42. x 2 " 2y 2 ! C
59. Endangered Species A conservation organization
43. x2 ! Cy 44. y 2 ! 2Cx
releases 25 Florida panthers into a game preserve. After
45. y 2 ! Cx 3 46. y ! Ce x 2 years, there are 39 panthers in the preserve. The Florida
preserve has a carrying capacity of 200 panthers.
Matching In Exercises 47–50, match the logistic equation
with its graph. [The graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).] (a) Write a logistic equation that models the population of
panthers in the preserve.
(a) y (b) y
(b) Find the population after 5 years.
14 14
12 12 (c) When will the population reach 100?
10 10 (d) Write a logistic differential equation that models the
8 8
growth rate of the panther population. Then repeat part (b)
6
4
using Euler’s Method with a step size of h ! 1. Compare
2 the approximation with the exact answer.
x x (e) At what time is the panther population growing most
−6 − 4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 − 6 −4 − 2 2 4 6 8 10
rapidly? Explain.
(c) y (d) y 60. Bacteria Growth At time t ! 0, a bacterial culture
14 14 weighs 1 gram. Two hours later, the culture weighs 4 grams.
12 12 The maximum weight of the culture is 20 grams.
10 10
(a) Write a logistic equation that models the weight of the
8 8
bacterial culture.
6 6
4 4 (b) Find the culture’s weight after 5 hours.
x x (c) When will the culture’s weight reach 18 grams?
−6 − 4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 − 6 −4 − 2 2 4 6 8 10
(d) Write a logistic differential equation that models the
growth rate of the culture’s weight. Then repeat part (b)
12 12 using Euler’s Method with a step size of h ! 1. Compare
47. y ! 48. y !
1 # e"x 1 # 3e"x the approximation with the exact answer.
12 12 (e) At what time is the culture’s weight increasing most
49. y ! 50. y !
1 # 12 e"x 1 # e"2x rapidly? Explain.
442 Chapter 7 Applications of Integration
Writing a Definite Integral In Exercises 1–6, set up the Think About It In Exercises 13 and 14, determine which
definite integral that gives the area of the region. value best approximates the area of the region bounded by the
graphs of f and g . (Make your selection on the basis of a sketch
1.
. y1 ! x2 " 6x ?2. y1 ! x2 # 2x # 1 of the region and not by performing any calculations.)
y2 ! 0 =n (@ y2 ! 2x # 5 (f
T
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13. f !x" ! x # 1, g !x" ! !x " 1" 2
?
y y
(@ ?
:D86:
y2 (a) "2 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 4 (e) 8
y2 1
x
2 4 8
8 14. f !x" ! 2 " 2 x, g !x" ! 2 " #x
−2 6 (a) 1 (b) 6 (c) "3 (d) 3 (e) 4
y1
−4
Comparing Methods In Exercises 15 and 16, find the area
−6 2
of the region by integrating (a) with respect to x and (b) with
−8 y1 x respect to y. (c) Compare your results. Which method is
−4 −2 2 4
simpler? In general, will this method always be simpler than
the other one? Why or why not?
?3. y1 ! x 2 " 4x # 3 . y1 ! x
4. 2
rDD::D6:
y2 ! "x 2 # 2x # 3 y2 ! x 3 15. x ! 4 " y2 16. y ! x2
y = n ( :T ?
R&QRbS ?
y x!y"2 y!6"x
y y
y1
4 y2 1 6 10
3 4 8
y1 6
1 y2 x 4
x x −6 −4 −2 4 6
1 2 4 5 1
−1 −4 x
F:@@:?HF6:rHF?V:D?E:D6:.=.D>@f:(6:@I?=DHG:T?:D6:&=DF@?^FD:?DD? −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−6 −2
5. y1 ! 3!x 3 " x" 6. y1 ! !x " 1" 3
y2 ! 0 y2 ! x " 1 06C Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 17–30, sketch
y y the region bounded by the graphs of the equations and find the
9N
.M=n^@:S6:9@=T
Hg@CD6G
y1 area of the region.
^D
^
y1 y2 (^ ?
:T/ .
:@H
1 1 17. y ! x2 " 1, y ! "x # 2, x ! 0, x ! 1 (n (@ ?S&S ?

