S2 MPKD FT UGM—Metode & Teknik Perencanaan II

Untuk semua konsentrasi

Perumusan Tujuan dan

Sasaran Perencanaan

Bahan Kuliah--Dipakai terbatas di lingkungan sendiri—Disiapkan oleh:

Achmad Djunaedi
Email: achmaddjunaedi@yahoo.com
2011

MTP II—Perumusan Tujuan & Sasaran Perenc.

DAFTAR TOPIK
1. Dasar prinsip perumusan tujuan dan sasaran
berdasar macam pendekatan proses
2. Dalam perencanaan komprehensif : Pengertian
dan tipe tujuan dan sasaran perencanaan
3. Dalam perencanaan komprehensif : Metode
dan teknik perumusan tujuan
4. Dalam perencanaan strategis : Metode dan
teknik perumusan visi, tujuan, sasaran, dan
strategi.
2

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 1
 Topik 1:
Dasar Prinsip Perumusan
Tujuan dan Sasaran
Tujuan:
Memahami hubungan antara prinsip
perumusan tujuan dan sasaran dengan
macam pendekatan proses perencanaan

Macam Pendekatan dan Dasar

Prinsip Perumusan Tujuan
Raja/ Penguasa Pakar/ Masyarakat/
DOMINASI perencana stakeholders
PENGAMBIL
KEPUTUSAN
PERENCANAAN
Master Planning
Comprehensive
Planning
MACAM Strategic
PENDEKATAN Planning
PROSES Participatory
PERENCANAAN Planning

DASAR PRINSIP
PERUMUSAN Arahan Rasional Konsen-
TUJUAN Penguasa sus
PERENCANAAN
4

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 2
 Antara Rasional dan Konsensus
• Cara berfikir Perencanaan Komprehensif
menuntut bahwa tujuan dan sasaran perlu
dirumuskan secara rasional (“masuk akal”).
Kemampuan rasional “yang tinggi” biasanya
dimiliki oleh para pakar (perencanaan) dan
“obyektif” (Value free).
• Di lain pihak, Perencanaan Strategis
menghimpun usulan dari tiap orang
(stakeholders) yg tiap orang tsb dianggap sdh
rasional (meski mencakup beda cara pandang,
kepentingan dan aspirasi); ini disebut sebagai
“rasional kolektif” atau konsensus.
5

Konsensus dan Partisipasi

• Pembuatan konsensus memerlukan
partisipasi yang lebih luas dari pihak-pihak
pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders).
• Untuk aktif berpartisipasi perlu kemauan dan
kemampuan (meski tidak perlu kemampuan
yang tinggi). Kemauan sering terkait dengan
ketersediaan waktu. Kemampuan sering
terkait dengan tingkat pendidikan.
• Menjadi tugas Pemerintah untuk mendorong
partisipasi yang lebih luas.

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 3
 Pengaruh TI pada Partisipasi
• Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi yang luas (misal:
akses ke internat, email, HP/SMS) mendorong lebih
banyak orang dapat berpartisipasi dalam perumusan
tujuan & sasaran perencanaan.
• Lebih banyak orang berpartisipasi, maka
kemungkinan besar rasional-kolektifnya juga bisa
berbeda (bandingkan dengan rasional kolektif yg
hanya diwakili oleh para anggota DPRD saja).
• Ringkasan: TI mendorong partisipasi (online) yang
lebih banyak (“langsung”, bukan perwakilan) dan
akan mempengaruhi keputusan publik.
• Peluang tema tesis: partisipasi online dalam proses
perencanaan wilayah dan kota.
7

POSISI "perumusan tujuan" dalam proses

perenc. komprehensif & perenc. strategis
PERENCANAAN PERENCANAAN
KOMPREHENSIF STRATEGIS
Pengumpulan & Analisis
Pengolahan data Perumusan Visi
lingkungan & Misi
eksternal &
Analisis internal
perencanaan Penetapan Isu-
isu strategis
Perumusan Tujuan &
Sasaran Perencanaan Perumusan
Strategi
Pengembangan
Alternatif Rencana Penyusunan
Dokumen
Evaluasi & Seleksi Rencana
Alternatif Rencana Strategis

Penyusunan Dokumen Penyusunan

Rencana Program &
Proyek/Tindakan
Penyusunan Program &
Proyek/Tindakan 8

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 4
 Topik 2:
Dalam Perenc.
Komprehensif:
Pengertian dan Tipe
Tujuan & Sasaran Perenc.
Tujuan:
memberikan pengertian dan pemahaman
terhadap tipe-tipe tujuan dan sasaran
perencanaan dalam perencanaan
komprehensif.
9

