An Analysis of Subtitling Strategy in the La La Land Movie

(2016)

P.W.P. Dhari1, I.W. Suarnajaya2

123Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha

Singaraja, Indonesia

e-mail : putuwitapradnyadhari@yahoo.com, wy.suarnajaya@undiksha.ac.id,

arie.suwastini@undiksha.ac.id

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi kesalahan dalam terjemahan lirik-lirik lagu
pada film La La Land, dan (2) mengelompokkan kesalahan dalam terjemahan lirik-lirik lagu pada film
La La Land. Penelitian ini di desain secara deskriptif kualitatif. Ada lima buah lagu yang digunakkan
sebagai subjek dari penelitian ini yang berjudul Another Day of Sun, Someone in the Crowd, A Lovely
Night, City of Stars, and Audition (The Fools Who Dream). Kesalahan-kesalahan yang terdapat pada
terjemahan lirik-lirik lagu merupakan objek dari penelitian ini. Untuk mengambil data digunakan
beberapa metode seperti menonton film, membuat catatan, dan mebuat transkripsi. Setelah itu data
yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasilnya adalah, ditemukan 186 kesalahan pada makna,
kealamian, irama dan sajaknya. Terdapat 25 atau 20% kesalahan pada maknanya, 39 atau 31%
kesalahan pada kealamiannya, 107 atau 86% kesalahan pada iramanya, dan 15 atau 12%
kesalahan pada sajaknya. Secara terperinci, pada lagu Another Day of Sun, ditemukan 10 or 33%
kesalahan pada maknanya, 17 atau 56% kesalahan pada keaalamiannya, 29 or 97% kesalahan pada
iramanya, dan 5 atau 16% kesalahan pada sajaknya. Pada lagu Someone in the Crowd, ditemukkan
6 atau 24% kesalahan pada maknanya, 7 or 28% kesalahan pada kealamiannya, 25 atau 96%
kesalahan pada iramanya, dan 5 atau 20% kesalahan pada sajaknya. Kemudian, pada lagu A Lovely
Night, ditemukkan 2 atau 5% kesalahan pada maknanya, 5 atau 14% kesalahan pada kealamiannya,
32 atau 74% kesalahan pada iramanya, dan 2 or 5% kesalahan pada sajaknya. Pada lagu City of
Stars, ditemukkan 1 atau 12% kesalahan pada maknanya, 1 atau 12% kesalahan pada
kealamiannya, 8 atau 62% kesalahan pada iramanya, dan 0 atau 0% kesalahan pada sajaknya. Yang
terkahir pada lagu Audition (The Fools Who Dream), ditemukkan 5 atau 22% kesalahan pada
maknanya, 9 atau 33% kesalahan pada kealamiannya, 24 atau 88% kesalahan pada iramanya, dan
3 atau 11% kesalahan pada sajaknya. Permasalah terbanyak dapat ditemukkan pada irama dari lirik-
lirik lagu film La La Land dengan 107 (86%) kesalahan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerjemah lirik
lagu pada film La La Land tidak berhasil mempertahankan irama lagu yang menjadi nilai penting pada
terjemahan lagu karena adanya perbedaan antara bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris.

Kata Kunci: Terjemahan Audiovisual, terjemahan lagu, subtitle, kesalahan pada terjemahan
 ABSTRACT

This research focuses on the analysis of the subtitling strategy used in the La La Land
(2016) movie using Gottlieb’s (1992) theory about subtitling strategy. The objectives of this
research are (1) to identify the subtitling strategies found in the La La Land (2016) movie and
(2) to describe the subtitling strategy in the La La Land (2016) movie. The type of this
research is descriptive qualitative. The object of this research is the La La Land (2016) movie
script. The researcher uses documentation technique to collect the data. The researcher
obtains 62 data which use subtitling strategies in the La La Land (2016) movie script. There
are expansion strategy 19,35%, paraphrase strategy 17,74%, transfer strategy 16,12%,
imitation strategy 16,12%, transcription strategy 1,61%, and deletion strategy 29, 03%. The
most subtitling strategy used is Deletion, because the subtitler delete the the utterance in the
source language to make correlate with the target language.