(:@DF6:
Ñ
y2 18. y ! "x3 # 2, y ! x " 3, x ! "1, x ! 1 9 @H:

Kn
x x
19. f !x" ! x2 # 2x, g !x" ! x # 2
−1 1 1 2
20. y ! "x2 # 3x # 1, y ! "x # 1
'
'\\\D
−1 −1
21. y ! x, y ! 2 " x, y ! 0
SjK .
(/
4
á
?
/ ?
OD
:T
22. y ! 3 , y ! 0, x ! 1, x ! 4 =DF @g ^ HF6GC
?
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Finding a Region In Exercises 7–12, the integrand of the x

definite integral is a difference of two functions. Sketch the 1
9 T / T/ T
(D
23. f (x) ! #x # 3, g !x" ! 2 x # 3 .
graph of each function and shade the region whose area is _ / D
^D@@ T@ ^D@ T@
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represented by the integral. 24. f !x" ! #

3 x " 1, g !x" ! x " 1 ?
/H
9
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$( $
4 1 25. f ! y" ! y 2, g ! y" ! y # 2
.
7. !x # 1" "
x
2 +
dx 8. %!2 " x2" " x2& dx 26. f ! y" ! y!2 " y", g ! y" ! "y &-
.
( TD(](6@9 \
s
0
(
$ () $
"1
-
$'4
3
27. f ! y" ! y 2 # 1, g ! y" ! 0, y ! "1, y ! 2
.
9.
x3
"x "
x
dx * + .
10. ! sec2 x " cos x" dx \ U@
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2 3 3 "$'4 y
$
28. f ! y" ! , g ! y" ! 0, y ! 3 ((
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.
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30. g !x" ! , y ! 4, x ! 0
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7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves 443
Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 31–36, (a) . use Integration as an Accumulation Process In Exercises
a graphing utility to graph the region bounded by the graphs 51–54, find the accumulation function F. Then evaluate F at
. find the area of the region analytically, and
of the equations, (b) each value of the independent variable and graphically show
(c) use the integration capabilities of the graphing utility to the area given by each value of F.
$)
verify your results.
@I
?
31. f !x" ! x!x 2 " 3x # 3", g !x" ! x 2

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51. F!x" !
1
2
t # 1 dt * (a) F!0" (b) F!2" (c) F!6"
D.DGZ
0
32. y ! x 4 " 2x 2, y ! 2x 2
. f !x" !
33. x4 " 4x 2, g !x" ! x2 "4
52. F!x" ! $)
0
x
1 2
2
t # 2 dt * (a) F!0" (b) F!4" (c) F!6"
34. f !x" ! x 4 " 9 x 2, g !x" ! x3 " 9 x

1 1 8n
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53. F!%" ! $"1
%
cos
$&
2
d& (a) F!"1" (b) F!0" (c) F )12*
$
? ? ? ?
35. f !x" ! , g !x" ! x2 DI n / F:@M:D@F6: :@@M:@F6: y

1 # x2 2 9 /
?S-_&S
54. F!y" ! (a) F!"1" (b) F!0" (c) F!4"
?
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4e x'2 dx
6x
9N @
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36. f !x" ! 2 , y ! 0, 0 ' x ' 3 -]
( TM TM/ xT
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; (
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(
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x #1
/
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Finding the Area of a Figure In Exercises 55–58, use
]
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/
integration to find the area of the figure having the given

Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 37–42, sketch
g
vertices.
the region bounded by the graphs of the functions and find the
area of the region. 55. !2, "3", !4, 6", !6, 1"
37. f !x" ! cos x, g!x" ! 2 " cos x, 0 ' x ' 2$ 56. !0, 0", !6, 0", !4, 3"
$ $ 57. !0, 2", !4, 2", !0, "2", !"4, "2"
38. f !x" ! sin x, g !x" ! cos 2x, " ' x '
2 6 58. !0, 0", !1, 2", !3, "2", !1, "3"
$ $
DI n
;
FVMD>: ?
@7>:M6: . f !x" ! 2 sin x, g !x" ! tan x, " 3 ' x ' 3
39. 59. Numerical Integration Estimate the surface area of the
; golf green using (a) the Trapezoidal Rule and (b) Simpson’s Rule.
7FF n 40. f !x" ! sec $ x tan $ x, g !x" ! !#2 " 4"x # 4, x ! 0
(>F78
R
9 / ?
gHM:@ ?
( ?
(>FLHM:FF K K
&SS?&bb-
I?gHDH.@>XLHMFHFX
9 /
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41. f !x" ! xe
T6
?
K
4
"x 2,
4
y ! 0, 0 ' x ' 1
9 &S?S.lobR&S
3
b.lS- / 4>D@M
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42. f !x" ! 2x, g !x" ! x # 1
14 ft
14 ft
12 ft
12 ft
15 ft
20 ft
23 ft
25 ft
26 ft
/
2
9
Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 43–46, (a) use

