Asean Long Term Renewable Energy Roadmap

KEMENTERIAN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL
s k ari i
r i s A REPUBLIK
s karINDONESIA
Ha A
aris BARU, TERBARUKAN, DAN KONSERVASI ENERGI
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TELEPON: (021) 39830077 FAKSIMILE: (021) 31901087 WEBSITE: www.ebtke.esdm.go.id e-mail: ebtke@esdm.go.id
Nomor : T-2789/EK.02/DEA.K/2023 4 Juli 2023

Sifat :ri Segera
a
Derajat Ask : Terbatas ari
s s k
ari
Lampiran
H : 1 (satu) berkas is A
ar
Hal : PermohonanH Masukan atas Konsep ASEAN Long Term
Renewable Energy Roadmap (Zero Draft)
Yang terhormat,
(Daftar Terlampir)
di
Tempat
s k ari
A rangka Keketuaan Indonesia di ASEAN Tahun 2023 khususnya
sDalam
isektor
a
pada
H r ri
energi, Kementerian ESDM telahamenetapkan Prioritas Tahunan
s k
A di ASEAN tahun 2023 ini. Salah
yang akan dicapai selama Keketuaan Indonesia
a r
satu Prioritas Tahunan tersebut adalah ismenerbitkan ASEAN Renewable Energy
H
(RE) Long-Term Roadmap, bekerja sama dengan ASEAN Centre for Energy
(ACE). Penyusunan dokumen ini juga merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang
masuk didalam ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) Phase II:
2021 – 2025, Programme Area No. 5: Renewable Energy.
Berdasarkan hasil 2nd Focus Group Discussion (FGD) of ASEAN RE
Long-Term Roadmap pada tanggal 3 Mei 2023 dan pertemuan 30th RE-SSN
Meeting pada tanggal 5 Mei 2023, pihak ACE telah menyampaikan zero-draft dari
dokumen dimaksud kepada RE-SSN Focal Point dari masing-masing ASEAN
Member States (AMS), dalam hal ini kami mewakili Indonesia sebagai RE-SSN
Focal Point.
Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut, kami mohon tanggapan/masukan
Bapak/Ibu terhadap dokumen dimaksud sesuai dengan substansi serta tugas
pokok dan fungsi unit Bapak/Ibu. Kami mengharapkan masukan dapat kami
terima paling lambat tanggal 5 Juli 2023 untuk selanjutnya kami koordinasikan
dengan pihak ACE.
Demikian kami sampaikan, atas perhatian dan kerja sama yang baik, kami
ucapkan terima kasih.
Direktur Aneka Energi Baru dan

Energi Terbarukan,
Ditandatangani secara elektronik

Andriah Feby Misna
Tembusan:
Direktur Jenderal EBTKE
Dokumen ini telah ditandatangani secara elektronik menggunakan sertifikat elektronik yang diterbitkan oleh BSrE
sk ari
Lampiran A
r i s
Surat
T-2789/EK.02/DEA.K/2023 s kari
Ha
Nomor : A
Tanggal : 4 Juli 2023 aris H
DAFTAR TUJUAN SURAT
1. Direktur Pembinaan Program Ketenagalistrikan, Ditjen Ketenagalistrikan

2. Kepala Biro Fasilitasi Kebijakan Energi dan Persidangan, Setjen DEN
s k ari
3. Sekretaris Direktorat Jenderal EBTKE, Ditjen EBTKE
ari
s A
4. Direktur Bioenergi, Ditjen EBTKE s k
ri
5.HaDirektur Panas Bumi, Ditjen EBTKEr is A
H a
6. Direktur Konservasi Energi, Ditjen EBTKE
7. Kepala Balai Besar Survei dan Pengujian KEBTKE, Ditjen EBTKE
8. Koordinator Pokja Penyiapan Program Aneka EBT
9. Koordinator Pokja Pelayanan dan Pengawasan Usaha Aneka EBT
10. Koordinator Pokja Investasi dan Kerja Sama Aneka EBT
11. Koordinator Pokja
i Keteknikan dan Lingkungan Aneka EBT
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is A
Har a ri
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Har
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s Ask a ri
ari II Surat
Lampiran
H Ask
Nomor : T-2789/EK.02/DEA.K/2023
H aris
Tanggal : 4 Juli 2023
ASEAN LONG TERM

kar
i
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H
RENEWABLE ENERGY Har
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ROADMAP
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a (ZERO-DRAFT)
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ZERO-DRAFT FOR INTERNAL ASEAN CIRCULATION ONLY

Please kindly review this document and send your feedback to dewa.made@aseanenergy.org, benisuryadi@aseanenergy.org cc:
SRE@aseanergy.org and apaec@aseanenergy.org on 3 July 2023 (one week before the 3rd FGD, tentatively on 10 July 2023).
[ZERO-DRAFT ASEAN RE LONGTERM ROADMAP – FOR ASEAN INTERNAL CIRCULATION – DUPLICATING IS STRONGLY PROHIBITED]
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DISCLAIMER
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Har
The information provided in this zero-draft publication has been obtained from secondary resources, such as reports, presentations, and
publicly available data.
The ASEAN Member States (AMS) are encouraged to provide updates, comments, and supporting data for this publication enhancement.
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The report is a living document and is continuously updated.
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H aris is A
Contact: Har
I Dewa Made Raditya Margenta dewa.made@aseanenergy.org;
Beni Suryadi benisuryadi@aseanenergy.org
SRE Dept. sre@aseanenergy.org and APAEC Dept. apaec@aseanenergy.org
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2|Page
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CONTENTS
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DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
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PROCESS AND PROGRESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
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Har 2. REGIONAL STATUS AND
CHAPTER
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PROJECTION
ar ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3. POWER GENERATION H
AND INSTALLED CAPACITY.............................................................................................................................. 15
TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
POLICY IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
SUPPLY CHAIN ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
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RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
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CHAPTER 4. INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
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TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
POLICY IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
SUPPLY CHAIN ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 5. TRANSPORT ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
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POLICY SUPPORT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
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SUPPLY CHAIN ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 6. REGIONAL COOPERATION .......................................................................................................................................................................... 50
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SWOT ANALYSIS OF ASEAN RE REGIONAL APPROACH ........................................................................................................................................ 50
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REQUEST FOR ACTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
APPENDIX A – ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
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is 1. INTRODUCTION ka ri
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CHAPTER
H A s
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BACKGROUND
ASEAN, with its diverse landscapes, economies, cultures, and development, possesses ample renewable energy (RE) resources that can
contribute to sustainable development. However, despite setting a target of achieving a 23% RE share of total primary energy supply (TPES) by
2020 in the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) Phase II, the actual growth of RE only reached 14.2% by that year, leaving
a significant gap that needs to be closed within a short timeframe.
To accelerate the deployment of RE, ASEAN must establish new milestones for regional energy cooperation beyond 2025, considering the unique
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socio-economic characteristics, national priorities, and available RE resources of each member state. The upcoming APAEC can incorporate
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more ambitious targets for RE, energy efficiency, emission reductions, and green financing, while clear guidelines are necessary to determine
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the evaluation of more ambitious pathways and ensure consensus among all member states regarding the pace of progress, thereby fostering
robust regional cooperation.
Although the RE target for total installed capacity in APAEC Phase II was set at 35% by 2025, projections indicate that ASEAN may exceed this
target with a 33.5% RE installed capacity by 2020. However, achieving the RE capacity target alone may not be sufficient, especially considering
the impact of factors like surging energy prices due to Covid-19 restrictions and geopolitical conflicts on ASEAN's economy. As such, the
formulation of the ASEAN Renewable Energy Long-term Roadmap becomes crucial, drawing insights from regional studies and reviewing existing
national energy policies. This roadmap will serve as a reference for member states to adopt near-, medium-, and long-term strategies that facilitate
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robust energy transition and help ASEAN harness the full potential of renewable energy sources for a sustainable future.
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Har AND PROGRESS
PROCESS
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The concept of the ASEAN Renewable Energy Long-term Roadmap was introduced in the 29th Annual Meeting of Renewable Energy Sub-Sector
H a r
Network (RE-SSN) in May 2022. The roadmap development process involves four initial stages, and it follows a working group arrangement.
Roadmap development process and working group arrangement.
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First FGD on ASEAN Long-term RE Roadmap (12 May 2022)
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Har is Ask • The first FGD was successfully conducted on 12 May 2022, on the
Har second day of the 29th RE-SSN Associated Meetings.
• The FGD was attended by the RE-SSN focal points from seven
AMS, with the exceptions of Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam, and
the experts from IRENA and UNESCAP. The RE-SSN focal points
assumed the advisory committee role, consisting of 17 focal points
from eight AMS.
The FGD was able to define the criteria for the long-term RE target,
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•
A s k
sk ari the strategic priorities of AMS, and the inclusion of crosscutting
H aris is A issues and emerging technologies in the roadmap.

Har • .
Key takeaways:
Definition of RE Target Key Strategic Policies Cross Cutting Issues
1. Supply and demand (focus 1. Strategic Pillars. 1. It is needed, but not to dilute
on supply side) 2. Capacity development from the focus on RE
2.
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Alignment with AMS’ target 3. Regulatory integration 2. Energy Storage, Electric
3.
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Phasing-out coal 4. New technology adoption Vehicle, Hydrogen, REC
4.
Har Timeframe 2040 - 2050 5. i
Cross Cutting Issues
ar 3. Linking RE with other sectors
is Ask to boost economic gain such

Har as fisheries, agricultures.
Other key information:

1. RE-SSN nominated a dedicated working group to advise the roadmap development.
2. 17 focal points from 8 ASEAN member states
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Second FGD on ASEAN Long-term RE Roadmap (3 May 2023)
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• The second FGD was successfully conducted on 3 May 2023, on the
second day of the 30th RE-SSN Associated Meetings.
• The Meeting was attended by RE-SSN focal point representatives from
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, and Thailand.
• Also, in attendance were the representatives from the ASEAN Centre for
Energy (ACE) ASEAN Secretariat (ASEC), United Nations Economic and
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Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Stockholm
A sk Environmental Institute (SEI), International Renewable Energy Agency
H aris is A (IRENA), and China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute (CREEI)
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Key takeaways:
1. ASEAN region will be the key driver for global energy demand growth, and it requires significant RE deployment in the future.
2. Timeframe:
a. ASEAN RE Long term Roadmap is the annual priority, and it is expected to be completed by this year.
b. The projection can be capped by 2050, following projection made in the AEO 7th.
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c. ASEAN Centre for Energy might propose a date to further discuss with AMSs for more updated data.
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d. ASEAN Centre for Energy needs to discuss when the first draft to be submitted.
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e. It is expected to present the first draft of the roadmap in the AMEM (August 2023).
a
3. Status and Targets
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a. ASEAN RE Long term Roadmap is the annual priority, and it is expected to be completed by this year.
b. The projection can be capped by 2050, following projection made in the AEO 7th.
c. ASEAN Centre for Energy might propose a date to further discuss with AMSs for more updated data.
d. ASEAN Centre for Energy needs to discuss when the first draft to be submitted.
e. It is expected to present the first draft of the roadmap in the AMEM (August 2023).
7|Page
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Stage of Development of the ASEAN Long-term RE Roadmap (as endorsed at the 30th RE-SSN Meeting on 5 May 2023)
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Ha r
CHAPTER 2. REGIONAL STATUS s s
A PROJECTION
a r i AND
[COVER] H
ASEAN Total Primary Energy Supply by Fuel ASEAN Energy Mix
800 100%
Thousands
90%
700
s kari ri 80%
is A
600
A ska
Har is 70%
Har
Percentages in TPES
500 60%
KTOE
400 50%
40%
300
30%
200
20%
ri
ska
is A
100 10%
H ar ari
0
A sk 0%
is
Har
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewable Energy RE Coal Oil Gas Others
• In 2020, the total primary energy supply (TPES) in ASEAN reached 654 Mtoe, which is approximately 1.5 times higher than the level in
2005, showing similar growth to total final energy consumption (TFEC). Fossil fuels dominated the energy mix, accounting for around
83% in 2020, while renewables (excluding traditional biomass) made up approximately 14.2%.
• The region's increasing dependence on fossil fuel imports raises concerns about energy security, as the availability of affordable energy
sources could be at risk.
9|Page
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Har Ask
ris
Power Plants - Generation Power Plants - Installed Capacity
33.29%
Ha
30.72%
1200 30% 350 35%
Thousands
Thousands
24.51%
23.53%
27.44%
23.35%
26.08%
25.43%
25.40%
21.63%
25.18%
300 30%
24.43%
1000 25%
20.12%
23.40%
22.01%
18.82%
18.67%
Emission (Million MT CO2e)

