i

ABSTRAK

Head loss merupakan suatu nilai untuk mengetahui besarnya reduksi

tekanan total (total head) yang diakibatkan oleh fluida saat sistem pengaliran.
Friction loss pipa terjadi karena disebabkan gesekan antara air dengan
permukaan dalam pipa, sehingga menimbulkan gaya gesek. Percobaan ini
bertujuan untuk mempelajari head loss dan friction loss dari lairan fluida pada
pipa 2 dan 4, elbow 45° dan 135° serta enlagment dan contraction. Percobaan ini
dilakukan dengan variasi bukaan valve yaitu 25, 50, 75, dan 100% dengan
volume 5, 15, dan 25. Head loss terbesar pada pipa 2 terjadi pada bukaan 100%
yaitu 224,07 J/kg, pada pipa 4 bukaan 25% yaitu 262 J/kg. Pada elbow 45° dan
135 ° terjadi pada bukaan 75% yaitu 8,67 J/kg dan 18 J/kg. Pada enlagment dan
contraction pada bukaan 25% yaitu 10 dan 368 J/kg. Friction loss terbesar pada
pipa 2 dan 4, elbow 45° dan 135°, enlagment dan contraction secara berturut-
turut adalah 452,47 dan 31,187; 4,72 dan 10,83; 24,49 dan 82,3476 J/kg. Dari
percobaan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola aliran yang terjadi adalah
turbulen.
Kata kunci : Aliran Fluida, Contraction, Enlagment, Friction Loss, Head Loss
Pipa, Elbow
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DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK..........................................................................................................i
DAFTAR ISI......................................................................................................ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................iv
DAFTAR TABEL..............................................................................................v
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Pernyataan Masalah.................................................................................1
1.2 Tujuan......................................................................................................1
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Aliran Fluida............................................................................................2
2.2 Sifat-sifat Fluida......................................................................................2
2.2.1 Kerapatan (Density).................................................................................2
2.2.2 Laju Aliran Massa....................................................................................3
2.2.3 Viskositas.................................................................................................4
2.3 Saluran Tak Bundar..................................................................................5
2.4 Aliran Fluida.............................................................................................6
2.4.1 Klasifikasi Aliran.....................................................................................6
2.4.2 Tipe-tipe Aliran.......................................................................................6
2.5 Persamaan Bernouli..................................................................................8
2.6 Tekanan Statik, Tekanan Stagnasi dan Tekanan Dinamik......................8
2.7 Kerugian Tekanan Aliran dalam Pipa (Head Loss).................................9
2.7.1 Kerugian Mayor (Mayor Losses).............................................................9
2.7.2 Kerugian Minor (Minor Losses)............................................................10
2.8 Koefisiensi Gesek (f).............................................................................10
2.9 Manometer.............................................................................................10
2.9.1 Tabung Piezometer................................................................................12
2.9.2 Manometer Tabung U............................................................................13
2.9.3 Manometer Tabung Miring......................................................................13
BAB III METODE PERCOBAAN
3.1. Bahan – Bahan yang Digunakan............................................................15
3.2 Alat – Alat yang Digunakan..................................................................15
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3.3 Prosedur Praktikum...............................................................................15

3.3.1 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Di dalam Pipa Horizontal.......................15
3.3.2 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Di dalam Elbow.....................................15
3.3.3 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Didalam Contraction................................16
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Pipa Horizontal.......................................17
4.1.1 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Pipa 2......................................................17
4.1.2 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Pipa 4......................................................18
4.2 Friction Loss Pipa Enlargement dan Contruction..................................19
4.2.1 Friction Loss Pipa Enlargement.............................................................19
4.2.2 Friction Loss Pipa Contruction..............................................................20
4.3 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Elbow 45˚ dan 135˚................................20
4.3.1 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Elbow 45˚................................................20
4.3.2 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Elbow 135˚..............................................21
BAB V KESIMPULAN
5.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................................22
5.2 Saran......................................................................................................22
DAFTAR PUSTAKA.......................................................................................23
LAMPIRAN A DOKUMENTASI..................................................................24
LAMPIRAN B PERHITUNGAN...................................................................26
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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Kontinuitas......................................................................................4

Gambar 2.2 Penampung diameter hidrolik, Dh..................................................5
Gambar 2.3 Aliran Laminar...............................................................................7
Gambar 2.4 Aliran Transisi................................................................................7
Gambar 2.5 Aliran Turbulen...............................................................................7
Gambar 2.6 Persamaan Bernouli........................................................................8
Gambar 2.7 Pengukuran tekanan (A). Tekanan dinamil, (B) tekanan statik......8
Gambar 2.8 Diagram Moody............................................................................11
Gambar 2.9 Tabung Piezometer.......................................................................12
Gambar 2.10 Manometer Tabung-U.................................................................13
Gambar 2.11 Manometer Tabung Miring........................................................14
Gambar 4.1 Friction Factors for inside pipes...................................................18
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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Nilai Kekasaran Bahan........................................................................1

Tabel 4.1 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Pipa 2..................................................17
Tabel 4.2 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Pipa 4..................................................18
Tabel 4.3 Friction Loss Pipa Enlargement........................................................19
Tabel 4.4 Friction Loss Pipa Contruction.........................................................20
Tabel 4.5 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Elbow 45˚...........................................20
Tabel 4.6 Head Loss dan Friction Loss Elbow 135˚.........................................21