ARTI "perumusan tujuan" dalam proses

perenc. komprehensif
• TUJUAN PERENCANAAN:
PERENCANAAN
KOMPREHENSIF berisi arahan kebijakan
Pengumpulan & pembangunan wilayah.
Pengolahan data

Analisis
• SASARAN PERENCANAAN:
perencanaan penerjemahan tujuan ke hal-
Perumusan Tujuan &
hal yang lebih rinci, yang bila
Sasaran Perencanaan semua rincian ini tercapai,
Pengembangan
maka tujuan dianggap
Alternatif Rencana tercapai.
Evaluasi & Seleksi
Alternatif Rencana
• Pada tahap berikutnya,
tujuan dan sasaran
Penyusunan Dokumen
Rencana diterjemahkan ke beberapa
Penyusunan Program & alternatif rencana.
Proyek/Tindakan 10

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 5
 PENGERTIAN "tujuan" dan "sasaran"
perencanaan & beda antara keduanya
• Tujuan merupakan keinginan (intentions or
desires), yang bersifat umum dan mengandung
pengharapan, dan pencapaiannya jauh dan tak
terbatas. Dalam perencanaan komprehensif
untuk perkotaan, tujuan berasosiasi dengan
keinginan atau harapan jangka panjang (Branch
dan Robinson, 1968).
• ”Tujuan" bersifat luas dan umum (broad and
general), sedangkan "sasaran" bersifat lebih
rinci dan memperlihatkan langkah atau gerakan
menuju pencapaian tujuan (McLoughlin, 1969).
11

TIPE-TIPE "tujuan/sasaran perencanaan"

Tipe-tipe
tujuan perenc.
(1) Tujuan berdasar kinerja
berdasar (2) Tujuan pencapaian
“cakupan”

Tipe-tipe
sasaran perenc.
(1) Tipe Mantap
berdasar (2) Tipe Pilihan
“kemantapan” (3) Tipe Kemungkinan

Tipe-tipe (1) Jangka pendek

sasaran perenc. (2) Jangka menengah
berdasar
“jangka waktu” (3) Jangka panjang
12

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 6
 TIPE-TIPE "tujuan perencanaan"
Tipe-tipe
tujuan perenc.
(1) Tujuan berdasar kinerja
berdasar (2) Tujuan pencapaian
“cakupan”
Menurut Robinson (1972): berkaitan dengan kota
a. Tujuan berdasar kinerja secara keseluruhan
(performance goals)
sebagai “kerangka = (sebagai suatu sistem
sistem))
dan merupakan fokus
pembangunan perkotaan” perencanaan kebijakan.
dijabarkan ke berkaitan dengan upaya
b. Tujuan berdasar memelihara atau meraih tingkat
pencapaian
(achievement goals). = pencapaian tertentu dalam
berbagai kegiatan fungsional atau
sektor (misal: kesehatan,
pendidikan, dan transportasi). 13

TIPE-TIPE “sasaran perencanaan"

Tipe-tipe
sasaran perenc.
(1) Tipe Mantap
berdasar (2) Tipe Pilihan
“kemantapan” (3) Tipe Kemungkinan

Menurut Branch & Robinson (1968), ada 3 tipe sasaran:

Tipe Tipe sasaran yg tdk bisa ditawar.

Mantap Contoh
Contoh:: Perlunya kota memelihara layanan
perkotaan yang esensial.

Tipe Tipe sasaran yg salah satu opsi hrs dipilih.

Contoh, Opsi 1: Peningkatan fas. transportasi
Pilihan
Opsi 2: Perluasan layanan sosial
Tipe Tergantung situasi dan kondisi, mungkin
Kemungkinan atau tdk utk diusulkan menjadi sasaran.
14

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 7
 TIPE-TIPE “sasaran perencanaan"
Tipe-tipe (1) Jangka pendek
tujuan perenc. (2) Jangka menengah
berdasar
“jangka waktu” (3) Jangka panjang

Jangka
Pendek
Jangka
Menengah
Jangka
Panjang
Catatan:
Sasaran jangka pendek bisa menjadi bagian dari sasaran
jangka panjang, atau bisa juga berdiri sendiri (berhenti
pada jangka pendek). 15

SUMBER TEORI utk tujuan perencanaan:

Antara lain: Aspek-aspek Menurut Levy (1997):
penting wilayah/kota a. Kesehatan
Menurut McLoughlin (1969): b. Keselamatan umum
a. Kualitas estetis c. Sirkulasi
b. Kondisi kesehatan & d. Penyediaan layanan/
sanitasi lingkungan fasilitas umum
c. Kondisi kesehatan e. Kesehatan keuangan
perkonomian f. Tujuan ekonomi
d. Aksesibilitas g. Pelestarian
e. Fleksibilitas. lingkungan
h. Pemerataan tujuan
Contoh:
Tujuan: mengurangi panjang perjalanan dari rumah ke tempat
kerja <bersifat umum>
Sasaran: rata-rata panjang perjalanan dari rumah ke tempat
kerja tidak lebih dari 10 km <terukur>
16

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 8
 Topik 3:
Metode & Teknik
Perumusan Tujuan dalam
Perenc. Komprehensif
Tujuan:
memberikan pemahaman metode dan
teknik yang umum dipakai dalam
perumusan tujuan dan sasaran
perencanaan.
17

TAHAPAN perumusan
tujuan/sasaran perencanaan
Menurut McLoughlin (1969), tahapan perumusan
tujuan:
(1) Pengumpulan aspirasi klien
(2) Perumusan tujuan dan sasaran antar para
profesional
(3) Presentasi dan diskusi/dialog dengan klien
Kemudian dilakukan iterasi (pengulangan siklis) terus
sampai tercapai kesepakatan (konsensus).
Catatan: Melibatkan masyarakat luas dalam
perumusan tujuan perencanaan merupakan hal
yang ideal. Tapi, seringkali masyarakat luas belum
siap untuk ikut meng-identifikasi tujuan tersebut.
18

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 9
 METODE perumusan tujuan/sasaran
perencanaan dan hubungan antar
pelaku proses perencanaan
PEMBUAT
PERENCANA/PROFESIONAL KEPUTUSAN
PUBLIK
Hasil
Analisis (Berbasis konsultasi (Berbasis proses
rasional) politik)
perumusan penetapan tujuan
usulan tujuan dan sasaran
dan sasaran perencanaan
perencanaan
Pengumpulan
Pengumpulan Aspirasi
Aspirasi Potensi di masa
depan: partisipasi/ Masyarakat
Masyarakat
aspirasi online Pendekatan
Pendekatan (“7/24”) politik
ilmiah 19

Praktek: Proses Penyusunan RTRW

24 bulan
PENYUSUNAN RTRW PENETAPAN
8-18 bulan
1 Persiapan 1 bulan

2 Pengumpulan
data dan informasi 2-3 bulan

3 Analisis 2-6 bulan (termasuk

review RTRW yg ada)
2-7 bulan (termasuk 4 Perumusan
penyusunan naskah konsep rencana
teknis)

5 Penyusunan Proses
1 bulan raperda penetapan
20

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 10
 4 Perumusan Konsep RTRW
Ke
Tahap
berikut-
nya

Penyampaian keberatan/
sanggahan
Peran
Masyarakat 21

Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):

Formulation Process (1)
The process of developing goals, objectives, and strategies
for the Ionia County Master Plan involved numerous public
forums:
Citizen Opinion Survey
Community Input Forum Meetings
Goal-setting Workshops : a series of 5 meetings were
hosted by the Planning Commission toidentify prioritized
“strengths” and “challenges” within the County as defined by
the participants.
Public Review of Draft Goals, Objectives and Strategies
– Upon the completion of the draft GoalsChapter of the
Master Plan, a public meeting was used to allow residents to
provide additional comment.
22

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 11
 Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):
Formulation Process (2)
Additionally, background
Pengumpulan & information/studies has also been carefully
Pengolahan data
considered in the creation of goals,
Analisis objectives and strategies.
perencanaa Background studies include: socio-
n economics, natural features, housing,
Perumusan Tujuan &
Sasaran Perencanaan existing land use, utilities and transportation
within the Ionia County area.
These studies offered a “snapshot” of the community and of
the residents who live here.
These studies are used to assess future trends in population
and the local economy, anticipated housing need, potential
weaknesses inlocal infrastructure, as well as the identification of
environmentally sensitive land.
For these reasons the background studies are an invaluable
information source that have been utilized in the development of
a set of goals for the County.
23

Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):

Citizen Opinion Survey
In the spring of 2000, a countywide land use
and planning survey was completed by Michigan
State University for the Ionia County Planning
Commission.
The goal of this research was to seek the
opinions of county residents on a variety of
issues involving land-use, planning, economic
development and recreation use.
The results of this research is based on 736
surveys returned completed from an initial
random sample of 1,820 cases.