6 ft
a graphing utility to graph the region bounded by the graphs
of the equations, (b) find the area of the region, and (c) use the
integration capabilities of the graphing utility to verify your
results. 60. Numerical Integration Estimate the surface area of the
oil spill using (a) the Trapezoidal Rule and (b) Simpson’s Rule.
43. f !x" ! 2 sin x # sin 2x, y ! 0, 0 ' x ' $
44. f !x" ! 2 sin x # cos 2x, y ! 0, 0 < x ' $
1 1'x
45. f !x" !
14.2 mi
e , y ! 0, 1 ' x ' 3
14 mi
14.2 mi
x2
13.5 mi
13.5 mi
15 mi
4 ln x
11 mi
46. g !x" ! , y ! 0, x ! 5
x
4 mi
Finding the Area of a Region In Exercises 47–50, (a) use
a graphing utility to graph the region bounded by the graphs
of the equations, (b) explain why the area of the region is Using a Tangent Line In Exercises 61–64, set up and
difficult to find by hand, and (c) use the integration capabilities evaluate the definite integral that gives the area of the region
of the graphing utility to approximate the area to four decimal bounded by the graph of the function and the tangent line to
places. the graph at the given point.
61. f !x" ! x 3, !1, 1"

47. y ! # x3
4"x
, y ! 0, x ! 3
62. y ! x " 2x, !"1, 1"
3
48. y ! #x e x, y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! 1
49. y ! x2, y ! 4 cos x
63. f !x" !
1
x2 # 1
, )1, 12 *
50. y ! x2, y ! #3 # x 64. y !
2
1 # 4x2
, )12, 1*
7.2 Volume: The Disk Method 453
:98i 9@=n@8-@8a68
p
@ID@D8@?C8D?DE8@68?@@.3(
Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 1–6, set up 9.. y ! x 2"3 (@I nF8; . x ! "y 2 # 4y
10.
?
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and evaluate the integral that gives the volume of the solid y .D@Zx(D??@I($??D@IIr(?&^$@Î(x?I(?4^@@@JX
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formed by revolving the region about the x-axis.
4 K
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8 1 /^($
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y y
2
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1 x 7@
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1 x
Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 11–14, find
1 2 3 4 the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the region
bounded by the graphs of the equations about the given lines.
. y ! !9 " x 2
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(c) . the line x ! 2
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5 Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 15–18, find

1 the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
3 bounded by the graphs of the equations about the line y ! 4.
'
1
1 15. y ! x, y ! 3, x!0 . y ! 2 x3, y ! 4,
16. x!0
x x 3
1 −3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 17. y ! , y ! 0, x ! 0, x!3
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Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 7–10, set up

7
&
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9
and evaluate the integral that gives the volume of the solid Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 19–22, find
formed by revolving the region about the y-axis. ON
T
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the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
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bounded by the graphs of the equations about the line x ! 5.
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1 1 Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 23–30, find

x x the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 bounded by the graphs of the equations about the x-axis.
8
9@I]
3(3(
O?r?@D@I@D?IF.6G M@DdgFD 23. y ! !x1# 1 ,
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y ! 0, x ! 0, x!4
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454 Chapter 7 Applications of Integration
1
25. y ! , y ! 0, x ! 1, x ! 3 WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS
x
2 Describing a Solid In Exercises 49 and 50, the integral
26. y ! , y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! 6 n]@-?@ represents the volume of a solid. Describe the solid.
x#1
?
27. y !
28. y !
e"x
e x"4
,
,
y ! 0, x ! 0, y ! 1
y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! 6
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49. % %0
%"2
sin2 x dx 50. % %
2
4
y 4 dy
29. y ! x2 # 1, y ! "x2 # 2x # 5, x ! 0, x ! 3 51. Comparing Volumes A region bounded by the