18.59%
18.31%
17.56%
250 25%
19.77%
19.58%
19.07%
18.50%
18.50%
15.74%
18.30%
800 20%
15.26%
15.11%
14.74%
14.41%
14.21%
RE Share (%)
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200 20%
GWh
MW
600
A s ska
15%
is A
Har is 150 15%
400 Har 10%

100 10%
200 5%
50 5%
0 0% 0 0%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Oil a ri Natural Gas
Ask
Coal RE Others RE Share (RHS) Coal Oil Natural Gas RE Others RE Share (RHS)
H aris k ari coal, oil, natural gas, hydro, geothermal, solar PV, wind, and bioenergy. From
s
• ASEAN's electricity generation sources encompass
is A grew by a substantial 166.9%. Notably, solar PV experienced remarkable growth,
2005 to 2020, the total installed rcapacity
a
H
expanding from 1 MW in 2005 to 23,058 MW in 15 years, accounting for 8% of ASEAN's overall installed capacity.
• ASEAN experienced a slight decline of 0.1% in electricity production in 2020 compared to the previous year, mainly due to reduced
oil, gas, and bioenergy generation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. However, coal generation expanded, accounting for nearly
44% of total power generation in 2020. On the other hand, renewable energy (RE) sources saw an increase, contributing to 23.3%
of power generation in the same year.
• Among the RE sources, solar PV made the largest contribution, exhibiting significant growth and increasing its share in the
generation mix from 6.9 TWh in 2018 to 17.9 TWh in 2020, more than doubling its development.
10 | P a g e
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r s
Ha ASEAN Total Final Energy Consumption
a r is A by Sector TFEC in Residential Sector
450
H 100%
Fuel Share
Thousands
50%
400
0%
350 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Coal Oil Natural Gas Biomass and other (Biogas & Solar) Traditional Biomass Electricity
300
250
ari
KTOE
TFEC in Transportation Sector

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A ska
200
is A 100%
Har 150 aris
Fuel Share
90%
100
H 80%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
50 Oil Natural Gas Biofuels Electricity
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
TFEC in Commercial Sector
100%
Residential Industry Domestic Transport
Fuel Share
ar i 50%
Ask
Commercial Agriculture & Others
0%
is
Ha•r Although i 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
the percentage of oil in 2020 was
k a rreduced to
s
sA
Coal Oil Natural Gas Biomass and other Electricity
43.8% from 47.8% in 2005, it still constituted the largest
share of ASEAN TFEC. Hari
• The second most significant percentage is electricity, TFEC in Industrial Sector
which accounted for 14.6% and 22.7% in 2005 and 2020, 100%
Fuel Share
respectively. 50%
• Industry remained the largest energy-intensive sector, 0%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
followed by transportation, making up for approximately
39.1% and 34.8%, respectively. Coal Oil Natural Gas Bioenergy Electricity
11 | P a g e
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i s k ari Ask
r s
Ha ASEAN Total Final Energy Consumption
a r is A by Fuel ASEAN Total Final Energy Consumption by Fuel
450
H 8
Thousands
Energy Consumption (KTOE)
Energy Consumption (KTOE)

450 2
Emission (Million MT CO2e)

400
GDP Growth (%)
Thousands
Thousands
6
400 1.8
350
4 350 1.6
300
1.4
300
250
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2
1.2
is200 A A sk 250
Har
1
is 0
Har
200
150 0.8
-2 150
0.6
100
100 0.4
-4
50
50 0.2
0 -6 0 0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
a i
rCoal Oil
A s k Natural Gas Modern Biomass

Coal
Natural Gas
Oil
Modern Biomass
is Biofuels Traditional Biomass
Har ri Biofuels Traditional Biomass

Other heat
a
Electricity
Ask
Other heat Electricity
GDP Growth (RHS)
Produced emission (RHS)
H a ris
• ASEAN’s rapid population growth and emerging economies come with a trade-off on the environmental
element of the energy trilemma. The ASEAN region has historically relied on fossil fuels to secure energy demand. On the one
hand, this condition becomes crucial to maintain positive GDP growth within the region.
• On the other hand, this reliance positively affects the regional emission growth.
• Improving RE penetration can significantly replace fossil energy, secure energy supply to support regional economic growth, and
simultaneously contribute to emission reduction.
12 | P a g e
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i s Ask k ari
r
Ha ASEAN RE Share in TPES: Historical s
a r isandAProjection
70%
H ASEAN RE Share in Installed Capacity: Historical and Projection
100%
82.62%
88%
86%
60%
77%
66.28%
66.30%
63.20%
60% 80%
59.50%
55.40%
55.20%
51.90%
57%
49.30%
47.20%
53%
45.30%
RE Share (%)
45.10%
60%
41.50%
41.20%
46%
38.50%
37.90%
44%
50%
RE Shae (%)
32.80%
32.60%
29.90%
42%
ari
40%
40%
A s k
sk ari
aris
20%
A
28.8%
H30% 27.2%
23.10%
H aris
26%
25%
0%
24%
23%
Historical Data AEO7th - ATS AEO7th - APS 2nd RE 2nd RE 2nd RE AIMS III - AIMS III - Max
17.50%
20%
(2018-2020) Outlook - PES Outlook - TES Outlook - 1.5S Updated PDP RE
19%
14.4%
14.2%
13.6%
20% 2025 2030 2040 2050
10%
ASEAN RE Share in Electricity Generation: Historical and
Projection
0%
ar i
90%
100%
Ask
Historical Data AEO7th - ATS AEO7th - APS 2nd RE Outlook 2nd RE Outlook 2nd RE Outlook
76%
(2018-2020) - PES - TES - 1.5S
67.90%
is
Har
61.08%
80%
ri
59.10%
ska
60%
52.18%
2025 2030 2050
50.40%
RE Share (%)
45.60%
A
43.20%
40.97%
60%
39.42%
aris
37.30%
35.20%
33.87%
30.50%
H
27.76%
Every scenario available (AEO 7th, 2nd RE Outlook, and
23.10%
23.10%
•
21.40%
40%
AIMS 3), indicates a strong RE growth up to 2060.

20%
• Every scenario also projects the achievement of 35% of RE
in installed capacity. 0%
Historical Data AEO7th - ATS AEO7th - APS 2nd RE Outlook - 2nd RE Outlook - 2nd RE Outlook -
• Only APS Scenario (scenario in AEO 7th) provides a (2018-2020) PES TES 1.5S
pathway to achieve the 23% of RE target in the primary 2025 2030 2040 2050
energy supply in 2025.
13 | P a g e
a ri
i s Ask k ari
r
Ha ASEAN RE Share in TFEC: Historicalris s
andAProjection Projection of ASEAN RE Share in industry
H a
76%
67%
70% 80%
61%
57%
RE Shae (%)
47%
47%
60%
60%
60%
40%
16.50%
15.90%
15.70%
15.30%
15.30%
14.80%
14.80%
14.50%
14.40%
20%
50%
45%
0%
i
kar
As ri (2018-2020) PES TES 1.5S
ska
RE Share (%)
40% 2025 2030 2050

is is A
Har
29.40%
Har
29%
27%
24.20% Projection of ASEAN Electricity Share in Transport
26%
30%
22.10%
20.70%
30%
21%
35%
17.80%
16.10%
15.90%
15.30%
30%
14.20%
RE Shae (%)
20%
17.00%
25%
18%
20%
8.99%
15%
10%
7%
2.82%
2.51%
10%
5%
5%
1.34%
1.29%
0.25%
0.24%
0.24%
2%
5%
0%
0%
ri
ska
Historical Data AEO7th - ATS AEO7th - APS 2nd RE Outlook 2nd RE Outlook 2nd RE Outlook (2018-2020) PES TES 1.5S
is A
(2018-2020) - PES - TES - 1.5S 2025 2030 2050
Har a ri
Ask
2025 2030 2050
ASEAN Biofuel Share in Transport
is
Harof RE in TFEC’s
22.35%
25%
30%
• Every scenario predicts an increase
19.09%
25%
15.90%
projection.
15.70%
RE Shae (%)
16%
15%
20%
10.79%
13%
• IRENA’s scenario forecast higher RE utilisation in the
9.65%
11%
10%
15%
7.19%
7.00%
5.91%
industry sector compared the AEO, indicated by more robust 10%
electricity used for industry. 5%
• EV penetration is considered as a longer solution for 0%