Key words: Translation, Subtitle, AVT, Subtitling Strategy

INTRODUCTION native language interference on it (Shelby,

English plays an important role in this
globalization era. It becomes a common
language of communication that is spoken
by 1-1.6 billion people all over the world
(Lingua English, 2015). There are so
many people who use English on
international language that can make
them get in touch with international
community.
It is really important to master English
nowadays because it becomes a lingua
franca or known as working language that
is used in many field such as business,
politics, science, technology, etc. (Hoge,
2017). Moreover, most of the international
organizations, most-used language of the
internet, movie and even book are also
using English as their international
language. From that, mastering English
can give us some benefits started from
getting easy to communicate with
international community, accessing an
amount of information and the most
important is for seeking more job
opportunity.
However, people finds out English quite
challenging to be learned (Putra, 2015).
There are some issues that become the
cause of English learning problem. The
difficulties that are found in learning and
also using English has a connection, with
learner’s native language, and that
difficulties are usually in the pronunciation,
grammar, and vocabulary as there is
2017). In learning a new language, the
difficulties level of the new language
depend on the similarity of the learner’s
native language with the new language
(Sutherland, 2016). Here, English and
Indonesian have some differences started
from the language structure and the
word’s pronunciation which seems quite
difficult to be pronounced with our mother
tongue. Beside of that, the other main
problem that occurred in learning English
is because most people still has a lack of
motivation to learn English (Putra, 2015).
One of the factor that made students less-
motivated in learning English could be
because of the monotone strategy or
technique which is used by the teacher.
Misdaryanti (2009) suggested that
interesting media should be used by the
teacher in teaching to motivate students
and decrease boredom of the students. A
various teaching techniques also can be
used to increase student’s motivation
(Hastuti, 2010).
There are so many media and also
techniques that can be used to learn
English. One of the easy way is by using
translation process to understand foreign
language especially English (Akbar,
2016). Translation is suited to be applied
as one of the method for language
practice. It can be applied to develop and
improve learner’s English skill. Dagiliene
stated that, “Translation is an effective and
valid tool in the foreign language learning
that can enhances better understanding of
structures of the two languages, and also
improve knowledge in English.” (2012) In
addition, Duff stated that, “Translation
happens everywhere and all the time.”
(2014). Students translate in class for
other students, interpret signs and
translate instructions. Moreover, they
mentally translate ideas from their mother
tongue into English. Moreover, According
to Leonardi (2011), translation can be
successfully employed at any level of
proficiency, whether it’s school or
University, to support, integrate and
further strengthen the four traditional
language skills: reading, writing, speaking
and listening. Here, translation can be
said as the suitable strategy that can be
used by the teacher in teaching English.
Empirically, translation is a process of
transferring the meaning from one
language to another language with the
closest natural equivalent (Larson, 1998;
Nida & Taber, 2003). One language to
another language here means the
transferring is from the source language
(SL) into target language (TL) and closest
natural here means that the meaning of
the source language that is translated into
target language is still same. The most
important thing here is the translation
should be natural and easy to be
understood. Nida and Taber (1982) stated
that “The translator must attempt to
reproduce the meaning of a passage as
understood by the writer”. It can be
concluded that the accurateness and also
the naturalness of the target language
translation is really important. Translation
should convey every information from
source language. So, the other people will
understand, get the exact meaning and
not feel ambiguous about the translation.
There are two forms of translation, they
are translation in printed media and
electronic media (Aveline, 2015).
Translation in electronic media is called as
AVT (Audiovisual Translation).
“Audiovisual language transfer indicates
the process by which a film or television
program is made comprehensible to a
target audience that is unfamiliar with the
original’s source language” (Luyken,
1991) Audiovisual translation is majoring
into dubbing and subtitling. Dubbing is an
activity of replacing the original voice
soundtrack with another voice in another
target language that is intended. While,
subtitling is defined as supplementing the
original voice soundtrack by adding written
text on screen (O'Connell, 2000).
Subtitling and dubbing often found in a
movie. As stated by Coelh, “Subtitling and
dubbing represent the two methods for
transferring language in the translation
process of mass audio-visual
communication such as film and
television” (2003) In Indonesia, movie
already grows to be people’s need
especially for the existence of western