24

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 12
 Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):
Community Input Forum Meetings
During the months of September and October of 2000, the
County Planning Commission hosted a series of 10 community
input meetings.
These forums were advertised throughout the County and
open to the public.
They were designed to gain input from the community on
various specific issue areas, including agriculture, housing,
education, public safety, local government, business and
industry, natural resources, recreation and quality of life.
The community input forums were facilitated by members of
the Michigan State University Extension office. The presence of
this agency helped to ensure that a non-biased approach to this
forum was used and that all voices were heard.
Members from Wade-Trim, Inc., the planning consulting firm
hired to assist in the development of the Ionia County Master
Plan, were also present at these meetings. However, their only
capacity was to record those issues identified and carefully note
citizen concerns. 25

Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):

Goal-setting Workshop (1)
During the months of February and March of 2001, the
County Planning Commission hosted a series of five
goal-setting workshops.
These workshops were open to the public and held in
various locations throughout the County to provide
convenience to residents.
The purpose of these workshops was to involve the
public in defining and prioritizing key strengths and
challenges within the County through the use of a
Nominal Group Technique.
Advertisements for this workshop were included in local
newspapers and posted around the County to generate
community-wide interest and attendance.
26

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 13
 Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):
Goal-setting Workshop (2)
Participants were first asked to identify issues from a personal
perspective and then as part of a small group.
Subsequently, each of the groups shared their priorities with
the entire audience, finally, each individual voted for the three
issues in both categories that they believed most important,
starting with number one as the highest priority.
Responses from each of the meetings were tabulated in order
to identify which issues were deemed most important by
residents. In tabulating responses, those responses receiving a
number three rating were given a one value, while a number one
rating received a three value. A rating of two was equal to a two
value.
At the completion of this five meeting series, each of the
meeting results were compiled into a master list by grouping
identical issues.
This compilation allows observers to identify which issues
(strengths and challenges) were viewed as most important by
the participants. 27

Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):

Review of Draft Goals—Public Meeting
At this public meeting the public was presented
with the draft Goals chapter of the Master Plan.
Time was provided for public input of the
presented materials.

28

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 14
 Contoh Kasus: Ionia County (AS):
Planning Goals
It is the goal of the Ionia County Planning Commission to:
Help to ensure the long-term viability of the agricultural industry while protecting the
development rights of the farming community.
Create an optimum living environment for both the present and future residents of
the community that will work to solve their physical needs, offer variety and choice,
and avoid nuisance effect.
Protect environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands, streams and groundwater
recharge areas from the impacts of developments which may tend to be incompatible
with the natural environment.
Guide new development in a manner that conserves natural features and
environmentally sensitive areas and meets the needs of the community both today
and through the next twenty years.
Continue to actively involve the public in the decision - making process.
Guide future growth and development in a manner that respects the County’s rural
atmosphere.
Balance the rate of land development with the availability of public facilities and
services such as roads and utilities. Encourage more compact developments near the
established “urbanized “ areas of the County.
Promote cooperation with other governmental units within and adjacent to Ionia
County through joint meetings and shared awareness of proposed development
areas.
Promote economic development that will benefit the long-term needs of the County
rather than benefiting short-term, private economic gain.
Balance the rights of the individual property owner with the needs of the public
interest.
29

Topik 4:
Dalam Perenc. Strategis:
Metode & Teknik
Perumusan Visi, Tujuan,
Sasaran & Strategi
Tujuan:
memberikan pemahaman metode dan
teknik yang umum dipakai dalam
perumusan visi, tujuan, sasaran
perencanaan dan strategi dalam
perencanaan strategis. 30

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 15
 Dari: Surat Edaran Mendagri Nomor 050/2020/SJ perihal
Petunjuk Penyusunan .. dan RPJM Daerah (1)

31

Dari: Surat Edaran Mendagri Nomor 050/2020/SJ perihal

Petunjuk Penyusunan .. dan RPJM Daerah (2)

32

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 16
 Dari: Surat Edaran Mendagri Nomor 050/2020/SJ perihal
Petunjuk Penyusunan .. dan RPJM Daerah (3)