decarbonisation in the transport sector. (2018-2020)
2025 2030 2050
PES TES 1.5S
14 | P a g e
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Ha r s
CHAPTER 3. POWER GENERATION
a r is AAND INSTALLED CAPACITY
[COVER] H
TECHNOLOGY
Projection of Power Generation from APS (AEO7th) Projection of Installed Capacity from APS (AEO7th)
800 300
711.89
700
s kari ri
254.09
aris
A ska 250
H600 is A
Har
Thousand Gigawatt-Hours
508.20
200
Thousand Megawatts
500
164.69
400 150
325.50
110.73
275.70
300 246.27 93.89
265.88 100 83.73
ri
78.20
a
176.30
Ask
200 168.34
182.28 57.87 53.30 55.74
ar is 95.32 i
159.25 40.15
ar
132.63 50 38.05
H100
Ask
62.77 104.35
91.24 23.06 24.18 39.70
17.25
aris
26.32 69.18
69.09 23.93
35.29 9.84 13.89
0 17.88
3.59 8.00 H10.53 13.22 17.20
0
2.67
4.06
5.37
9.31
7.12 8.73
11.32
2020 2025 2030 2040 2050 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
Geothermal Hydro Solar Wind Biomass & Biogas Geothermal Hydro Solar Wind Biomass, Biogas, Waste
• AIMS III report shows that having higher RE shares in the generation mix will generally increase the costs of interconnections
and VRE capacity builds.
• However, it is understood that allowing foreign and private investment for wind and solar will ease the AMS’ financial burdens
and enable them to invest more in cross-border connectivity instead.
15 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har IDENTIFICATION
POLICY Ask
H aris
• The ASEAN region is focused on energy cooperation through the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC), which
sets goals for renewable energy (RE) development and increased RE share in the electricity sector.
• Each ASEAN member state (AMS) has implemented renewable energy policies and targets, aiming to increase the share of
renewables in their electricity mix.
• AMSs are also undertaking power sector liberalization reforms and working towards establishing a regional electricity market to
facilitate cross-border electricity trading and integration. These efforts aim to enhance energy security, sustainability, and
s kari
promote investment in clean energy sources throughout the ASEAN region.
ari
A sk
aris
HAPAEC is A
Har
The ASEAN region promotes energy cooperation through the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC).
APAEC sets out strategic goals and priority areas for energy development and cooperation among member countries.
including in the electricity sector.
“To achieve aspirational target for increasing the component of renewable energy to 23% by 2025 in the ASEAN energy
mix. including through increasing the share of RE in installed power capacity to 35% by 2025”
Renewable All AMSs have implemented renewable energy policies and targets to promote the deployment of clean energy sources.
Energy Policies These policies aim to increase the share of renewables in the electricity mix. promote investment in renewable energy
projects. and enhance energy security and sustainability.
a ri
is Ask 1. Brunei Darussalam:
Har ri
a. Electricity Generation: 30% RE Share by 2035.
a
2. Cambodia:
is Ask
Har
a. Electricity Generation: 30% RE Share by 2050.
b. Electricity Installed Capacity: 25% RE Share by 2030.
3. Indonesia:
a. Electricity Generation: 2030: 7.4 GW (unconditional); 2030: 21.65 GW (conditional).
b. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2025: 45.2 GW; 2030: 52% addition; 2050: 167.7 GW.
4. Lao PDR:
a. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2030: 13 GW Hydro (unconditional); 2030: 1 GW solar & wind. 300 MW
biomass (conditional).
5. Malaysia:
a. Electricity Generation: 2025: 31% in RE Share; 2035: 40% in RE Share.
16 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har 6. Myanmar:
is Ask
Har
a. Electricity Generation: 2030: 39% (Unconditional. 28% hydro or 5156 MW. and 11% other RE or 2000MW);
2030: 48% (conditional).
b. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2025: 20% in RE Share.
7. Philippines:
a. Electricity Generation: 2030: 35% RE Share in TPES; 2050: 50%.
b. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2019-2026: 595 MW; 2030: 15.3 GW; 2040: 20 GW.
8. Singapore:
a. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2025: 200 MW storage; 2030: 2GWp solar.
s kari 9. Thailand:
ari
A k
a. Electricity Generation: 2037: 15-20% in RE Share.
s
H aris is A
b. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2037: 36% in RE Share.
10. Vietnam: Har
a. Electricity Generation: 2030: 32% in RE Share (hydro generated 96 TWh in 2030. wind increase to 2.7%.
solar increase to 6%. biomass increase to 6.3%); 2050: 43% in RE Share (wind increase to 5%. solar
increase to 20%. biomass increase to 8.1%).
b. Electricity Installed Capacity: 2030: PUHS 2.4 GW; 2050: PUHS 8 GW.
Power Sector ASEAN countries have undertaken various reforms to liberalize and enhance the efficiency of their power sectors. This
Liberalization includes promoting competition. encouraging private sector participation. and creating independent regulatory bodies to
a ri
oversee the sector.
Regional
is Ask ASEAN is working towards the establishment of a regional electricity market to facilitate cross-border electricity trading and
Har ri
Electricity Market promote market integration. The ASEAN Power Grid and the ASEAN Power Exchange are initiatives aimed at enabling
a
Ask
efficient electricity trade among member countries.
is
Har
17 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY Ask
H a ris
Cumulative Power Investment Cost Across Scenarios (2021-2050) in Billion USD RE Power Investment Cost Across Scenarios
1.5-S 1.5-S
Fuel Baseline ATS APS LCO PES TES
RE90 RE100 AEO 7th IRENA 2nd ASEAN RE Outlook
3.5 90%
Thousands
Coal 364.49 154.74 39.27 110.42 118 90 90 90 77.107%
73.365% 80%
Investment (Billion USD)

Oil 50.32 37.47 14.60 0.31 0 0 0 0 3.0 69.795%
63.652% 64.027% 70%
Gas 228.68 165.33 112.26 56.37 103 39 59 39 59.208%
Investment Share (%)

ari 520.38
2.5 56.828%
60%
RE
A s k
425.38 559.52 370.26 824
k ari 1415 2350 3253
2.0
is s 50%
is A
Nuclear 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.94 90 0 0 0
Har
39.761%
Battery 0.98 0.98 0.00

H r
a21.29 43 71 161 306 1.5 40%
Transmission 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.10 272 595 707 746 30%
1.0
Total 1069.85 878.90 725.64 581.70 1450 2210 3367 4434 20%
0.5
10%
• More ambitious scenarios require more significant investments. 0.0 0%

Baseline ATS APS LCO PES TES 1.5-S RE901.5-S
• Higher RE penetration requires extensive supports in additional RE100
transmission and energy storage, implying to higher capital required. RE Power Investment RE Power Investment Share (RHS)
a ri
Ask
Component cost under AIMS III
Scenario is
Har a ri • AIMS III report shows that having higher RE shares
is Ask in the generation mix will generally increase the

Har •
costs of interconnections and VRE capacity builds.
However, it is understood that allowing foreign and
private investment for wind and solar will ease the
AMS’ financial burdens and enable them to invest
more in cross-border connectivity instead.
18 | P a g e
a ri
i s Ask k ari
r
Haof build costs of All AIMS 3 Scenario s
NPV
a r is –AASEAN (billion
USD) H • The AIMS III study shows that even though the
total build costs are highest in the High RE Target
Scenario, its production costs are the lowest.
• This is mainly due to the very high VRE
penetration target, which increases the build costs
while causing the fuel costs to fall.
s kari ari
• However, because of this trade-off between the
A sk build and production costs, the NPV of the total
H aris is A costs is also the lowest in the High RE Target
Har Scenario, closely followed by the Optimum RE
Target Scenario.
Annual production costs for the ASEAN region
The key observations are as summarised:
a. The High RE Target Scenario yields the lowest

production costs by large margins due to high
a ri VRE (wind + solar) contribution.
is Ask b. The Optimum RE Scenario yields the second
Har ri lowest production costs (for the year 2040), with

a
is Ask the Base Scenario having the highest production
Har
NPV of production costs of All AIMS 3 Scenario – ASEAN (billion
USD)
costs.
c. The production costs seem to follow an inverse
trend with the VRE capacity additions.
d. This difference in the production costs among the
four scenarios is primarily due to the interplay
between VRE capacity and interconnection
additions, which accounts for the fuel costs.
19 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har CHAIN
SUPPLY Ask
H a ris
Key elements for each step in selected clean energy and technology supply chain
The key observations are as summarised:
a. Materials generally account for a greater share

of total manufacturing costs than energy. It can
be more expensive to produce clean energy
s kari ari
technologies than incumbent ones.
A sk b. 95% of global polysilicon, ingot, and wafer
H aris is A
Har
production supply from China.
c. In 2021, China’s solar PV export over USD 30
billion, 7% of its trade surplus over last five
years. China investment in Malaysia and
Vietnam, help countries solar PV export boost
trade surplus by 10% and 5% respectively since
2017.
Average manufacturing cost breakdown of selected energy technologies d. Wafer production domination by China but
a ri
Ask
considerable cells and modules manufacturing
is capacity in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Har a ri
Ask
e. Except in China, solar PV demand exceeds
is manufacturing capacity.
Har
20 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask k ari
Har
Polysilicon production market shares s
A Cell production market shares
is
Har • In 2010 the PV-grade polysilicon
manufacturing capacity distributed amongst
China, Korea, United States, and Germany
with 15 – 30% share each.
• By 2015, Malaysia entered the polysilicon
market notable annual increase, however,
s kari ari
China’s growth exceeds rest of world
A sk
aris
incumbent manufacturers.
H is A
Har
• 18% of global cell market are produced by
Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Korea.
Cumulative PV-grade polysilicon, wafer, cell and module trade balances, and national net trade balances in goods and services for
major PV exporters and importers, 2017-2021
a ri
Ask
• China export reached 80 billion USD, equal to
is 6% of country’s trade surplus.
Har a ri
is Ask • Malaysia export reached 11 billion USD, 10%
Har
of country’s trade surplus.
• Vietnam export reached 4 billion USD, 5% of
country’s trade surplus.
• Thailand export reached 2 billion USD, 2% of
country’s trade surplus.
21 | P a g e
a ri
Ask ri
Top three producing countries’ shares in global production of selected minerals used for solar PV manufacturing, 2021
is a
Har is Ask • Nickel has been used mainly for industrial alloys, to
Har which it contributes corrosion resistance and
workability. Around two-thirds of stainless steel
currently contains nickel.
• However, lithium-ion batteries have recently emerged
as a new source of demand. They account for around
7% of nickel demand today.
• Global nickel production has increased by 20% over
s kari ari the past five years, mainly driven by expansion
A sk
H aris is A projects in Asia Pacific, most notably Indonesia and
Har the Philippines.
• These countries represent 45% of global output today.
Critical mineral needs for clean energy technologies

• Mineral needs vary widely across clean energy
technologies.
ar i • Mineral needs for wind power depend on the turbine
is Ask type, with particularly high sensitivity for rare earth
Har a ri elements (dominantly possessed by China).

Ask • Main mineral needs for Hydropower are largely
H aris distributed outside ASEAN. Nickel can be provided by
Indonesia.
22 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN
is Ask
Har • Various factors, such as costs, investments,
capacities, and policy measures, influence the
employment trends in the renewable energy
sector. These factors contribute to the
deployment of renewable energy, the
establishment of supply chains, and the
development of a skilled workforce.
s kari ari • The size of the domestic market plays a
A sk
H aris is A significant role in generating employment
Har opportunities in construction, installation, and
operations and maintenance (O&M) activities.
• In ASEAN, higher employment strongly related
on increasing RE penetration in some AMS,
especially Vietnam.
• Vietnam experienced significant growth in the
solar PV industry, creating a substantial
ka ri
ASEAN RE Employment by Technology ASEAN RE Employment by Country number of jobs. However, the solar PV
1200 is
A
1,137.65
s workforce in Vietnam decreased in 2021 due to
ar
H1000 ka
700
ri
618.43 a slowdown in installations, while wind capacity
Total Employment (Thousand)
Total Employment (Thousand)
is As600 showed strong growth.