movie. Western movie takes a big role in
our movie industry as one of the
entertainment and also become the
communication tools because movies are
transferring ideas and might be one of the
information sources which has extended
influence (Simanjuntak & Basari, 2013). It
can be said implicitly that movie can be
used as learning strategy that motivate
student in learning new language. As King
(2002) states “films provide more
pedagogical options and are a rich
resource of naturally motivating materials
for learners.” Here, western movies are
equipped with Indonesian translation in a
form of subtitle.
Subtitle is very important. It is the
method of translation that helps the viewer
from another language understand the
language used in the movie easily. The
audience that not used the source
language as their first language also can
enjoy the film without ambiguous thinking.
Beside, subtitle helps people who learn
new language in language acquisition,
communicating with deaf community and
ensuring that no single statement is
missed in noisy places (Collin, 2015). The
National Centre for Technology Innovative
and Centre for Implementing Technology
in Education (2010) asserts that for
students who are learning English (or
another language), subtitled movies can
have some potential benefits. Especially in
improving reading and listening
comprehension, word comprehension,
decoding skills, motivation and vocabulary
acquisition (Ebrahim, 2016).
Unfortunately, as Darma (2011)
mentioned that subtitling is not an easy
job because it has some constraints and
limitations. Bogucki (n.d.) stated that,
“Subtitling is much more complex as a
cross-medium activity (spoken to written)”.
It has some constraints in formal or
quantitative, and textual or qualitative
(Gottlieb, 1992). These constraints are
disposed on the subtitle by visual context
of the film, space and also time factors.
The visual context restricts the subtitle
that can be shown on the screen to
minimize redundancy, but the restrictions
of the quality, space and time may have
destructive effect. Subtitling must not be
done in a complex structure process
because the sentences must be
uncomplicated, short and simple but these
will affect the stylish effects or the
politeness patterns with that simple
translation. Subtitling is constrained on the
length of the subtitle, the additive nature of
subtitling and the visual complementation
of the text on screen (Bogucki, n.d.).
However, the constraints of these feasible
combination of relevance, traditional
constraints and technicalities can yield a
new approach to subtitling procedures
because the translator has a limited
choice.
Moreover, Gutt (1991) stated that the
interpretation of the translation should
adequately relevant to the audience and it
should be expressed in such a manner
that it yields the intended interpretation
without putting the audience to
unnecessary effort. Kovačič (1996)
reminds us that, subtitling, cannot be
reduced to mere technical hindrances
because the content is determined also by
what is linguistically relevant in the visual
context. In making a subtitle, the translator
must know the content and the purpose of
the work. It is important to understand who
the target audience is, as this influences
choice of vocabulary and syntax (Steiner,
1975). Audiovisual translators must also
have the ability to comprehend the implicit
information that and decide whether it
needs to be made explicit. Here, the
audience of the AVT movie constitute non-
specialist and non-homogeneous
audiences, therefore a viable balance
needs to be struck between what is
presupposed and what is openly stated.
Jaskanen (1999) explained that “Subtitling
should not be obstructive to the eye and
should ideally blend in with the film”. The
source language must be subtitled
appropriately into the target language into
writing within the time and space limits of
the subtitle. It must be fit with the original
rules, regulations, idioms, and frame of
reference of the target language and its
culture. Like what have been stated by
Sugeng Haryanto (2005) that in translating
a movie, the translator usually get difficulty
in ‘language and culture’. It seemed
clearly that subtitling is not an easy job
especially for the translator itself. It might
be the reasons why some subtitles are still
less accurate, not clear and not natural
because of the rules that constrain the
process and the final product.
These problems may affect the
audience’s understanding and
comprehension about the intended
message of the movie. It can reduce the
enjoyment and the amusement effect of
the movie if the subtitle is poor (Sanford,
2017). Like what happened in China,
Rahman (2014) stated that “Critics and
fans alike are complaining the subtitles
are spoiling the humour of Guardians of
the Galaxy movie that has proved so
popular elsewhere”. From the writer’s pre-
observation also found out that the
mistranslations and where the subtitles
failed to show the original feel of the
movie, such as jokes, puns and
homophones affect the quality of the
movie also. Then, it will also affect most
people especially students who used
movie to learn English. Moreover,
Paunonen (1996) in Jaskanen (1991)
gives a telling example of this: an angry 7
viewer had written to the editor of Uusi
Suomi in 1945 complaining about the
quality of a subtitling in a film. The viewer
advised that distributors should take
action to improve the quality of