&
parabola y ! 4x " x 2 and the x-axis is revolved about

y ! " 12x # 4, ?
j
30. y ! !x, x ! 0, x ! 8
the x-axis. A second region bounded by the parabola
Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 31 and 32, y ! 4 " x 2 and the x-axis is revolved about the x-axis.
find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region Without integrating, how do the volumes of the two solids
bounded by the graphs of the equations about the y-axis. compare? Explain.
'
9X n 52. Comparing Volumes The y
h (
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31. y ! 3#2 " x$, y ! 0, x!0

region in the figure is revolved 10
.
32. 2
. y !/ 9 " x , y ! 0, x ! 2, x!3 9
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x( n about the indicated axes and line. 8

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Order the volumes of the resulting
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Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 33–36, find solids from least to greatest.
7DC
4
the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region Explain your reasoning. y = x2
2
bounded by the graphs of the equations about the x-axis. Verify
your results using the integration capabilities of a graphing (a) x-axis x
1 2 3 4
utility. (b) y-axis
33. y ! sin x, y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! % (c) x ! 3
&J
% 53. Analyzing Statements Discuss the validity of the
(EI6:
34. y ! cos 2x, y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! following statements.
4
35. y ! e x"1, y ! 0, x ! 1, x!2 (a) For a solid formed by rotating the region under a graph
about the x-axis, the cross sections perpendicular to the
36. y ! e x"2 # e"x"2, y ! 0, x ! "1, x ! 2 x-axis are circular disks.
Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 37–40, use (b) For a solid formed by rotating the region between two
the integration capabilities of a graphing utility to approximate graphs about the x-axis, the cross sections perpendicular
the volume of the solid generated$.@@X?V:RD8^C:D6:?8nD@(C:D??V:R:r6:9D@IxIN8@T?^@FEX6:@@@=
to the x-axis are circular disks.
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by revolving the region
bounded by the graphs of the equations about the x-axis.
3(
37. y !
2
e"x , y ! 0, x ! 0, x!2
38. y ! ln x, y ! 0, x ! 1, x!3 .
54. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to
39. y ! 2 arctan#0.2x$, y ! 0, x ! 0, x ! 5 match the integral for the volume with the axis
of rotation.
40. y ! !2x, y ! x2
y
Finding the Volume of a Solid In Exercises 41–48, find y = f(x)
the volume generated by rotating the given region about the b
specified line.
x = f(y)
y
y = x2
x
a
1
0.5
R1
y=x
(a) V ! % %b
0
#a2 " & f # y$'2 $ dy DD (i) x-axis
%
R2 a
R3 (b) V ! % #b2 " &b " f #x$' 2 $ dx DB (ii) y-axis
x 0
%
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(c) V ! % & f #x$' 2 dx D (iii) x ! a
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41. R1 about x ! 0 . R1 about x ! 1
42. ( / &
b
43. R2 about y ! 0 44. R2 about y ! 1 (d) V ! % &a " f # y$' 2 dy DDD

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45. R3 about x ! 0 46. R3 about x ! 1
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47. R2 about x ! 0 48. R2 about x ! 1 9

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7.2 Volume: The Disk Method 455
Dividing a Solid In Exercises 55 and 56, consider the solid 66. Water Tower
formed by revolving the region bounded by y ! !x, y ! 0, and A tank on a water tower
x ! 4 about the x-axis.
R
1/
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is a sphere of radius
((" T0 n
9
50 feet. Determine the

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55. Find the value of x in the interval &0, 4' that divides the solid
depths of the water
9
into two parts of equal volume.