Har
800
500 • The Philippines had an estimated 189,000
600 405.14
400
400 renewable energy jobs in 2021, with significant
200
184.71
91.16 300 employment in hydropower, solar PV, wind
18.63 0.19 0.13 19.79 0.00 48.80
0 200
173.17 power, biomass, and geothermal sectors.
123.36 124.51
• Indonesia experienced a rise in biodiesel
y
ss
s
ic
g
So g / C e
gy
er
gy
ie
rg
lin
st
Oc oma
w
er
er
100
he olog
t
a
ne
44.45
oo
ol
o
En
En
employment due to increased production and

op
ov
E
12.00
Bi
He rial
n
al
d
n
dr
ot
Ge ech
in
ea
lid
rm
st
Hy
Ph
W
in
So
0
u
lt
domestic consumption and Thailand witnessed

at
d
lar
Al
in
d
ot
an
nd
lar
d
ia
ar
m
ia
re
e
la
ne
growth in ethanol production and biofuel jobs.

an
av
es
ys
na
nm
So
po
pa
pi
,W
ail
ala
n
et
ga
ici
do
ya
ilip
Th
Vi
de
M
un
Sin
M
In
Ph
Ti
M
23 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
RECOMMENDATIONS
is Ask
SHORT TERM Har
1. Streamline RE permitting and approval process, especially for hydropower, geothermal, and solar PV projects.
2. Promote Public-Private Partnerships. ASEAN should encourage public-private partnerships to leverage private sector expertise and
resources in developing renewable energy projects. This can be done through innovative financing mechanisms, risk-sharing
arrangements, and facilitating partnerships between governments, utilities, and renewable energy developers.
3. Foster technology transfer and capacity building. ASEAN should facilitate technology transfer and knowledge sharing among member
ari
states to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies. This can be achieved through regional collaboration, workshops,
s k ari
and training programs to build capacity in project planning, financing, and operation of renewable energy systems.
A sk
aris A
4. Enhance cross-border power interconnection. ASEAN member states should explore opportunities for cross-border power
H is
Har
interconnection to facilitate the exchange of renewable energy resources.
LONG TERM
1. Set the RE targets for 2050 and beyond. This is important to continue the commitment for RE utilisation in the future and become a
basis for RE planning for every AMSs.
2. Enhance regional grid infrastructure, including interconnections, transmission lines, and energy storage systems, to facilitate the
integration of renewable energy sources.
a ri
3. Strengthen regional cooperation and collaboration. ASEAN should foster closer collaboration among member states, regional
Ask
organizations, and international partners to facilitate knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and joint research and development in the
is
Har a ri
renewable energy sector. This can be achieved by strengthening the ASEAN Secretariat and ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE), as
Ask
ASEAN think-tank that promotes information exchange, policy coordination, and investment facilitation.
is
Har
4. Invest in research and development (R&D). ASEAN should prioritize research and development efforts to advance renewable energy
technologies, improve efficiency, and lower costs. This includes supporting research institutions, universities, and private sector entities
to collaborate on developing innovative solutions, such as energy storage, grid optimization, and smart grid technologies, to address the
intermittency and variability of renewable energy sources.
24 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har 4. INDUSTRY
CHAPTER
is Ask
[COVER] Har
TECHNOLOGY
APS’ energy demand projection for Industries (in MTOE)
APS' projection on TPES for Industry Sector
Branch 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
300
Iron Steel 10.78 12.14 13.94 17.54 22.26
250
s kari ari
61.52 Pulp Paper 6.67 7.15 7.80 9.13 10.94
A sk
aris
Chemical 19.93 21.53 23.53 27.49 32.91
H200 is A 50.84
Har43.30 32.71
Non-Metallic
33.81 34.86 37.14 41.65 48.71
Mineral
MTOE
39.51 27.29 48.49 Textile and

150 36.77
22.85 7.02 7.03 7.18 7.25 7.41
20.47 39.25 Leather
19.30 32.54 31.34 Food
100 26.67 29.17
26.92 Beverages 6.91 7.53 8.27 9.52 11.04
21.81 23.63
20.31 78.07 and Tobacco
50
47.47 54.68 64.05 Mining 10.09 11.18 12.81 16.35 21.48
50.14
0 Construction 2.72 3.14 3.73 5.04 6.94
2020
s k ari 2025 2030 2040 2050 Other Industry 1.78 2.15 2.59 3.63 5.19
is A
Coal Oil Natural Gas Bioenergy Electricity Non specified 50.82 54.41 60.02 70.73 85.25
Har sk ari Total 150.52 161.11 177.02 208.34 252.13

A
•
will make up 67% and 69% ofH
a s will grow significantly from 2020 to 2050. The demand growth for electricity and bioenergy
The energy demand in the industryrisector
the 2050 total energy demand growth, respectively.
• The coal demand will stay dominating the energy demand and rise more than 50% compared to 2020. The demand of natural gas in
2050 will increase at 82%. These circumstances indicate the decarbonising efforts in the industry sector will take a dwindling path,
requiring a robust effort in RE penetration for electricity and raw materials (green hydrogen, bioenergy).
• Non-metallic mineral, chemical, and iron steel industries remain and will occupy the largest share of energy demand in the industry
sectors.
• As the needs for critical minerals increase (especially for EV and energy storage), the mining sector will potentially require more
energy to support the industry.
25 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
ris Sector based on IRENA
AMS' Fuel projection in Industrial
Ha
500
PES TES 1.5-S
450 • The energy demand of the industrial sector is
projected to increase by 3.6% annually. In the
400 1.5-degree scenario, there will be a significant
shift away from fossil fuels, which currently
350
s kari ari
dominate the sector's energy supply.
A sk • Instead, industrial processes will increasingly
H300 aris is A rely on electricity, biomass, and green
Har hydrogen for heat generation.
MTOE
250 • Given the diverse nature of industrial