translations. Hence, the translators must
be aware about the readability in
translating the subtitle because high
readability can only be reached when a
subtitle is translated by an accurate
strategy.
This is why knowing the subtitling
strategies which are usually occurred and
used in western movie is important.
Subtitling is target-oriented activity, but
also source-oriented. Shochat and Stam
(1985) remark that "The optimum subtitle
is thus one which is easy to process, yet
fraught with content. Kovačič (1995)
discussed that language used in subtitle
resembles the spoken rather than written
variety. In this case, subtitling strategies
should be treated descriptively rather than
prescriptively (Fawcett, 1996). To
systematize commonly made choices in
translation as a decision-making process
is the rationale behind their
conceptualization. The single process of
translation can be seen as a transaction.
Within that transaction, "the various
modalities and procedures to go with it
presuppose choices, alternatives,
decisions, strategies, aims and goals"
(Hermans, 1996). Newmark (1981)
realized the applicability of universal
translation solely to a handful of text
types. It becomes clear that the specificity
of a particular translation assignment
impinges on the character of choices
made in the process.
Hermans (1991) insists that translators'
choices do not always have to be
conscious or rational. Nevertheless, there
must be some consideration in choosing
certain solutions. Knowing and
understanding the subtitling strategies will
help the translator and subtitler especially
in the decision-making process to choose
the suitable strategy which is fit with the
aim, goals and content of the movie.
When the translator know the kind of
strategies, it will be very helpful in knowing
what are the strategies that should be
used when there’s an information that
must be deleted or shorten as Mona
Baker strategy (1992), or using Vinay and
Darbelnet strategy (1977/1995) where it
will be turned out to be comprehensive
and applicable to most translational
actions which is ranging from the most
semantic to the most communicative one.
Chesterman (2000) aptly compares
translation strategies to means that are
used in order to meet ends that is
translation norms. Here, the subtitler
adheres to valid norms by adopting
appropriate strategies, simultaneously
obtaining relevance in the context of the
whole of the filmic message. The process
produces optimum translation.
From the phenomena above, the study
of “An analysis of subtitling strategy in the
movie” was conducted with two aims. First
is aimed to identify the subtitle strategies
found in every scene of the movie that has
been translated through English subtitles
into Indonesian subtitles, then classify
them into ten subtitling strategies used in
Gottlieb’s theory (1992). Second is to
describe the subtitling strategy used in the
movie. This study aimed to contribute to
the translation study in this area especially
in subtitling. This research finding will
enrich the theories of subtitling on film
especially from English movie into
Indonesia subtitle, it will also beneficial for
the English student who learn translation
to improve their ability in the process of
studying about translation and subtitling
strategies. For the subtitler, the result of
this research can be used to enrich the
concept of subtitling strategies in
translating of source text and develop the
translation and subtitling reference of the
subtitler. This study also works as a filter,
making sure that what is lost in the
process is irrelevant or does not prevent
the audience from appreciating the
resulting product (movie).
The movie that will be analysed here is
entitled “La La Land” (2016), a movie by
Damien Chazelle, in 2016. The movie was
broadly promoted to some international
film festival such as, Venice Festival,
Golden Globe Awards, Critics’ Choice
Awards, British Academy Film Awardsand
even won an award in Oscar for Best
Director and Actress in a Leading Role
category in 2017. This movie was chosen
for this research because the researcher
wanted to analyse translation strategies
used from the SL into English of
Indonesian movies which has broadly
watched by people around the world.
Especially, La La Land movie that has a
musical genre received critical acclaim
and was regarded as one of the best films
of 2016. Here, La La Land had grossed
$27.8 million, La La Land is played in
about 1200 movies (Libbey, 2017). The
movie was leaded by Sebastian (Ryan
Gosling) and Mia (Emma Stone). Mia
Dolan, an aspiring actress, has a moment
of road rage with Sebastian Wilder, a
struggling jazz pianist. Both of them are
drawn together by their common desire to
do what they love. The story of love affair,
and the dreams they worked so hard to
maintain in each other threaten to rip them
apart.
data will be gathered. Then, the
researcher will analyse the script to
identify the dialogue and classify what
strategy is used in every single dialogue.
The researcher will collect the data by
watching the movie, then researcher will
take random sampling of data. Then, the
research will start collecting the data from
the research tool, which is the movie’s
script. After collecting the data, then the
researcher will be separating the dialogue
in every single line and analysing the
strategies used in translating the source
language. The final result will be an
analysis and description about what kind
of subtitling strategies were found.

