Struktur dan

Fungsi Sel

Anggraeni, M.Si.
 Concept Map/Peta konsep Cell
Cell/Sel Mekanisme transport
Konsep sel

Struktur dan fungsi

Sejarah Sel T. Pasif T. Aktif
sel

Komponen
kimia sel : Bagian-bagian
Terdiri –dari : penyusunan sel
(KAPALAN)
-Karbohidrat
-Protein Membran Sel
- Lipid Perbedaan sel
-Air
Sitoplasma tumbuhan
-Asam nuklet
&hewan
Struktur dan
Organel
fungsi sel

Ukuran sel

Macam sel
Tingkat Organisasi
Kehidupan
SEL 10 m

Human height
1m

Satuan kehidupan terkecil

Light microscope
Length of some
nerve and
muscle cells

yang menyusun tubuh 0.1 m

Chicken egg

makhluk hidup 1 cm

Tempat terselenggaranya 1 mm
Frog egg

fungsi kehidupan

Electron microscope
100 µm
Most plant
and Animal cells
10 µ m
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion

Electron microscope
1µm

100 nm Smallest bacteria

Viruses

10 nm Ribosomes

Proteins

Measurements Lipids
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch 1 nm
1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m Small molecules
1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m
1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 mm = 10–9 m 0.1 nm Atoms
Sejarah Sel
Antoni van Leewenhoek (1665)
membuat dan menggunakan mikroskop,
menyebut sel sebagai satuan kehidupan.

Antoni van Leewenhoek

adalah orang yang pertama
kali yang melihat sel tunggal
dan mengamati darah, cairan
mani, feses, dan email gigi
Sejarah Sel
Robert Hooke (1666)
melihat rongga kosong pada sayatan jaringan
gabus tumbuhan kemudian dinamakan cellula

Mikroskop rancangan Hooke

yang digunakan untuk
mengamati sel tumbuhan
Sejarah Sel
Schleiden & Schwann (1838 & 1839)
Teori sel: semua mh terdiri dari sel-sel, sel =
unit struktural dan fungsional terkecil dari
semua mh.
Johannes Evangelista Purkinje (1839)
mengenalkan istilah protoplasma (zat yg
pertama kali dibentuk, tersusun dari nukleus
dan sitoplasma [lebih cair])
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
setiap sel yg ada berasal dari sel yg
sebelumnya
Macam Sel
Prokariot
Tanpa membran inti sel
Contoh: Bakteri
Eukariot
Memiliki membran inti sel
Contoh: Tumbuhan, Hewan, Jamur
 SEL PROKARIOTIK

Pili: attachment structures on

the surface of some prokaryotes
Nucleoid: region where the
cell’s DNA is located (not
enclosed by a membrane)
Ribosomes: organelles that
synthesize proteins
Plasma membrane: membrane
enclosing the cytoplasm
Cell wall: rigid structure outside
the plasma membrane
Capsule: jelly-like outer coating
Bacterial of many prokaryotes
chromosome 0.5 µm

(a) A typical Flagella: locomotion (b) A thin section through the

rod-shaped bacterium organelles of bacterium Bacillus coagulans
some bacteria (TEM)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bagian-Bagian Sel
Membran Plasma
Sitoplasma
Nukleus
Organel

Susunan Sel
Karbohidrat
Protein
Air KAPALAN
Lipid
Asam Nukleat
SEL HEWAN

In animal cells but not plant cells:

Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (in some plant sperm)
SEL TUMBUHAN
Nuclear envelope
Rough
Nucleolus endoplasmic
NUCLEUS
Chromatin reticulum Smooth
endoplasmic
Centrosome reticulum

Ribosomes (small brwon dots)

Central vacuole
Tonoplast
Golgi apparatus
Microfilaments
Intermediate
CYTOSKELETON
filaments