processes and feedstock requirements, a wide
200 range of technologies will be necessary.
• The ASEAN industry stands to benefit from the
150 technologies associated with the 1.5-degree
scenario and can leverage its abundant supply
a ri of critical materials for energy transition
Ask
100
is technologies, potentially becoming a
Ha50r a ri
Ask
manufacturing powerhouse in the region.
is
0
Har
2030 2040 2050 2030 2040 2050 2030 2040 2050
Oil Natural Gas Coal Bioenergy Electricity Others Hydrogen Solar
26 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
Projection of TPES, exclude fossil energy, for the industry sector according to IRENA 2nd ASEAN RE Outlook.
is
Har Traditional Biomass
IRENA Electricity (MTOE) Hydrogen (MTOE) Biofuel (MTOE) Biomass (MTOE) Biogas (MTOE) Solar (MTOE) Heat (MTOE)
(MTOE)
Scenarios
(groups) Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply
Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth
2018,
45.14 0.00 0.00 24.12 0.48 1.43 0.00 0.00
Baseline
2030, PES 73.80 28.66 0.00 0.00 2.15 2.15 48.49 24.36 0.96 0.48 1.19 -0.24 0.00 0.00 1.91 1.91
ari75.95
2040, PES 99.36 54.22 0.24 0.24 2.87 2.87 73.80 49.68 1.19 0.72 1.67 0.24 0.00 0.00 5.25 5.25
2050, PES
A s k
121.09 0.72 0.72
s
3.10
k ari 3.10 96.73 72.61 1.67 1.19 1.67 0.24 0.00 0.00 8.84 8.84
2030, a
H ris
TES 88.37 14.57 0.96 0.96
is A5.02 2.87 48.49 0.00 1.43 0.48 1.19 0.00 1.19 1.19 1.67 -0.24
2040, TES 138.77 39.41 5.25 H 5.02r
a 12.66 9.79 64.97 -8.84 3.10 1.91 1.43 -0.24 3.34 3.34 5.25 0.00
2050, TES 186.78 65.68 12.42 11.70 20.30 17.20 73.09 -23.65 4.78 3.10 1.19 -0.48 6.45 6.45 8.36 -0.48
2030, 1.5-S 93.63 5.25 2.15 1.19 8.36 3.34 46.10 -2.39 1.43 0.00 1.19 0.00 1.67 0.48 1.67 0.00
2040, 1.5-S 157.88 19.11 9.79 4.54 16.96 4.30 60.43 -4.54 3.10 0.00 1.19 -0.24 5.25 1.91 5.02 -0.24
2050, 1.5-S 210.66 23.88 19.59 7.17 20.78 0.48 60.91 -12.18 5.02 0.24 0.96 -0.24 10.27 3.82 7.64 -0.72
a ri
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
• It can be inferred that by 2021, small portions of RE are utilised in the industry sector as to generate electricity.
• By 2050, the utilisation of RE in the industry is not expected to grow significantly, just because of small additional
of hydrogen as the raw material for chemical industry. 27 | P a g e
• This implicates that the fossil energy availability is still necessary for the industry.
a ri
Ask ri
Technology readiness (TRL) for RE in Industry: for electricity and fuel (covers EU and Australia).
is a
Har is Ask
Har
s kari ari
A sk
Haris is A
Har
a ri
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
• Har
Renewable energy (RE) in the manufacturing industry refers to using sustainable energy sources to power industrial
operations. Some ways that manufacturing companies can use renewable energy include:
Ø On-site generation (captive power): This can include installing solar panels, wind turbines, or other RE systems on
their own property to generate electricity for their operations.
Ø Power purchase agreements (PPAs) through power wheeling: This involves purchasing RE from an external provider
through a long-term contract, allowing manufacturing companies to access RE without having to invest in the
infrastructure themselves.
Ø Net metering: This allows manufacturing companies to receive credit for the excess energy they generate from on-
site RE systems and feed it back into the grid.
Ø Green energy certificates: This allows manufacturing companies to offset their energy consumption by purchasing
certificates from RE projects, such as wind or solar farms, to match the electricity they use. 28 | P a g e
• However, only F&B industry that technologies are readily available both as RE electricity and fuel (TRL 9). While for most
industries,
Dokumen ini telah ditandatangani REelektronik
secara technologies are sertifikat
menggunakan still under development.
elektronik yang diterbitkan oleh BSrE
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har IDENTIFICATION
POLICY Ask
H aris
Several countries in the ASEAN region are implementing initiatives to promote renewable energy adoption in the industrial sector.
• Brunei Darussalam aims to generate 10% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2035, with a focus on solar PV systems.
• Cambodia targets a 20% renewable energy share in its electricity mix by 2023 and 70% by 2030, utilizing hydropower, solar, and
wind energy.
• Indonesia aims for a 23% renewable energy mix by 2025, implementing regulations, incentives, and green industrial zones to drive
adoption.
•
s kari
Other countries like Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam have also set renewable energy
ari
A sk
targets, introduced incentives, and initiate programs to encourage industrial renewable energy projects.
H aris is A
Scope
ASEAN
Details Har
a) ASEAN has developed the ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on Consumer Protection 2021-2025, which includes
promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns, reducing resource use, and improving energy
efficiency in manufacturing.
b) The ASEAN Energy Management Scheme (AEMAS) encourages energy management practices in industries to
improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
c) The ASEAN Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy (ARECE) Cooperation Roadmap aims to promote
resource efficiency and circular economy principles in industries.
a ri d) Several ASEAN countries have introduced green building rating systems, such as Singapore's Green Mark,
is Ask Malaysia's Green Building Index (GBI), and Thailand's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Har
certification.
a ri
Ask
Brunei a) Brunei Darussalam has set a target to generate 10% of its total electricity from renewable energy sources by
Darussalam 2035. is
Har
b) The country is focusing on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for industrial applications, with several projects in
development. In 2020, Brunei Darussalam introduced the Energy White Paper Implementation Plan 2020-2025,
which aims to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, including for industrial applications.
c) Brunei Darussalam is exploring the introduction of green financing mechanisms to support renewable energy
projects, including those in the industrial sector. Financial incentives, such as grants, subsidies, or tax incentives,
may be provided to encourage industries to invest in renewable energy infrastructure and technologies.
Cambodia a) Cambodia aims to increase the share of renewable energy in its electricity mix to 20% by 2023 and 70% by 2030.
b) The country has significant potential for hydropower, solar, and wind energy. Large-scale solar and biomass
projects are being developed to cater to industrial needs.
29 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
a. Large-scale hydropower projects have been developed to harness renewable energy for industrial
is
Har
consumption.
b. The government has introduced solar power projects, including solar farms and rooftop solar installations,
to cater to industrial energy needs. Industrial facilities can install solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to
generate clean electricity and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
c. Cambodia has potential for wind energy generation, particularly in coastal areas and highland regions.
The government has initiated wind energy projects to explore the feasibility of harnessing wind power for
industrial use.
c) The government offers incentives, such as tax exemptions and investment guarantees, to attract private sector
s kari investments in renewable energy projects, including those for industrial applications.
ari
Indonesia A a) k
Indonesia has set a target to achieve a 23% renewable energy mix by 2025, including in the industrial sector.
s
H aris is A
a. Regulation on the Utilization of Renewable Energy for Electricity Supply (Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Har
Resources Regulation No. 10/2017):
i. It sets specific renewable energy targets for electricity producers, including industrial facilities, to
increase the share of renewable energy in their energy mix.
ii. The regulation aims to promote renewable energy integration and reduce the reliance on fossil
fuel-based electricity generation.
b. Regulation on Energy Management and Conservation (Presidential Regulation No. 70/2019):
i. This regulation mandates industrial facilities, commercial buildings, and government offices to
implement energy management and conservation measures.
a ri ii. It requires the development and implementation of energy management plans, energy audits, and
is Ask the adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices.
Har ri
iii. The regulation aims to enhance energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption, thereby
a
Ask
promoting the use of renewable energy in the industrial sector.
b) is
The country offers incentives for renewable energy projects, such as feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and power
Har
purchase agreements (PPAs) for industrial consumers.
c) The Indonesian government has initiated the Industrial Energy Efficiency (IEE) Program to promote energy
efficiency in the industrial sector.
d) The government has established Green Industrial Zones (Kawasan Industri Hijau) as designated areas for
sustainable industrial development. These zones promote the adoption of renewable energy, energy efficiency
measures, and environmentally friendly practices within industrial complexes.
e) Renewable Energy Auctions: Indonesia has conducted renewable energy auctions to attract private sector
investments in renewable energy projects, including those for industrial consumption. These auctions allow
renewable energy developers to compete for long-term power purchase agreements with PT PLN (Persero), the
state-owned electricity utility.
30 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
Lao PDR Ask
a) Laos has abundant hydropower resources and aims to become the "Battery of Southeast Asia" by exporting
is
Har
electricity to neighbouring countries.
b) The country has been developing large-scale hydropower projects to meet domestic and regional industrial
energy demand.
c) Lao PDR has implemented feed-in tariff (FiT) schemes to incentivize the development of renewable energy
projects. Industrial consumers can benefit from FiTs by participating in renewable energy projects and receiving
FiT payments for the electricity they contribute to the grid.
d) Lao PDR has established the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund (REEEF) to provide financial
support for renewable energy projects.
s kari a. The fund offers grants, subsidies, and low-interest loans to eligible projects, including those in the
ari
A industrial sector.
sk
H aris is A
b. Industrial consumers can access the REEEF to finance the development and implementation of
Malaysia
Har
renewable energy initiatives.
a) Malaysia has set a target to achieve 20% renewable energy in its electricity mix by 2025.
a. Renewable Energy Act 2011: The Renewable Energy Act 2011 provides a legal framework for the
development, promotion, and utilization of renewable energy in Malaysia. It sets the requirements for
renewable energy project development, licensing, feed-in tariffs, and incentives. The act aims to promote
renewable energy as a significant component of Malaysia's energy mix, including for industrial
applications.
b) The country promotes solar energy through net energy metering (NEM) and large-scale solar projects. Biomass
a ri and biogas technologies are also being deployed for industrial energy needs.
is Ask a. Malaysia has introduced the Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme to promote the adoption of solar
Har ri
photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly for commercial and industrial consumers. Under the NEM scheme,
a
Ask
excess electricity generated by solar PV systems can be exported to the grid and credited against the
is
consumer's electricity bill.
Har
c) Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS): The Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) provides
financing facilities for green technology projects, including renewable energy initiatives, in the industrial sector.
d) Green Technology Master Plan (GTMP): The GTMP sets specific targets and action plans to increase the share
of renewable energy in Malaysia's energy mix and enhance energy efficiency in various sectors, including the
industrial sector.
Myanmar a) Myanmar has set a target to achieve 30% renewable energy in its total electricity generation capacity by 2030.
b) The country has potential for hydropower, solar, wind, and biomass energy. Initiatives are underway to promote
renewable energy projects for industrial use.
31 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
a. National Electrification Plan (NEP): The National Electrification Plan aims to provide universal access to
is
Har
electricity in Myanmar by 2030, with a focus on renewable energy sources. The plan includes promoting
the use of renewable energy, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, for industrial electricity consumption.
b. Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (MSDP): The plan encourages the development of renewable
energy projects, both large-scale and distributed, to meet the energy needs of industries and other
sectors.
c. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Myanmar encourages public-private partnerships to promote
renewable energy projects, including those serving industrial consumers.
Philippines a) The Philippines aims to achieve a 35% renewable energy share in its power generation by 2030.
i
A s kar b) The country offers incentives for renewable energy investments, such as the Renewable Portfolio Standards
k ari
(RPS) and the Green Energy Option Program (GEOP).
aris A s
H is
a. The Green Energy Option Program allows electricity consumers, including industrial users, to source a
Har
portion or all their electricity requirements from renewable energy sources.
b. Industrial consumers can opt to purchase Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) to support renewable
energy projects and demonstrate their commitment to sustainable energy consumption.
c. The RPS mechanism encourages industrial consumers and electricity suppliers to procure electricity from
renewable energy sources and increase their overall renewable energy share.
Singapore a) Singapore has limited domestic renewable energy resources. However, the country has been focusing on
promoting clean energy through international collaborations and investments.
b) The government supports the deployment of renewable energy in the region and explores partnerships for
sk ari renewable energy procurement.