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when the tank is filled

9 9
>H@
. Find the values of x in the interval &0, 4' that divide the solid
56.
T
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to one-fourth and
9
into three parts of equal volume.
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three-fourths of its total
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capacity. (Note: Use the
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57. Manufacturing A manufacturer drills a hole through the

9
zero or root feature of a

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` center of a metal sphere of radius R. The hole has a radius r.
graphing utility after
9
Find the volume of the resulting ring.

evaluating the definite integral.)
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/
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9
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58. Manufacturing For the metal sphere in Exercise 57, let
R ! 6. What value of r will produce a ring whose volume is
T
exactly half the volume of the sphere? 67. Minimum Volume The arc of y ! 4 " #x2"4$ on the
/CD
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interval &0, 4' is revolved about the line y ! b (see figure).
9
59. Volume of a Cone Use the disk method to verify that the
C
. O volume of a right circular cone is 13 % r 2h , where r is the radius (a) Find the volume of the resulting solid as a function of b.
of the base and h is the height.
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the function in part (a), and
. Volume of a Sphere Use the disk method to verify that
60. use the graph to approximate the value of b that minimizes
the volume of a sphere is 43% r 3, where r is the radius.
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the volume of the solid.
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61. Using a Cone A cone of height H with a base of radius r

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(c) Use calculus to find the value of b that minimizes the
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volume of the solid, and compare the result with the
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the plane. y y
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62. Using a Sphere A sphere of radius r is cut by a plane h 4 3

units above the equator, where h < r. Find the volume of the
solid (spherical segment) above the plane. y=b
x
63. Volume of a Fuel Tank A tank on the wing of a jet 11
aircraft is formed by revolving the region bounded by the
−3
graph of y ! 18 x 2!2 " x and the x-axis #0 $ x $ 2$ about the −1
x
3 4
x-axis, where x and y are measured in meters. Use a graphing
utility to graph the function and find the volume of the tank. −2
64. Volume of a Lab Glass A glass container can be Figure for 67 Figure for 68
modeled by revolving the graph of
68. Modeling Data A draftsman is asked to determine the
y! (2.95,
!0.1x3 " 2.2x2 # 10.9x # 22.2, 0 $ x $ 11.5
11.5 < x $ 15
amount of material required to produce a machine part (see
figure). The diameters d of the part at equally spaced points x
about the x-axis, where x and y are measured in centimeters. are listed in the table. The measurements are listed in
Use a graphing utility to graph the function and find the centimeters.
volume of the container.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
65. Finding Volumes of a Solid Find the volumes of the
solids (see figures) generated if the upper half of the ellipse d 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.7
9x 2 # 25y 2 ! 225 is revolved about (a) the x-axis to form a
prolate spheroid (shaped like a football), and (b) the y-axis to
x 6 7 8 9 10
form an oblate spheroid (shaped like half of a candy).
y y d 5.8 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.6
4 4
(a) Use these data with Simpson’s Rule to approximate the
volume of the part.
(b) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to find
a fourth-degree polynomial through the points representing
x x
6 6 the radius of the solid. Plot the data and graph the model.
−4 −4
Figure for 65(a) Figure for 65(b) (c) Use a graphing utility to approximate the definite integral
yielding the volume of the part. Compare the result with
the answer to part (a).
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8.2 Integration by Parts 521
Setting Up Integration by Parts In Exercises 1– 6, dy t2 dy

33. $ 34. $ x2%x ! 3
identify u and dv for finding the integral using integration by dt %3 # 5t dx
parts. (Do not evaluate the integral.)
g 6g
1. & xe2x dx . & x? e dx
2. 2 2x
e
a point, and a slope field are given. (a) Sketch two approximate
3. & #ln x$2 dx . & ln 5x dx
4. . 6g solutions of the differential equation on the slope field, one of
g
which passes through the given point. (b) Use integration to
5. & x sec2 x dx . & x cos x dx
6. 2 6g
find the particular solution of the differential equation and use
Using Integration by Parts In Exercises 7–10, evaluate a graphing utility to graph the solution. Compare the result
the integral using integration by parts with the given choices of with the sketches in part (a). To print an enlarged copy of the
u and dv. graph, go to MathGraphs.com.
7. ! x3 ln x dx; u $ ln x, dv $ x3 dx 35.
dy
dx
$ x%y cos x, #0, 4$ 36.
dy
dx
$ e!x"3 sin 2x, #0, ! 37 $
18
!
y y
=g6G 9 gC ?
=g67
8.. #4x # 7)ex dx; u $ 4x # 7, dv $ ex dx :
9 / S-QRY ?
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9. x sin 3x dx; u $ x, dv $ sin 3x dx

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Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 11–30, find

x
the indefinite integral. (Note: Solve by the simplest method— −4 −2 2 4 −5
not all require integration by parts.)
! !
T@
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5x Slope Field In Exercises 37 and 38, use a computer algebra