Microtubules

Mitochondrion
Peroxisome

Plasma membrane
Chloroplast
Cell wall

Plasmodesmata
In plant cells but not animal cells:
Wall of adjacent cell Chloroplasts
Central vacuole and tonoplast
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1. Membran Plasma mangkok bakso
2. Inti Sel telur dalam bakso telur
3. Sitoplasma kuah bakso
4. Sitoskeleton mie
5. Ribosom bawang goreng
6. Retikulum Endoplasma baso kecil
7. Badan Golgi siomay
8. Lisosom gajih kecil
9. Peroksisom gajih kecil
10. Mitokondria gorengan panjang
BAGIAN SEL DAN ORGANEL SEL
Membran sel
Nukleus pusat informasi
Instruksi genetik
Ribosom pabrik protein
Retikulum endoplasma pabrik biosintesis
Aparatus golgi pengiriman/penerimaan Sistem
endomembran
Lisosom kompartemen pencernaan
Vakuola pemeliharaan
Mitokondria konversi energi kimia Mengubah bentuk
Kloroplas penangkapan energi cahaya energi

Peroksisom oksidasi
Sitoskleton penyokong, motilitas, regulasi
Dinding sel pelindung sel tumbuhan Komponen
Matriks ekstraseluler pelindung sel hewan ekstraselular
1. Membran Plasma
Pelindung bagi sel agar isi sel tidak keluar
Pengatur pertukaran zat yang keluar masuk ke dalam sel
Melakukan seleksi terhadap zat yang boleh keluar dan masuk dari
dalam atau luar sel (selektif permeable)
Tersusun atas karbohidrat, protein, dan lemak

Glikoprotein (mengikat molekul sel tetangga)

Kepala (Fosfat) Hidrofilik

Ekor (Lipid) Hidrofobik

Protein integral (protein yang terbenam)

Protein peripheral (protein menempel)

2. Sitoplasma
Merupakan cairan sel dalam sel
Disebut juga dengan sitosol karena mirip dengan jelly (koloid)
Berfungsi sebagai tempat berlangsungnya metabolisme sel.
Di dalamnya terdapat berbagai organel sel
3. Inti Sel
Mengendalikan metabolisme
sel
Menyimpan informasi genetika
berupa DNA
Nucleus
Tempat penggandaan dan
transkripsi DNA Nucleus
1 µm Nucleolus
Chromatin

Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane

Nuclear pore

Pore
complex
Rough ER

Surface of nuclear
envelope. Ribosome 1 µm
0.25 µm

Close-up of
nuclear
envelope

Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM).

4. Ribosom
Butiran kecil nukleoprotein yang tersebar
di sitoplasma
Ada yang melekat di Retikulum
Endoplasma (sehingga menjadikan RE
tersebut dinamakan RE Kasar)
Melakukan sintesis protein (translasi RNA)

Ribosomes Cytosol

Free ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Bound ribosomes
Large
subunit

Small
0.5 µm subunit
TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
5. Retikulum Endoplasma
Terbagi menjadi 2:
RE Kasar
Ditempeli ribosom
Untuk sintesis protein dan
membran yang
didistribusikan melalui Smooth ER

vesikel transport Rough ER Nuclear

envelope

RE Halus
tidak punya ribosom
ER lumen
Untuk sintesis lemak, Cisternae
Ribosomes Transitional ER
metabolisme karbohidrat, Transport vesicle
200 µm
penyimpanan Ca dan Smooth ER Rough ER

detoksifikasi racun
6. Aparatus Golgi
Menerima vesikel transport yang
dihasilkan RE kasar
Berbentuk kantong pipih bermembran
yang berkelok-kelok (sisterna)
Memodifikasi protein hasil dari RE kasar dengan menambahkan
oligosakarida (Glikosilasi)
Mampu membentuk makromolekul sendiri seperti pektin
Membentuk lisosom
6. Aparatus Golgi
cis face
(“receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus)

1 Vesicles move 2 Vesicles coalesce to 0.1 0 µm

6 Vesicles also from ER to Golgi form new cis Golgi cisternae
transport certain
proteins back to ER Cisternae
3 Cisternal
maturation:
Golgi cisternae
move in a cis-
to-trans
direction
4 Vesicles form and
leave Golgi, carrying
specific proteins to
other locations or to
the plasma mem-
5 Vesicles transport specific brane for secretion
trans face
proteins backward to newer (“shipping” side of
Golgi apparatus) TEM of Golgi apparatus
Golgi cisternae
7. Lisosom
Kantong bermembran yang berisi
enzim hidrolitik
Berfungsi mencerna makromolekul
secara intraseluler
Menghidrolisis lemak, protein, asam nukleat, polisakarida