METHODOLOGY
This research used a descriptive FINDING AND DISCUSSION
qualitative method with the aim to
describe the certain cases (Colorafi KJ, et FINDING AND DISCUSSION
al, 2016). Using descriptive method, the In the data, the writer tabulated the finding
researcher will classify and describe the data as below:
phenomena of translation, especially the
Table 1: Subtitling Strategies Used in
subtitling strategies which are used in the
Subtitle Text of La La Land (2016) Movie
La La Land (2016) movie. The data
sampling is gotten by choosing random No. Subtitling Data Percentage
data. The subject of the conversation Strategies
under study are Sebastian and Mia.
1 Expansion 12 19,35%
Sebastian and Mia are the main character
in this movie because they are mostly 2 Paraphrase 11 17,74%
appear in every scene of the subtitle in the 3 Transfer 10 16,12%
La La Land (2016) movie and also the 4 Imitation 10 16,12%
other characters. The data was collected
5 Transcription 1 1,61%
by using documentation from La La Land
movie. The data of this study are English 6 Dislocation 0 0%
Indonesian subtitles from the dialogue of 7 Condensation 0 0%
original movie. The first step, the movie 8 Decimation 0 0%
will be watched for several times in order
9 Deletion 18 29,03%
to comprehend the movie better. After
that, the translated or subtitled version of 10 Resignation 0 0%
the movie into Indonesian can be found in Total 62 100%
the original DVD and the source language
script of the movie will be downloaded. From the table 4.1, it can be seen that
The researcher will try to comprehend it subtitling strategies used in La La Land
with the target language from the movie. movie are expansion strategy 19,35%,
The last step is identify and classify the paraphrase strategy 17,74%, transfer
dialogue from the movie that contains strategy 16,12%, imitation strategy
subtitling strategies as the data of the 16,12%, transcription strategy 1,61%, and
study. The unit of analysis of this research deletion strategy 29, 03%. The result
is every utterances which is found in The shows that there’s some utterance which
La La Land Movie (2016) movie subtitles are deleted in the source language by the
that have one subtitling strategy will be translator to make it correlate with the
classified using subtitling strategies by target language.
Gottlieb (1992). In this research, first the
Discussion
Expansion
SL: Welcome to the opera, junior!
TL: Selamat datang ke pementasan seni,
junior!
The strategy used in the utterance above
is expansion strategy. The translator
added the word pementasan seni into the
target language as the meaning from
expansion strategy.
Paraphrase
SL: Give me a moment.
TL: Tunggu sebentar.
The paraphrase strategy is used to
translate the clause give me a moment
into tunggu sebentar. If the source
language is translated literally, it says beri
saya satu saat. On the other hand, the
phrase tunggu sebentar means to
represent the meaning of give me a
moment in the source language.
Transfer
SL: One! Two! Three!
TL: Satu! Dua! Tiga!
This utterance from the source language
One! Two! Three! which is tranlated into
Satu! Dua! Tiga! in the target language by
using transfer strategy. There is no
addition or deletion in this utterance that
was found by the translator.
