DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
Kata Pengantar ...........................................................................................................i
Prakata…………………………………………………………………………. ii
Daftar Isi………………………………………………………………………. iii
Daftar Gambar ................................................................................................... v
Daftar Tabel ... ................................................................................................... vii

BAB I PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA

DI SEKOLAH DASAR………………........................................…...... 1

A. Kajian Teori Belajar Matematika…………………………………................ .. 3

B. Kajian Metode Pembelajaran Matematika…………………………......... .. 23

BAB II PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA REALISTIK

INDONESIA (PMRI)........................................................................ 44

A. Konsep PMRI…………………………….................................... ........... . 46

B. Prinsip PMRI....................................................…………………………. 47
C. Karakteristik PMRI .............................................................................................52
D. Pengembangan Masalah Matematika Terbuka Berpendekatan PMRI ...............53

BAB III PEMBELAJARAN BILANGAN DAN

LAMBANG BILANGAN ……………………………… ..........64

A. Sistem Numerasi ............................................................................................. 67

B. Membilang ..........................................................................................................78
C. Nilai Tempat ........................................................................................................84
D. Basis ....................................................................................................................87
E. Pembelajaran Bilangan dan Lambang Bilangan ..................................................89

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BAB IV BILANGAN CACAH DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA................... 104
A. Pengertian Bilangan Cacah ............................................................................ 106
B. Relasi Pada Bilangan Cacah .......................................................................... 107
C. Pemahaman Konsep Penjumlahan Bilangan Cacah ........................................ 110
D. Pemahaman Konsep Pengurangan Bilangan Cacah ........................................ 128
E. Pemahaman Konsep Perkalian Bilangan Cacah .............................................. 135
F. Pemahaman Konsep Pembagian Bilangan Cacah........................................... 149

BAB V BILANGAN BULAT DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA ....................... 175

A. Pengenalan Bilangan Bulat ............................................................................ 177
B. Operasi Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan Bilangan Bulat ................................ 179
C. Operasi Perkalian............................................................................................. 197
D. Operasi Pembagian.......................................................................................... 201

BAB VI BILANGAN JAM DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA DI SD...................

DAFTAR PUSTAKA……………………………………………………………

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman
1.1 Berbagai Bangun Datar ….…….............................................................. 6
1.2 Pengenalan Penjumlahan ......................................................................... 7
1.3 Pengenalan Perkalian ............................................................................... 9
1.4 Pengenalan Sifat Pertukaran .................................................................... 13
1.5 Pengenalan Konsep Persegi Panjang ....................................................... 14
1.6 Pengenalan Konsep Bilangan “dua” ........................................................ 16
1.7 Taksonomi Gagne ……........................................................................... 18
1.8 Tangram ……………….…………………............................................. 25
1.9 Persegi panjang …………………..………………..………................... 25
1.10 Penemuan Rumus Luas Daerah Segitiga..…………............................... 27
1.11 Pola Bilangan Persegi ............................................................................. 28
1.12 Masalah Terbuka ..................................................................................... 29
1.13 Masalah Terbuka ..................................................................................... 29
2.1 Masalah Tertutup ..................................................................................... 54
2.2 Masalah Terbuka ...................................................................................... 56
2.3 Masalah Terbuka ..................................................................................... 59
3.1 Konsep Bilangan ..................................................................................... 79
3.2 Pengenalan Konsep Bilangan ................................................................. 81
3.3 Menyatakan sama banyak ....................................................................... 82
3.4 Menyatakan tidak sama banyak .............................................................. 82
3.5 Menyatakan tidak sama banyak .............................................................. 83
3.6 Relasi Bilangan ....................................................................................... 83
3.7 Pengenalan Nilai Tempat ........................................................................ 85
3.8 Konsep Tiga ............................................................................................. 89

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3.9 Pola Bilangan .......................................................................................... 89
3.10 Pola Bilangan 10 ..................................................................................... 90
3.11 Menyatakan lebih dari dan kurang dari .................................................. 91
4.1 Konsep Bilangan ..................................................................................... 107
4.2 Menyatakan sama banyak ....................................................................... 108
4.3 Menyatakan tidak sama banyak .............................................................. 108
4.4 Menyatakan tidak sama banyak .............................................................. 108
4.5 Diagram Konsep Operasi Hitung ............................................................ 109
4.6 Penjumlahan dengan garis bilangan ........................................................ 111
4.7 Penjumlahan dengan menggunakan batang Cuisionaire ......................... 112
4.8 Model Penjumlahan ................................................................................ 114
4.9 Penjumlahan dengan Himpunan ............................................................. 114
4.10 Penjumlahan dengan Garis Bilangan ...................................................... 115
4.11 Penjumlahan dengan Neraca Bilangan ................................................... 115
4.12 Penjumlahan dengan Batang Cuisionaire ............................................... 116
4.13 Konsep penjumlahan puluhan dan satuan ............................................... 118
4.14 Sifat Pertukaran ....................................................................................... 123
4.15 Konsep pengurangan dengan garis bilangan ........................................... 128
4.16 Konsep pengurangan dengan kartu nilai tempat ..................................... 129
4.17 Konsep pengurangan dengan himpunan ................................................. 132
4.18 Mencari Suku yang hilang dengan himpunan ........................................ 132
4.19 Konsep pengurangan ............................................................................... 133
4.20 Konsep Perkalian 2 x 3 ........................................................................... 135
4.21 Konsep Perkalian 3 x 4 .......................................................................... 139
4.22 Konsep Pembagian 6 : 2 ......................................................................... 149
4.23 Konsep Pembagian 8 : 2 ......................................................................... 150
4.24 Konsep Pembagian 6 : 3 ......................................................................... 152
4.25 Konsep Pembagian dengan garis bilangan ............................................. 153
5.1 Contoh Benda-benda yang mencerminkan konsep bilangan bulat ......... 177
5.2 Garis Bilangan Bulat ............................................................................... 179

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5.3 Kartu Positif dan Kartu Negatif .............................................................. 188

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman
2.1 Penemuan Nilai phi ................................................................................. 31
2.2 Masalah Tertutup ….……........................................................................ 54
2.3 Masalah Terbuka …….............................................................................. 56
3.1 Sistem Numerasi Mesir Kuno ................................................................. 70
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..................................................................................................................
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……………….…………………............................................................. 25
3.2 Sistem Babilonia ..................................................................................... 71
3.3 Sistem Numerasi Yunani ........................................................................ 72
3.4 Sistem Numerasi Yunani Kuno Alfabetik .............................................. 73
3.5 Sistem Numerasi Maya ........................................................................... 74
3.6 Sistem Numerasi Cina ............................................................................. 75
3.7 Sistem Numerasi Romawi........................................................................ 76
4.1 Fakta dasar penjumlahan ......................................................................... 113

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