1 µm Lysosome containing
Nucleus 1µm
two damaged organelles

Mitochondrion
fragment

Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome

Lysosome contains Food vacuole Hydrolytic Lysosome fuses with Hydrolytic enzymes
active hydrolytic fuses with enzymes digest vesicle containing digest organelle
enzymes lysosome food particles damaged organelle components

Digestive
enzymes

Lysosome Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole Digestion
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
 Review sistem endomembran
1 Nuclear envelope is
Nucleus
connected to rough ER,
which is also continuous
with smooth ER

Rough ER

2 Membranes and proteins

produced by the ER flow in Smooth ER
the form of transport vesicles cis Golgi
to the Golgi
Nuclear envelop

3 Golgi pinches off transport

Vesicles and other vesicles
that give rise to lysosomes and
Vacuoles
Plasma
membrane
trans Golgi

4 Lysosome available 5 Transport vesicle carries 6 Plasma membrane expands

for fusion with another proteins to plasma by fusion of vesicles; proteins
vesicle for digestion membrane for secretion are secreted from cell

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Mitokondria
Tempat terjadinya respirasi
seluler
Ditemukan pada semua sel
eukariotik
Terdiri atas 2 membran
Mitochondrion
(membran luar dan
membran dalam yang Intermembrane space
Outer
berlipat-lipat (krista) membrane

Membran dalam membagi

menjadi 2 kompartemen:
Free
ruang antar membran dan ribosomes
in the
matriks mitokondria mitochondrial
matrix
Inner
Terdapat DNA mitokondria membrane
Cristae

Matrix

Mitochondrial
DNA 100 µm
8. Kloroplas
Hanya ditemukan pada tumbuhan
Terdapat DNA Kloroplas
Mengandung plastid yang terdiri dari klorofil
Kloroplas mengandung klorofil
Tilakoid tempat terjadinya fotosintesis
Stroma menyimpan hasil fotosintesis
Kromoplas mengandung karoten
Leukoplas menyimpan cadangan makanan

Chloroplast

Ribosomes
Stroma
Chloroplast
Inner and outer
DNA
membranes
Granum

1 µm
Thylakoid
9. Peroksisom
Mengandung enzim
untuk mentransfer
hidrogen dari berbagai
substrat ke oksigen
Memproduksi
hidrogen peroksida
(H2O2) dan Chloroplast
Peroxisome
mengubahnya
Mitochondrion
menjadi air

1 µm
10. Sitoskeleton
Sebagai pemberi bentuk sel
(penyokong)
Pengatur gerakan sel (motilitas)
Regulasi aktivitas respon
terhadap rangsangan
Berupa jaringan protein filamen

Microtubule

0.25 µm Microfilaments
10. Sitoskeleton
Motilitas sel membutuhkan
interaksi dengan protein motorik

Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein

Motor protein Microtubule

(ATP powered) of cytoskeleton
(a) Motor proteins that attach to receptors on organelles can “walk”
the organelles along microtubules or, in some cases, microfilaments.
Microtubule Vesicles 0.25 µm

(b) Vesicles containing neurotransmitters migrate to the tips of nerve cell

axons via the mechanism in (a). In this SEM of a squid giant axon, two
vesicles can be seen moving along a microtubule. (A separate part of the
experiment provided the evidence that they were in fact moving.)
10. Sitoskeleton
Komponen sitoskeleton:

Mikrotubulus untuk
membentuk sel,
mengarahkan pergerakan
organel, berperan dalam
pembelahan sel
Mikrotubulus membentuk
sentrosom (sentriol), silia
dan flagel
10. Sitoskeleton
Mikrotubulus membentuk
sentrosom (sentriol), silia dan
flagel

Centrosome

Plasma
Outer microtubule
doublet membrane
0.1 µm
Dynein arms
Microtubule
Central
microtubule
Outer doublets
Centrioles cross-linking
0.25 µm Microtubules
proteins inside
Radial
Plasma spoke
membrane
Basal body
(b)

0.5 µm
(a) 0.1 µm
Triplet

(c)
Longitudinal section Microtubules Cross section
of one centriole of the other centriole Cross section of basal body
10. Sitoskeleton
(a) Motion of flagella. A flagellum
usually undulates, its snakelike Direction of swimming
motion driving a cell in the same
direction as the axis of the
flagellum. Propulsion of a human
sperm cell is an example of
flagellatelocomotion (LM).