Imitation
SL: Hey, madam. Is that Sebastian?
TL: Hei, nyonya, apa itu Sebastian?
Imitation is rewritten the name of person
or place from the source language into the
target language.
Transcription
SL: jiu-jitsu, Muay Thai, and a thousand
styles in between.
TL: Jiu-jitsu, Muay Thai, dan ratusan
lainnya.
The utterance jiu-jitsu, Muay Thai, and a
thousand styles in between in the source
language is translated into Jiu-jitsu, Muay
Thai, dan ratusan lainnya in the target
language by using transcription strategy.
The phrase in the source language that
used this strategy is jiu-jitsu. The
translator used this strategy because this
phrase is the third language. By using the
third language, the phrase included into
transcription strategy which is not
translated into the target language.
Dislocation
In this strategy the translator cannot find
the utterance which uses dislocation
strategy.
Condensation
In this strategy the translator cannot find
the utterance which uses condensation
strategy.
Decimation
In this strategy the translator cannot find
the utterance which uses decimation
strategy.
Deletion
SL: Yes. I'm sure. I'm 31.
TL: Ya, aku yakin.
The utterance above used deletion
strategy. In the source language Yes. I'm
sure. I'm 31 the translator delete the
words I’m 31 into target language Ya, aku
yakin.
Resignation
In this strategy the translator cannot find
the utterance uses resignation strategy.
CONCLUSION
As the writer mentioned in background,
this study was conducted in order to
identify and describe the translation
strategies that are used in La La Land
movie based on Gottlieb’s ten subtitling
strategies. However, subtitling strategies
used by the translator of La La land movie
were expansion, paraphrase, transfer,
initiation, transcription, and deletion. The
number of the percentage were expansion
strategy 19.35%, paraphrase strategy
17.74%, transfer strategy 16.12%,
imitation strategy 16.12%, transcription
strategy 1.61%, and deletion strategy
29.03%. From the movie subtitle, the total
number of data was 62, with the details:
expansion occurring in this research was
12 (19.35%) data, paraphrase was 11
(17.74%) data, transfer was 10 (16.12%)
data, imitation was 10(16.12%) data,
transcription was 1 (1.61%) data and
deletion was 18 (29.03%) data. Based on
the result of each strategy, it can be
concluded that most of the strategy used
in the translation of subtitle is deletion.
The result shows that there’s some
utterance which are deleted in the source
language by the translator to make it
correlate with the target language. We can
just use one of the strategies to translate
the sentence if it is possible. We also can
use more than one strategy in one
sentence. It can be seen in some of the
example that the translator used various
translation strategies in order to transfer
the message clearly from the source
language to the target language.

SUGGESTION

Referring to the conclusion, the

following suggestions could be purposed
in the ending of the research. The
researchers in the future researches
should assess the translation by using
translation quality assessment to measure
the accuracy, naturalness, and readability
of the translation of song lyrics to get a
better result.
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