; /;
6:
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11. xe!4x dx 12. dx
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e2x
;
(D !(
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graph the solution through the specified initial condition.
7?
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13. x3e x dx 6g / 14.
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Evaluating a Definite Integral In Exercises 39– 48,
! !
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evaluate the definite integral. Use a graphing utility to confirm

?
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#ln x$ 2 /=
ln x
"6@
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=
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17.
6g?D6:FB.D@
dx g9
18. dx :
your result.
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29.
LHMM:?VII.D>XMD>?:@JHIDxD>?:6: e!3x sin 5x dx 30. e 4x cos 2x dx @7L@ @>FLML@@LH@@I@L tabular method to find the integral.
=D
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Differential Equation In Exercises 31–34, solve the D@
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49. 2 2x
x e dx .
50. x 3e!2x dx
9
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52. x3 cos 2x dx 9"MD>g@]-HMg]MD>&:
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522 Chapter 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals
T ,(N
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bSa (a) by parts, letting dv $ %4 ! x dx.
Using Two Methods Together In Exercises 55–58, find
(b) by substitution, letting u $ 4 ! x.
the indefinite integral by using substitution followed by
integration by parts. g9g619 .LHMg6]G
9X
Z LHD> g
Finding a General Rule In Exercises 65 and 66, use a
! !
6g ( 1 MD>LG
9X
9
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computer algebra system to find the integrals for n ! 0, 1, 2,

.
g9:
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.
.
gMD>gIMD>g6g
9
55. 56. 2x3 cos x2 dx

/
sin%x dx
9
6D
6:96g
9:-D>:
T
R / LHM@
T
R /A and 3. Use the result to obtain a general rule for the integrals
N$
for any positive integer n and test your results for n ! 4.
! !IGe Ig>
;
9N
6:94$:6g ! !
g
49 &O 4 / G
.
2
57. x 5e x dx 58. e%2x dx
.e6g
;
6g /
9
R g / G
6D
65. 66.
4$4
x n ln x dx x n e x dx
g
4eG/
;
9 / ?
Ag@ ?
( / G
;
@
/ k($^ LC8 / @ /A
,
NgC
?
9
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS Proof In Exercises 67–72, use integration by parts to prove
59. Integration by Parts the formula. (For Exercises 67–70, assume that n is a positive
integer.)
(a) Integration by parts is based on what differentiation
rule? Explain.
(b) In your own words, state how you determine which
67. ! x n sin x dx $ !x n cos x # n ! x n !1 cos x dx
parts of the integrand should be u and dv.

60. Integration by Parts When evaluating &x sin x dx,
68. ! x n cos x dx $ x n sin x ! n ! x n !1 sin x dx
explain how letting u $ sin x and dv $ x dx makes the

solution more difficult to find.
69. ! x n ln x dx $
xn # 1
#n # 1$2
'!1 # #n # 1$ ln x( # C
61. Integration by Parts State whether you would use

integration by parts to evaluate each integral. If so, identify
70. ! x n e ax dx $
x n e ax n
a
!
a ! x n !1 e ax dx
what you would use for u and dv. Explain your reasoning.
(a) ! ln x
dx (b) ! x ln x dx (c) ! x2e!3x dx
71. ! e ax sin bx dx $
e ax#a sin bx ! b cos bx$
a2 # b2
# C
(d) !
x
2
2xe x dx (e) ! x
dx (f) ! x
dx
72. ! e ax cos bx dx $
e ax#a cos bx # b sin bx$
a2 # b 2
# C
%x # 1 %x 2 # 1
Using Formulas In Exercises 73–78, find the integral by
using the appropriate formula from Exercises 67–72.
62. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph of f% 73. ! x2 sin x dx 74. ! x 2 cos x dx
shown in the figure to answer the following.
y
75. ! x5 ln x dx 76. ! x 3e2x dx
4
3
77. ! e!3x sin 4x dx 78. ! e2x cos 3x dx
2
Area In Exercises 79–82, use a graphing utility to graph the
1 f ′(x) = x ln x
region bounded by the graphs of the equations. Then find the
x area of the region analytically.
−1 1 2 3 4 D>
;6: +
−1 ('
79. y $ 2xe!x, y $ 0, x $ 3 .@HZGH@?VH8..
R
9
/
] ?
D
@G @HFF TM ; T@ TMK
;
H /
?
/?
TM
(a) Approximate the slope of f at x $ 2. Explain. 1 J
. y $ 10xe3x,
80. y $ 0, x $ 0, x $ 2 9 / &&.-&
(b) Approximate any open intervals in which the graph n 9XD>@@@6: Z G?@LHMD@:6:
/
+ / 9
@VGD@LHMD@:
?
B9]LHg@:
D@ _
6g9
g9G
6g/
T
/ D>ID:
of f is increasing and any open intervals in which it . y $ e!x sin "x,