1 µm

(b) Motion of cilia. Cilia have a back-

and-forth motion that moves the
cell in a direction perpendicular
to the axis of the cilium. A dense
nap of cilia, beating at a rate of
about 40 to 60 strokes a second,
covers this Colpidium, a
freshwater protozoan (SEM).
 • The protein dynein
– Is responsible for the bending movement of
cilia and flagella
Microtubule
doublets ATP

Dynein arm
(a) Powered by ATP, the dynein arms of one microtubule doublet
grip the adjacent doublet, push it up, release, and then grip again.
If the two microtubule doublets were not attached, they would slide
relative to each other.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Outer doublets ATP
cross-linking
proteins

Anchorage
in cell

(b) In a cilium or flagellum, two adjacent doublets cannot slide far because
they are physically restrained by proteins, so they bend. (Only two of
the nine outer doublets in Figure 6.24b are shown here.)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 1 3

(c) Localized, synchronized activation of many dynein arms

probably causes a bend to begin at the base of the Cilium or
flagellum and move outward toward the tip. Many successive
bends, such as the ones shown here to the left and right,
result in a wavelike motion. In this diagram, the two central
microtubules and the cross-linking proteins are not shown.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 10. Sitoskeleton
Mikrofilamen tersusun atas
mokekul aktin
Aktin berperan dalam motilitas sel
otot bersama dengan myosin,
amoeboid, dan aliran sitoplasma
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):
gel with actin network
Inner cytoplasm: sol
with actin subunits
Extending
pseudopodium

Muscle cell
(b) Amoeboid movement

Actin filament Nonmoving

cytoplasm (gel)
Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
Myosin filament (sol)
Myosin arm

Parallel actin
filaments Cell wall
(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction.
(c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
11. Dinding sel
Struktur ekstraseluler sel tumbuhan
Terdiri dari polisakarida selulosa dan protein
Berfungsi melindungi sel tumbuhan, mempertahankan bentuk sel,
dan mencegah pengambilan air berlebihan
Terdiri atas beberapa lapis

Central Plasma
vacuole membrane
of cell Secondary
cell wall
Primary
cell wall
Central
vacuole Middle
of cell lamella

1 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls

Plasmodesmata
12. Matriks ekstraseluler
Struktur ekstraseluler sel hewan
Terdiri dari glikoprotein (kolagen)
Serat kolagen tertanam dalam jalinan proteoglikan
Berfungsi untuk penyokong, adhesi, pergerakan, dan regulasi

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Polysaccharide

Collagen molecule
A proteoglycan
complex Carbo-
hydrates
Core
protein
Fibronectin

Proteoglycan
Plasma molecule
membrane Integrins

Micro- CYTOPLASM
Integrin
filaments
Sambungan antar sel (tumbuhan)
Plasmodesmata

Cell walls

Interior
of cell

Interior
of cell

0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

Sambungan antar sel (hewan)
Tight junction, Desmosom, Gap junction

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

Tight junction At tight junctions, the membranes of

Tight junctions prevent
neighboring cells are very tightly pressed
fluid from moving
against each other, bound together by
across a layer of cells
specific proteins (purple). Forming continu-
ous seals around the cells, tight junctions
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across
A layer of epithelial cells.
0.5 µm

DESMOSOMES

Desmosomes (also called anchoring

Tight junctions junctions) function like rivets, fastening cells
Intermediate Together into strong sheets. Intermediate
Filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins
filaments
Anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.
Desmosome

Gap
1 µm
junctions GAP JUNCTIONS
Gap junctions (also called communicating
junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from
one cell to an adjacent cell. Gap junctions
Extracellular consist of special membrane proteins that
Space matrix surround a pore through which ions, sugars,
between Gap junction amino acids, and other small molecules may
Plasma membranes pass. Gap junctions are necessary for commu-
cells of adjacent cells nication between cells in many types of tissues,
0.1 µm including heart muscle and animal embryos.
Perbedaan Sel Tumbuhan dan Hewan
Perbedaan Sel Tumbuhan dan Hewan
No Nama Organel Hewan Tumbuhan

1 Sentriol Ada Tiada

2 Dinding Sel Tiada Ada

3 Vakuola Kecil Besar

4 Plastida Tiada Ada