a. The Enhanced Industry Energy Efficiency (EIEE) Program provides financial incentives and support to
is A
Har ri
industrial consumers to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Industrial facilities can
a
is Ask
access funding and technical assistance to implement energy-saving measures, upgrade equipment, and
optimize energy consumption.
Har
b. The SolarNova Program is a government-led initiative that aims to accelerate the deployment of solar PV
systems in Singapore, including for industrial consumers. Under the program, the government
collaborates with industry stakeholders to identify suitable sites for solar PV installations and facilitates the
development process. Industrial consumers can participate in the SolarNova Program by installing solar
PV systems on their rooftops or through the adoption of shared solar projects.
c. Green Mark Scheme: This scheme includes provisions for renewable energy installations in buildings,
including industrial facilities, such as the requirement for solar-ready rooftops.
Thailand a) Thailand has set a target to achieve a 30% renewable energy share in its total final energy consumption by
2036.
32 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
b) The country promotes solar, wind, biomass, and biogas projects through various incentives, including feed-in
is
Har
tariffs, investment incentives, and power purchase agreements.
a. Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP): Thailand has implemented the Alternative Energy
Development Plan to promote the use of renewable energy sources, including in the industrial sector. The
plan sets targets for renewable energy capacity additions and outlines the strategies and measures to
achieve these targets.
b. Thailand has a Feed-in Tariff (FiT) program to encourage renewable energy generation, including for
industrial consumers. The FiT program offers fixed tariffs and long-term power purchase agreements to
renewable energy producers, ensuring a stable and attractive return on investment.
s kari c. Adder Scheme: Thailand's Adder Scheme provides additional incentives on top of the FiT rates for certain
ari
A k
renewable energy technologies. Under the Adder Scheme, industrial consumers that generate electricity
s
H aris is A
from specific renewable energy sources, such as biomass or biogas, can receive higher tariffs or
Har
additional financial benefits.
d. Net Metering Program: Thailand has a Net Metering program in place to promote the adoption of solar PV
systems, including for industrial consumers.
e. Thai-German Renewable Energy Development Program (TGRED): The Thai-German Renewable Energy
Development Program supports the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies in
Thailand. The program focuses on capacity building, technology transfer, and knowledge sharing to
promote renewable energy in various sectors, including industry.
Vietnam a) Vietnam aims to increase the share of renewable energy in its total electricity generation capacity to 30% by
a ri 2030.
is Ask b) The country has been rapidly developing solar and wind energy projects, including for industrial use, and offers
Har ri
incentives such as feed-in tariffs and tax exemptions.
a
Ask
a. Vietnam has implemented a Feed-in Tariff (FiT) program to incentivize renewable energy generation,
is
including for industrial consumers.
Har
b. Vietnam has established standardized Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) templates for renewable energy
projects, including those catering to industrial consumers.
c. Vietnam has introduced a Renewable Portfolio Standard, which sets a target for the percentage of
electricity to be generated from renewable energy sources. Electricity suppliers, including industrial
consumers, are encouraged to procure a certain portion of their electricity from renewable sources to
meet the RPS requirements.
d. Vietnam has implemented a Net Metering policy and promotes the installation of rooftop solar power
systems.
33 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
is Ask
Har • According to International Finance Corporation
(IFC), By 2030, China, Indonesia, the Philippines,
and Vietnam requires significant investment of $392
billion for energy efficiency, becoming the highest
required investment in industrial sector.
• This number will increase if R&D for enabling RE
s kari ari
technologies in industry are commercially ready.
A sk
H aris is A
Har
• Hydrogen can be obtained from various sources, fossil energy (oil,
sk ari natural gas, and coal, through gasification), and renewables (water,
is A biomass).
Har a ri • According to ERIA, steam reforming of natural gas is the cheapest,
is Ask while alkaline water electrolysis using variable renewable energy is the
Har most expensive method.
• The latter is expensive because the supply of electric power for water
electrolysis is not stable, so the capacity factor of a water electrolysis
device is low. Such hydrogen production costs can be halved, however,
if a high operating rate can be maintained under stable power.
• Technological improvements may reduce the cost of alkaline water
electrolysis, making it the most economical hydrogen production
method.
34 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har CHAIN
SUPPLY
is Ask
Har
• The extractive industry, including oil and gas extraction, refining, and mining, shows potential for integrating renewable energy sources
such as solar and wind. Solar heat and power can be utilized in oil and gas extraction, while solar heat can be employed in refining
processes.
• Renewable electricity from solar PV or wind can be used in mines, either for off-grid operations or through power export if the mine is
connected to the grid. Additionally, repurposing old mines as pumped-storage hydropower plants can facilitate the integration of
variable renewables.
ari
• Renewable-based hydrogen and ammonia production can compete with conventional methods in countries with low natural gas costs,
s k ari
as long as carbon capture and storage (CCS) costs or carbon externalities are not supported. The cost of producing ammonia and
A sk
aris A
methanol from renewable sources, such as solar and wind power, has significantly decreased, opening up opportunities for
H is
competitive large-scale production. Har
• In the high-value chemicals sector, organic materials and bioethanol can directly substitute petrochemical products, while the potential
to use current crops as feedstock for ethanol and ethylene production is limited due to resource constraints.
• The iron and steel industry is a significant energy consumer and emitter of CO2, primarily relying on coal and natural gas. Transitioning
to low CO2 emissions steel production can be achieved through the use of renewables-based hydrogen in the Direct Reduced Iron-
Electric Arc Furnace (DR-EAF) method, but it requires the availability of commercial renewable electricity supply.
• In the cement sector, process emissions from clinker production contribute to a majority of CO2 emissions, and the use of electric
a ri
furnaces for high temperatures is not common.
Ask
• Hydrogen, produced from under-utilized energy sources like hydropower, and solar PV systems, has potential applications in various
is
Har a
industries including ammonia production and green steel manufacturing. ri
Ask
Industry types
H aris Details
• Crude and condensate production could be fed partly on solar heat or power, in places with high solar
Oil and potential.
gas • For offshore field, it offers the opportunity to optimise offshore wind power.
Extractive Extraction • However, it needs further assessment in the context of technical feasibility, resources identification, and
Industry
cost-benefit
• There are two temperature ranges in which solar heat can be used: distillation takes place at medium-
Refining
high temperatures of up to 400°C, and pre-reforming usually occurs around 500°C; these temperatures
35 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
are easily reached with concentrating solar, but only where DNI is sufficient to allow for effective
is
Har
concentration.
• Uptake of renewables in refining could be through hydrogen. The hydrogen consumed in refineries used
to be a co-product of catalytic reformation of gasoline, but the need for additional hydrogen keeps
growing as standards for oil products become more stringent in most countries to preserve urban air
quality, while at the same time available oil resources in some regions are becoming heavier and sourer.
Hydrogen can be produced from water electrolysis run on renewables.
• Providing renewable electricity to mines from solar PV or wind (or both) is attractive, but some barriers
i
A s kar exist.
k ari
aris s
o If the mine is off grid, the economics of substituting diesel fuel are usually very favourable and
A
H is
Har existing generators can be used when needed; however, if significant excess power is generated,
it cannot be exported and might be lost.
Minerals
o Conversely, if the mine is on the grid, exporting excess power can be an option provided the utility
accepts it and provides fair remuneration, which often requires the intervention of a regulator or
governmental authority.
• Old mines, especially deep ones, could be converted into pumped-storage hydropower plants, which
would help integrate variable renewables such as solar and wind.
ar i • Hydrogen: a combination of low electricity costs and high load factors would allow renewables-based
is Ask hydrogen generation to compete with SMR – except in countries with especially low natural gas costs
Har ri
and provided carbon capture and storage (CCS) costs or the carbon externalities are not supported.
a
•
is Ask
Ammonia, can be produced from renewable sources: The cost of fuel (as fuel and feedstock) is the main
Har
cost factor in ammonia production, and most of it is spent in the generation of hydrogen. Hence, as with
hydrogen, the recent and drastic cost reductions in solar and wind power open new possibilities for
Chemicals
competitive ammonia production in large-scale plants. Like hydrogen, the cost of green ammonia
depends primarily on the cost of electricity as long as load factor of electrolysers exceeds 50%.
• Methanol: SMR (steam methane reforming) and coal gasification are the main sources of CO2 emissions
in manufacturing methanol. These emissions can be drastically reduced or suppressed if a renewable
source of hydrogen is used, such as water electrolysis operated on renewable electricity.
• High-value chemicals
36 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har o Ask
Organic materials such as cellulose fibres, coconut fibres, starch plastics, fibre boards and paper
is
Harfoams can directly substitute for petrochemical products in end-use applications.
o Textile materials (mainly viscose and acetate) can be produced from wood pulp and as
byproducts from cotton processing.
o Producing ethylene from bioethanol is technically relatively straightforward, and some companies
are already doing it on a large scale (Taibi, Gielen and Bazilian, 2012).
o The potential to use current crops (e.g., sugar beets) instead of oil as feedstock to produce
ethanol and ethylene is marginal (limited resources).
s kari •
ari
Iron and steel is the second-largest industry energy consumer.
A sk
aris
The iron and steel sector is highly energy- and emissions-intensive, accounting for 8% of global final
H
•
is A
Har
energy use and 7% of global direct energy-related CO2 emissions (including industrial process
emissions). Iron and steel production is highly reliant on coal or natural gas for iron ore-based
Iron and Steel production.
• Over 90% of the direct CO2 emissions of steel production result from these primary steelmaking
methods, in which the reduction of iron ore into iron accounts for about 80% of the emissions.
• Steelmaking with very low CO2 emissions could be accomplished through the current DR-EAF method,
using renewables-based hydrogen instead of syngas from natural gas.
ar i • Cement is the third-largest energy consumer in the industry sector.
is Ask • More than half of the cement industry’s CO2 emissions are process emissions from the clinker production
HarCement ri
process, in which limestone (CaCO3) is heated to produce lime (CaO) and thus release CO2.
a
•
is Ask
With respect to energy use, biomass and other wastes are already part of the cement manufacturing
Har
process in various factories.
• Electric furnaces for temperatures up to 1 800°C (higher than needed) are commercially available, but
usually not in the dimensions necessary to produce clinker (as in a rotary kiln).
• Hydropower in isolated areas. Hydropower has significant potential in Sarawak, Malaysia and the North
Kalimantan and Papua provinces of Indonesia. It has not been well developed in these areas due to the
Green hydrogen low electricity demand near these sites and the significant costs to construct transmission lines to urban
areas. At these sites, hydrogen can be produced using water electrolysis technology and be transported
by tankers.
37 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har • Ask
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. To balance electricity supply and demand, surplus electricity generated
is
Har
by solar PV systems can be utilised. With this electricity, hydrogen can be produced through water
electrolysis.
• hydrogen can be converted into ammonia. Ammonia is used for several things, such as in the fertiliser
industry (producing ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate and urea), the chemical industry
(synthesis of HNO₃, which is an ingredient of TNT), the refrigeration industry (as a cooling working fluid)
and the pharmaceutical industry (as a drug such as sulphonamides)
• hydrogen can also be used to make green steel, which has a much lower carbon footprint than traditional
i
A s kar k ari
steel. Steel produced using hydrogen can be categorised as green steel, while the use of CCUS (carbon
aris s
capture utilisation and storage) is classified as blue steel.
A
H is
Har
a ri
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
38 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har is Ask • According to ACE, private companies such as
Har PLN, Pertamina, Petronas, Jurong Port, and
PetroVietnam have taken the lead in the
production or utilization of hydrogen for industrial
purposes in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the
Philippines.
• Sarawak Energy in Malaysia has successfully
produced green hydrogen at their integrated
s kari ari hydrogen refuelling facility in Kuching.
A sk
H aris is A • The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
Har (EGAT) has initiated a wind-hydrogen project to
test the integration of renewables with hydrogen.
• However, Lao PDR and Myanmar have not yet
developed any plans for hydrogen production
and utilization.
a ri
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
39 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
RECOMMENDATIONS
is Ask
SHORT TERM Har
1. Encourage every industry branch to consider purchasing renewable energy certificates (RECs) to support and promote the use of
renewable energy sources.
2. Improve the utilisation of RE for electrification purposes for selected industries. Food, Beverages, and Tobacco can be prioritised
considering the high technology readiness level.
3. Encourage the industry to accelerate the energy transition. This requires AMSs’ action to develop supportive policies and fiscal
incentives also setting standards and regulations that promote environmentally friendly business activity. The AMSs can include feed-in
kari ari
tariffs, tax incentives, grants, and subsidies for renewable energy projects in the industry sector and ensure that the policies are
s
A sk
aris
designed to be attractive and provide clear financial benefits to incentivize adoption.
H is A
Har
4. Consider building integrated policies and framework for ASEAN to construct targets and strategy to accelerate decarbonising industry
sectors. This step is crucial to strengthen existing commitment and open more opportunity to tap International green financing.
5. Continue to empower local authorities and develop technical capacity.
LONG TERM
1. Continue the research and development activities to improve the technology and economics of scale of renewable based source for raw
materials. It also important to consider and fasten the development of green hydrogen and biofuels for industry.
2. Explore the possibility of carbon pricing for industry to speed up green technology adoption.
a ri
3. Create industry-specific renewable energy roadmaps through a collaborative act between industry associations, government agencies,
Ask
and renewable energy experts. These roadmaps should outline the steps, technologies, and timelines for integrating renewable energy
is
Harinto industrial processes. a ri
is Ask
Har
40 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har 5. TRANSPORT
CHAPTER
is Ask
[COVER] Har
TECHNOLOGY
Transportation by Fuel AMS' Fuel projection in Transportaion Sector
7.19%
7.00%
160 8% 400
PES TES 1.5-S APS
i
kar
5.91%
140 7% 350
A s sk ari
H aris
120
is A 6% 300
Har
4.31%
3.99%
100 5% 250
3.18%
Share
MTOE
MTOE
80 4% 200
2.63%
2.44%
1.82%
60 3% 150
1.41%
1.36%
1.23%
1.01%
40 2% 100
0.32%
0.14%
0.07%
20
k a ri 1% 50
0 s 0 A s % 5% % % % % % % % % % % % %
.17%.18%.220.2 .200.240.24 .23 .23 .23 .230.230.240.250.240.24
i 0 0 0 0 0 0
H r
0 0%
a ar i 0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Ask
2030, 2040, 2050, 2030, 2040, 2050, 2030, 2040, 2050, 2025, 2030, 2040, 2050,
is PES PES PES TES TES TES 1.5-S 1.5-S 1.5-S APS APS APS APS
Oil
Electricity
Natural Gas
Electricity Share
Har Biofuels
Biofuels Share Oil Natural Gas Electricity Hydrogen Biofuel
• Oil products still dominates the fuel type in the transportation sector in ASEAN. Every projection scenario according to
IRENA (PES, TES, and 1.5-S) and ACE (APS) also predicts the continuing pattern until 2050.
• The biofuel used as alternatives fuel in ASEAN has grown significantly since the 2008, and projectably keep rising
following the scarcity of fossil energy, strengthening energy security, and reducing the emissions generated in the
transportation sector.
• The electricity share as alternative fuel tends to have a stagnant growth rate. However, since most AMSs have introduced
commitments to improve EV penetration, the electricity share in the transportation sector will be increased in the future.
41 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har Ask
Projection of TPES, exclude fossil energy, for the transport sector according to IRENA 2nd ASEAN RE Outlook.
is
IRENA Electricity (MTOE) Har Hydrogen (MTOE) Biofuel (MTOE)
• The transportation sector will undergo
Scenarios Status & Supply Status & Supply Status & Supply
(groups) Projection growth Projection growth Projection growth two simultaneous approaches: one will
2018, Baseline 0.478 0.000 7.404 prioritize the electrification of vehicles,
2030, PES 4.060 3.583 0.000 0.000 23.407 16.003 particularly passenger cars, while the
2040, PES 11.226 7.165 0.000 0.000 30.095 6.688 other will emphasize the use of
2050, PES 19.347 8.121 0.000 0.000 38.693 8.598 cleaner fuels.
ri
ka9.554 Biofuels will play a crucial role in
ari
•
As
2030, TES 9.076 0.000 0.000 26.751 19.347
is s k certain modes of transport, including
2040,rTES
is A
28.662 19.108 0.000 0.000 36.305 9.554
H a 27.706 ar
freight, aviation, and inland shipping.
2050, TES 56.368
H 0.000 0.000 48.008 11.703
• On the other hand, hydrogen and its
2030, 1.5-S 13.375 12.898 0.000 0.000 30.333 22.929
derivatives will be significant for
2040, 1.5-S 42.992 29.617 0.000 0.000 48.486 18.152
international shipping.
2050, 1.5-S 81.446 38.454 0.239 0.239 66.877 18.391
EV Charging in ASEAN
a
Brunei ri
Ask
Measure Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Darussalam
H aris 13 (March 240 (first halfk r20i in