81. y $ 0, x $ 1 ?
K
IGD@MD>D@@6: ?y
DGD@LHMD@:
?
MD>D:@
is decreasing. Explain.
6g9
I8@@GD@LHMD@:
. y $ x ln x,
82. 3 y $ 0, x $ 1, x $ 3 T ($
@
" B MD>D@@
G?@MD>D@:6:g?G?@6B?LHMD@:IG8IG?@MD>D@:6:?@WG?@LHMD@@?IG?@>.>g
?
,
X IG?@MD>D@:6:?IG8I@VG?@LHMD@:?8I?@>.>G@X ^@@ /
?
83. Area, Volume, and Centroid Given the region bounded
!
@U:
619:t Kn
"@MD>D@:F
9N
g9 ?
?
?
( @ T@ T
6g
((
1
x3 by the graphs of y $ ln x, y $ 0, and x $ e, find

9
63. Using Two Methods Integrate dx

9
b.bja
%4 # x 2 ( ]I:]]6: (a) the area of the region.

n:->:6:9]@>:
?
x 9]T>: n
?
^"^ (b) the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
(a) by parts, letting dv $ dx.
%4 # x2 9 T
Z
>H ?
3H T@ T@ about the x-axis.

(b) by substitution, letting u $ 4 # x 2. 9
/ SY.&-Y
(c) the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region
about the y-axis.
(d) the centroid of the region.

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CALCULUS NOTES

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IF8 T8 68 IDCG ;6:

Integration and Differentiation In Exercises 1 and 2,

$ 35. f$!x" ! 6x, f !0" ! 8

37. h$!t" ! 8t3 % 5, h!1" ! "4

1 39. f # !x" ! 2, f$!2" ! 5, f !2" ! 10

42. f # !x" ! sin x, f$!0" ! 1, f !0" ! 6 @G:@ ?y RjQR-

Finding an Indefinite Integral In Exercises 11–32, find

15. $ !x3#2 % 2x % 1" dx .

the difference, if any, between finding the antiderivative of =2I@6@ /

f !x" and evaluating the integral * f !x" dx? dP PDFF / 9 /

48. Comparing Functions Consider f !x" ! tan2 x and

g !x" ! sec2 x. What do you notice about the derivatives of

−4 second, releases a sandbag at the instant it is 64 feet above the , 9 ? SlS?&RSlS?Rl-

an initial velocity of 10 meters per second. Determine its @ /

(from a height of 2 meters) to reach a maximum height of ?

The Grand Canyon is @ /

deepest point. A rock is

Explain. 1H / l&.&ol / #FM

where v0 is the initial velocity of the object and R is the radius

(a) Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle.

to the right. . * f !x"g !x" dx ! * f !x" dx *g !x" dx

(c) Find the velocity of the particle when the acceleration is 0. ((

75. Horizontal Tangent Find a function f such that the graph N

acceleration and position functions for the particle. / N

MD@M &I@ ?S&

Evaluating a Limit In Exercises 1 and 2, use Example 1 as . f $x% " 4 ! x

Evaluating a Definite Integral as a Limit In Exercises

n 21. g $ y% " y 3 22. f $ y% " $ y ! 2%2

Writing a Definite Integral In Exercises 13–22, set up a 2 2

É S&SSjS ?- ?& & / - / E

274 Chapter 4 Integration

1 a f $x% dx " 0 and f $x% dx " 5

(c) 2g $x% dx. (d) 3f $x% dx. (c) f $x% dx ?

. Think About It The graph of f consists of line segments,

-9& (f) / f $x% dx &?-9?&

0 4 (a) 5 (b) !3 (c) 10 (d) 2 (e) 8

Evaluate each integral.

Name: Date: _