33

Kaitan Tujuan-Sasaran-Strategi
dalam perencanaan strategis

ISU-ISU STRATEGIS

TUJUAN TUJUAN TUJUAN

SASARA SASARA SASARA SASARA SASARA SASARA

N N N N N N

STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI

STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI
STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI STRATEGI
STRATEG STRATEG STRATEG STRATEG STRATEG STRATEG
I I I I I I

34

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 17
 Pengertian Tujuan dalam
perencanaan strategis
• Tujuan (goals) adalah pernyataan umum
tentang “ke arah mana” suatu organisasi (atau
komunitas) akan berada di masa depan.
• Tujuan (seperti halnya isu-isu strategis) dibatasi
jumlahnya agar lebih terfokus; meskipun
demikian tujuan belum bersifat spesifik dan
tidak terukur.
• Contoh tujuan: (1) pekonomian lokal yang
sejahtera, dan (2) kehidupan masyarakat yang
bervitalitas.
35

Pengertian Sasaran dalam

perencanaan strategis
• Sasaran (objectives) merupakan target yang
spesifik dan terukur dari tiap tujuan
perencanaan; diukur dgn indikator kinerja.
• Sasaran umumnya berjangka pendek dan
untuk tiap tujuan biasanya disusun beberapa
sasaran.
• Karena yang dapat diukur adalah sasaran
(bukan tujuan), maka bila semua sasaran
telah tercapai maka tujuan dianggap tercapai
pula.
36

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 18
 Pengertian Strategi dalam
perencanaan strategis
• Strategi adalah cara langkah-demi-langkah
yang dilakukan organisasi (atau komunitas)
dalam mencapai sasaran-sasaran
perencanaan strategisnya.
• Strategi umumnya terdiri dari program,
kegiatan, atau proyek—semuanya ini
merupakan tindakan atau aksi (action
steps).

37

Contoh Tujuan-Sasaran-Strategi dalam

perencanaan strategis (1)
Sumber: http://alexandriava.gov/city/amacc/strategicplan/
strategic_plan.html <diakses 25-01-2006>
ALEXANDRIA GOALS 2004-2009
Goal 1: Quality Development and Redevelopment that is Well Planned
and Consistent with Alexandria's Vision.
Goal 2: A City That Respects, Protects and Enhances the Natural
Environment.
Goal 3: An Integrated, Multi Modal Transportation System that Gets
People from Point "A" to Point "B" Efficiently and Effectively.
Goal 4: A Strong City Economy that is Growing in Varied Small
Businesses and Job Opportunities.
Goal 5: A Caring Community that is Diverse and Affordable.
Goal 6: The City Government Is Financially Sustainable, Efficient and
Community Oriented.
Goal 7: In Partnership with the Alexandria City Schools, Public
Schools That are Among the Best in Northern Virginia.

38

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 19
 Contoh Tujuan-Sasaran-Strategi dalam
perencanaan strategis (2)
Goal 1: Quality Development and Redevelopment that is Well Planned
and Consistent with Alexandria's Vision.
Objectives:
New Development, Redevelopment and Infill Development are
Compatible with the Character and Scale of Alexandria
Neighborhoods, its Natural Environment and its Historic Resources.
New Development and Redevelopment Enhance the Vitality of City
Neighborhoods and Create Their Own Sense of Place.
New Residential Development and Redevelopment Include Housing
Units for Persons with Mixed Incomes and Provide Accessible
Housing Opportunities.
The City Encourages New Development and Redevelopment that are
Highly Transit Oriented.
New Development and Redevelopment Along Major Corridors Have
High Quality Design.
An Updated Comprehensive Master Plan Reflects the City's Vision
and Community Goals, and is Used in Land Use and Development
Decision Making.
The Development Process Encourages Community Participation.
39

Contoh Tujuan-Sasaran-Strategi dalam

perencanaan strategis (3)
Goal 2: A City That Respects, Protects and Enhances the
Natural Environment.
Objectives:
There is greater Environmental Sensitivity in Planning
New Development, Redevelopment and Public
Facilities.
The City Increases the Amount of Open Space,
Recreation Space and Park Acreage Per Resident.
The City's Overall Tree Canopy is Protected and
Expanded.
The Appearance of Gateways, Entrances and
Corridors is Improved.
More People Travel in the City by Mass Transit, Bicycle
or Walking and Become Less Auto Dependent.
The Quality of Air and Water in Alexandria is Improved.
40

MTP II: Perumusan Tujuan & sasaran Perencanaan (A. Djunaedi, 2012)—Hal. 20