aVientiane 421 (March 2 (March 136 (July
1,800
1,000 (Nov 500 (July
Existing A s (February
aris
2023) 2021) 2021) 2023) 2021) 2021) 2021)
(June 2022) 2021)
H
Number of Deploy
25,000
charging 60,000 EV 12,000 3,000 fast
public
stations to charging public fast charge
charging
reach 30,000 500 Fast 5,000 points by charging stations
points and
units and Charge charging 2030, 40,000 stations by and 133
Target 100,000
battery swap Stations by stations by in public car 2030 and 1 battery
private
stations to 2030 2025 parks and 450 battery swapping
charging
reach 67,000 20,000 in swapping stations by
points by
units by private stations. 2022
2035
2030. premises.
42 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har SUPPORT
POLICY
is Ask
Policy related to EV in AMS. Har
Brunei
Measure Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Darussalam
s kari
Carbon Neutrality Target V V
arVi V V V V V V V
is A Ask
Har Har
is
EV Target X V V V V X V V V V
Investment Incentives for

X V V V V V V V V V
MNEs
a ri
is Ask
Har
Incentives for EV adoption
s k arVi
X V A X V X V V V V
aris
by consumers
H
Industrial zones solely for
X X X X V X X X X X
EVs
43 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
Policy related to Biofuel’s mandate in AMS.
is Ask
Country
Har Biofuel Policy/Blended Ratio
Ethanol Biodiesel Policy/Source
Brunei
N/A N/A
Darussalam
Cambodia N/A N/A
B30 by 2020 • MEMR Regulation no 12/2015
E5 by 2023
Indonesia B35 by 2023 • 2022 Enhanced National Determined Contributions (NDC)
E20 by 2025
s kari ari by 2025.
Indonesia.
i s A s
10% biofuel share in TPES (blending ratiok5%-10%)
• Vision 2030, Strategic Plan 2025, and 5-year Power
Har
Lao PDR
is A fuels by 2030
10% biofuels share in transport
a r •
Development Plan
2021 NDC Lao PDR
Malaysia E10
H Current: B20 • 2021 National Biodiesel Program - update from MPIC Malaysia
Myanmar N/A N/A
Current: E10 B5 by 2020
Philippines • Biofuel Law based on RA: 9367 Biofuel Act
E20 by 2040 B10 by 2040
Singapore N/A N/A
• Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018
ari
Current: E85, E20, E10 Current: B7, B10, B20
• 2021 DEDE Report
Thailand
A sk
is 20-25% biofuel share in TFEC by 2037
Har a ri
Ask
• Decision no 2068/QĐ-TTg
Current: E5, E10 Current: B5, B10
is • Decision no 53/2012/QĐ-TTg
Har
Vietnam
13% and 25% of the transport sector’s fuel demand in 2030
and 2050, respectively
44 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
is Ask
Har
Required investment based on IRENA 2nd ASEAN RE Outlook’s projection.
2018-2030 (USD BILLION) 2018-2050 (USD BILLION)

PES TES 1.5-S PES TES 1.5-S RE90 1.5-S RE100
Biofuel supply 38.3 66.3 66.3 112 197 235 235
EV chargers 6 31 47.2 48 278 419 419
s kari ari
The transport sector will experience increased investment requirements, with around USD 14 billion per year allocated for EV chargers.
•
A sk
•
H aris is A
The development of EV charging infrastructure will account for more than half of the total investment in the transport sector. These
Har
investments will initially see rapid growth, increasing by 60% annually in the near future until the 2030s. Subsequently, the growth rate
will decrease to 8% annually in the following two decades, leading up to 2050.
• Additionally, there will be additional costs associated with the adoption of EVs at the beginning.
• Moreover, investments in biofuel supply will need to reach an average of USD 7-8 billion per year until 2050 under the 1.5-S scenario,
which is approximately twice the amount that would be invested under the PES scenario.
a ri
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
45 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har CHAIN
SUPPLY
is Ask
Value chain of Biofuel in AMS Har
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Molasses Palm Oil
UPSTREAM
UPSTREAM
UPSTREAM
UPSTREAM
Sugarcane
Coconut Oil
Cassava
Others (e.g jatropha, vernicia montana, etc)
MIDSTREAM
MIDSTREAM
Others (Nipa Sap)
i
kar
Oil production and refinery
ari
MIDSTREAM
A s Oil production and refinery
sk
aris
Biodiesel production and refinery
H
Ethanol production and refinery
is A
Har
DOWNSTREAM
Growth of diesel vehicles
Growth of gasoline passenger cars
Acceptance of biodiesel usage by manufacturers
Acceptance of ethanol in passenger cars by manufacturers
DOWNSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
Acceptance of biodiesel usage by public

Acceptance of ethanol in passenger cars by public
Policy for biodiesel
POLICY
Growth of gasoline motorcycles
Policy for R&D in biodiesel supply chain

Acceptance of ethanol in motorcycles by manufacturers
Acceptance of ethanol in motorcycles by public
a ri
Ask
Policy for ethanol fuel
POLICY
POLICY
is
Har ari
Policy for research and development in ethanol value chain
• s k
A for success in biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. A scale of 1 to 5 is used to indicate the
The provided data illustrates the key factors
availability of specific elements,H a r i s
with 1 representing scarcity and 5 indicating a surplus, particularly in the upstream and midstream
supply chains.
• For downstream and policy components, scales 2 and 3 indicate pilot projects in progress, while scales 4 and 5 represent
implementation targets and mandates in national plans. The figures highlight that ASEAN member states have a strong awareness of
biodiesel and ethanol utilization policies, with most countries already having targets or mandates in place.
• However, there is a gap between research and development (R&D) efforts and biofuel utilization policies in ASEAN, which may hinder
sustainable and effective biofuel development across the entire supply chain. To address this, increased focus on biofuel R&D by
respective agencies in each ASEAN member state is necessary to accelerate dissemination and overcome utilization challenges.
46 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
Value chain of EV in AMS
is Ask
Har • The production of electric vehicles (EVs) involves a
longer value chain compared to traditional internal
combustion engine vehicles, connecting mining,
smelting, EV battery production, parts and
components manufacturing, and EV infrastructure
development.
s kari ri
• Nickel and lithium-ion batteries play a crucial role in
is A A ska EVs, with Indonesia and the Philippines among the

Har Har
is countries with significant nickel reserves.
• ASEAN has seen substantial foreign direct
investment (FDI) in mining, smelting, and EV
battery production, with major multinational
corporations (MNEs) dominating the global EV
battery market.
• The presence of these MNEs has contributed to
the development of the EV battery ecosystem in
a ri
Ask
ASEAN, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and
is Thailand.
Har a ri
Ask
• The region is also witnessing increased EV
is
Har
production by automotive MNEs, driven by market
potential, carbon-neutral policies, and growing
demand for environmentally friendly transportation.
47 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN
is Ask
Har
s kari ari
A sk
H aris is A
Har
a ri
•
is Ask
About 30 million new workers are needed by 2030 to meet increased demand for clean energy, efficiency, and low-emissions
H ar technologies; over half are highly skilled positions.

a ri
•
is Ask
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimated that the global renewable energy sector, including EVs, could create up
Har
to 42 million jobs by 2050. This includes jobs in manufacturing, installation, operations, and maintenance of renewable energy
technologies, of which EVs are a significant component.
• The Electric Vehicle Initiative (EVI), a global multi-government policy forum, projected that the cumulative number of direct and indirect
jobs in the EV sector could reach around 10 million by 2030. These jobs include manufacturing, battery production, charging
infrastructure, and related services.
• According to the report by IRENA “Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2022”, Indonesia’s biodiesel employment rose to about
555,900 in 2021, reflecting production levels that were about 9% higher than in 2020. As the demand grows, the employment rate will
follow. This situation might happen in Thailand as well. Thailand’s ethanol production increased to 1.9 billion litres in 2021, a new peak.
IRENA estimated the number of biofuel jobs in Thailand at 133,900 in 2021, almost 5,000 more than in 2020.
48 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
RECOMMENDATIONS
is Ask
SHORT TERM Har
1. Extend biofuel blending mechanism, such as ethanol and biodiesel, as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels in the transport sector. This
also needs to consider EV penetration in the transportation sector.
2. Construct a roadmap of renewable penetration in the transportation sector.
3. Enable market incentives to drive the adoption of renewable energy in the transport sector. This can include providing financial
incentives, tax credits, and grants to individuals and businesses that choose renewable energy-based transport options.
LONG TERM
s kari ari
s A s k
H ri
1. aAccelerate is Acharging infrastructure, powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind, to
and expand renewable energy
r
a
support the growing demand forHelectric vehicles. It needs collaboration with public and private stakeholders to invest in the installation
of charging infrastructure in strategic locations, including highways, public parking areas, and commercial centres.
2. Advance alternative fuel for transportation, such as hydrogen.
3. Support research and development (R&D). Support projects that explore innovative solutions, such as hydrogen fuel cells and
sustainable aviation fuels, to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and promote the use of renewable energy in various modes of
transportation.
4. Enhance skills and capacity building: invest in training programs and capacity-building initiatives to develop a skilled workforce capable
a ri
of supporting the transition to renewable energy in the transport sector.
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
49 | P a g e
a ri
i s Ask k ari
Ha r s
CHAPTER
is A
6. REGIONAL COOPERATION
a r
[COVER] H
SWOT ANALYSIS OF ASEAN RE REGIONAL APPROACH
Strengths Weakness
• AMS shows commitment to increasing renewable energy in NDC. • Only 2 AMS have laid out the required
• ASEAN will achieve or exceed 2025 RE targets in APS. international technical and financial support
• 6 AMS have Feed-in Tariff, 70% for Net Metering. More than 90% of ASEAN’s population for conditional targets in their NDCs.
• Ongoing attention to and interest in coal-
ari
have access to grid electricity.
s k
• 8 AMS use tax relief/exemptions for renewable energy.
A sk ari fired power. Coal is included in “Coal Phase
aris
• 8 AMS have regulations/targets developed for EV. Out” scenarios.
H is A
Har
• 7 AMS have climate funding (pipelined or active). • Regional renewable energy project
• 1 AMS has already incorporated APS targets in the national plan. pipelines for future investment not
• 6 AMS import/export energy via interconnection. available.
• All AMS plan to participate in regional interconnection. • Energy markets need to be initiated in most
• 2 AMS have published R&D plans for renewable energy. of the AMS.
• 8 AMS are eligible for international support through NDC. • Standardisation and digitisation at the
• 1 AMS has an established Green Energy Option Programme regional level are needed
Opportunities Threats
• Existing experience within ASEAN could be shared amongst the AMS to strengthen an • Political stability of some AMS may
a ri
enabling RE environment. profoundly affect future investment.
Ask
• Climate finance can be strategically mobilised for all AMS.
is
Har
• Research, development and innovation must be prioritised for the short and long terms.
a ri
Ask
• Investment attractiveness must be strengthened at the national and regional levels.
is
• A financing facility for RE implementation could be established at the regional level.
Har
• Interconnection plans could be strengthened to increase RE share.
• RE targets in ASEAN could be improved by catalysing more RE investment.
• ASEAN aims for the highest renewable energy achievements, referencing progressive scenarios and targets at both national and
regional levels, with the expectation of improving targets and roadmaps with international support.
• Challenges hindering ASEAN's renewable energy progress include a reluctance to phase out coal-fired plants, potential disruptions due
to political transitions, economic disparities, and limited policy compliance, posing risks to regional grid integration and power trading.
• Despite challenges, ASEAN possesses diverse renewable resources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal energy,
providing opportunities for regional decarbonization and achieving the regional renewable energy target.
50 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
AMSs’ commitment on regional cooperation Ask
H a ris
ASEAN member countries have committed to promoting cross-border power trade and interconnection to enhance energy
Cross-Border
security and optimize resource utilization. Initiatives such as the ASEAN Power Grid aim to facilitate cross-border
Power Trade
electricity trade and infrastructure development.
ASEAN countries are signatories to international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global
warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Member countries have committed to reducing their carbon emissions
and transitioning to low-carbon electricity systems, including through renewable energy deployment.
• Brunei Darussalam: Net Zero Emission by 2050
s kari • Cambodia: Carbon Neutral by 2050

ari
Carbon Emission A • Indonesia: Net Zero Emission by 2060 or sooner
sk
aris
Reduction
H is A
• Lao PDR: Net Zero Emission by 2050
Commitments Har
• Malaysia: Carbon Neutral by 2050
• Myanmar: Carbon Neutral by 2050
• Philippines: N/A
• Singapore: Net Zero Emission by 2050
• Thailand: Carbon Neutral by 2050 and Net Zero Emission by 2065
• Vietnam: Net Zero Emission by 2050
ASEAN is working towards the establishment of a regional electricity market to facilitate cross-border electricity trading and
Regional
promote market integration. The ASEAN Power Grid and the ASEAN Power Exchange are initiatives aimed at enabling
Electricity Market
a ri
efficient electricity trade among member countries.
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
51 | P a g e
a ri
Ask
ASEAN Power Grid and Proposed Interconnection
is a ri
Har is Ask
Har
s kari ari
A sk
H aris is A
Har
•Regional interconnection within ASEAN has many benefits in achieving a lower-cost power system overall. By allowing for integrated
energy supply planning and minimising of duplication of both energy and non-energy service provision, it reduces system costs in all
scenarios regardless of ambition level.
• Convergence's Historical Deals Database has recorded 99
ASEAN blended finance transaction in RE Projects blended finance transactions in the ASEAN region,
amounting to USD 19.75 billion, with roughly one-third
a ri
Ask
targeting renewable energy projects.
is • Blended finance investments in ASEAN focus on mixed-use
Har a ri
Ask
transactions within the renewable energy sector, with solar
is and hydropower being the most targeted technologies.
Har • Commercial private investors are the most common
investors in renewable energy blended finance deals in
ASEAN, followed by development finance institutions.
• A significant portion of ASEAN's renewable energy blended
finance transactions exceed USD 100 million, attracting
large-scale investors like insurance companies, pension
funds, and international financial institutions.
52 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
RECOMMENDATIONS
is Ask
Har
1. Strengthen commitment in achieving the regional energy targets, especially through ASEAN Power Grid project.
2. Strengthen renewable energy policies and regulations among AMSs to create a level playing field and remove barriers to cross-border
renewable energy investments. Foster dialogue and cooperation to align renewable energy targets, incentives, and support
mechanisms, facilitating a conducive environment for regional collaboration.
3. Encourage technology transfer and knowledge sharing by promoting the exchange of best practices, experiences, and knowledge
s kari
among ASEAN member states regarding renewable energy technologies, project development, and policy implementation. Facilitate
ari
capacity-building programs, workshops, and joint research initiatives to enhance technical expertise and promote technology transfer
A sk
H aris
within the region.
is A
Har
a ri
is Ask
Har a ri
is Ask
Har
53 | P a g e
a ri
is Ask a ri
Har
`REQUEST FOR ACTION is Ask
Har
The ASEAN Long-term Renewable Energy Roadmap is a comprehensive document that outlines the strategic vision and actionable plans for
the development and integration of renewable energy sources within the ASEAN region. This roadmap is crucial for fostering sustainable
energy practices, enhancing energy security, and mitigating the environmental impacts of our energy systems.
To ensure the effectiveness and relevance of the roadmap, we seek the collaboration of ASEAN member states in reviewing its content and
providing constructive feedback. Your expertise and perspective are essential in identifying potential gaps, suggesting improvements, and
s kari ari
addressing specific challenges that your country or the region may face in implementing renewable energy initiatives.
A sk
H aris is A
Har
We kindly request that you carefully review the ASEAN Long-term Renewable Energy Roadmap and provide your feedback by 3 July 2023 to
allow sufficient time for the consolidation of inputs. Your feedback should include any recommended revisions, additions, or clarifications that
you deem necessary.
Additionally, we kindly ask that you send your feedback to dewa.made@aseanenergy.org, benisuryadi@aseanenergy.org cc:
SRE@aseanenergy.org and apaec@aseanenergy.org no later than 3 July 2023.
We greatly appreciate your prompt response and active participation in this important endeavour.
a ri
Your feedback will play a crucial role in shaping the final version of the roadmap, ensuring its effectiveness, and promoting regional
Ask
collaboration towards a sustainable energy future in ASEAN.
H a ris ari together to advance renewable energy development in the ASEAN region.
s
We look forward to receiving your valuable input and k
working
a r i sA
rd
H Renewable Energy Roadmap will be conducted on 10 July 2023 (tentatively), and it will serve as
In addition, the 3 FGD of ASEAN Long-term
a platform to facilitate in-depth analysis and examination of a specific issue, fostering insightful discussions and generating valuable insights.
Should you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
54 | P a g e
a ri
Ask
is A – ABBREVIATIONS Aska ri
ar
APPENDIX
H is
Har
1.5-S 1.5°C Scenario for ASEAN aligned with the WETO targeting net-zero emissions globally by 2050
1.5-S RE 90 sensitivity for the power sector with 90% renewable power generation
1.5-S RE100 sensitivity for the power sector with 100% renewable power generation
ACE ASEAN Centre for Energy
ADB Asian Development Bank
AIMS ASEAN Interconnection Masterplan Study
AMS
s kari ASEAN Member States
ari
APAEC A k
Asia-Pacific Energy Research Centre
s
HAPGaris is
ASEAN Power Grid A
APS Har
APAEC Target Scenario
ATS AMS Target Scenario
EV Electric Vehicle
IEA International Energy Agency
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
PV Photovoltaic
PDP Power Development Plan
PES Planned Energy Scenario
RE
a ri Renewable Energy
TES
is Ask Transforming Energy Scenario
Har ri
TFEC Total Final Energy Consumption
a
TPES
Ask
Total Primary Energy Supply
is
Har
USD United States Dollar
VRE Variable Renewable Energy
55 | P a g e

Asean Long Term Renewable Energy Roadmap

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Asean Long Term Renewable Energy Roadmap

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KEMENTERIAN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL

Nomor : T-2789/EK.02/DEA.K/2023 4 Juli 2023

Direktur Aneka Energi Baru dan

Ditandatangani secara elektronik

1. Direktur Pembinaan Program Ketenagalistrikan, Ditjen Ketenagalistrikan

ASEAN LONG TERM

ZERO-DRAFT FOR INTERNAL ASEAN CIRCULATION ONLY

Beni Suryadi benisuryadi@aseanenergy.org

SRE Dept. sre@aseanenergy.org and APAEC Dept. apaec@aseanenergy.org

Roadmap development process and working group arrangement.

H aris is A issues and emerging technologies in the roadmap.

Definition of RE Target Key Strategic Policies Cross Cutting Issues

is Ask to boost economic gain such

Other key information:

Emission (Million MT CO2e)

400 Har 10%

TFEC in Transportation Sector

Har 150 aris

50 Oil Natural Gas Biofuels Electricity

• Industry remained the largest energy-intensive sector, 0%

Energy Consumption (KTOE)

Emission (Million MT CO2e)

GDP Growth (%)

A s k Natural Gas Modern Biomass

Har ri Biofuels Traditional Biomass

(2018-2020) Outlook - PES Outlook - TES Outlook - 1.5S Updated PDP RE

20% 2025 2030 2040 2050

AIMS 3), indicates a strong RE growth up to 2060.

As ri (2018-2020) PES TES 1.5S

40% 2025 2030 2050

• EV penetration is considered as a longer solution for 0%

Investment (Billion USD)

Investment Share (%)

Battery 0.98 0.98 0.00

• More ambitious scenarios require more significant investments. 0.0 0%

is Ask in the generation mix will generally increase the

a. The High RE Target Scenario yields the lowest

a ri VRE (wind + solar) contribution.

is Ask b. The Optimum RE Scenario yields the second

Har ri lowest production costs (for the year 2040), with

The key observations are as summarised:

a. Materials generally account for a greater share

Critical mineral needs for clean energy technologies

ar i • Mineral needs for wind power depend on the turbine

is Ask type, with particularly high sensitivity for rare earth

Har a ri elements (dominantly possessed by China).

Total Employment (Thousand)

is As600 showed strong growth.

employment due to increased production and

domestic consumption and Thailand witnessed

growth in ethanol production and biofuel jobs.

39.51 27.29 48.49 Textile and

Har sk ari Total 150.52 161.11 177.02 208.34 252.13

250 • Given the diverse nature of industrial

Oil Natural Gas Coal Bioenergy Electricity Others Hydrogen Solar

is Ask the adoption of energy-efficient technologies and practices.

sk ari renewable energy procurement.

• Hydrogen can be obtained from various sources, fossil energy (oil,

ar i • Cement is the third-largest energy consumer in the industry sector.

Biofuels Share Oil Natural Gas Electricity Hydrogen Biofuel

H aris 13 (March 240 (first halfk r20i in

Investment Incentives for

2018-2030 (USD BILLION) 2018-2050 (USD BILLION)

EV chargers 6 31 47.2 48 278 419 419