TEKNIK UMUM

BELAJAR
PROF.DR.H.GUSBAKTI,MSc,PKK,AIFM

PEMENUHAN DIRI
FULFILLMENT

PELAKSANAAN YANG
PENUH SEMANGAT
PASSIONATE EXECUTION

SUMBANGAN YANG BERMAKNA

SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION

8TH HABITS
STEVEN R COVEY

MEDS
MOTIVATION
EDUCATION
DEDICATION
SKILL
KENAPA MEMILIH MENJADI
DOKTER

TIPS
TRUST
INTEGRITY
PROACTIVE
SOLUTION

TAHU , MAMPU DAN MAU

TEKNIK-TEKNIK UMUM BELAJAR

1. PERENCANAAN
2. MENERIMA PELAJARAN DI KELAS/ format
catatan tehnik 5R
,RECORD,REDUCE,RECITE,REFLECT AND
REVIEW/TEMUKAN SENDIRI CARA
3. MEMBACA BUKU
4. MENGERTI BUKAN MENGHAFAL
5. MEMBUAT RINGKASAN
6. MEMBUAT KATA KUNCI
7. BELAJAR BERSAMA

1. PERENCANAAN
BELAJAR
PERENCANAAN
BELAJAR
PERLUKAH?

Fungsi Perencanan Belajar :

Membimbing diri kita belajar secara
terarah dan produktif

Teknik Perencanaan
Menyusun Jadwal :
-Menetapkan tujuan
-Waktu produktif
-Kapan kita belajar
-Membuat jadwal
-Rekreasi & kegiatan
di luar belajar

PEMBUATAN JADWAL
FUNGSI
Membantu
penggunaan waktu
seefektif dan seefisien
mungkin
Melatih untuk selalu
siap dg pekerjaan
berikutnya

PERHATIKAN
Setiap mata kuliah
harus tercantum dlm
jadwal
Alokasi waktu bukan
berdasarkan mata
kuliah favorit
Waktu antara

PEMBUATAN JADWAL
Langkah-langkah penyusunan jadwal
Hitung jumlah jam belajar dan waktu yang
tersedia
Isilah waktu-waktu rutin yg diperlukan
Isi waktu-waktu janji (dengan
pembimbing,dll)
Tentukan waktu belajar (sebelum/setelah
kelas?)
Sediakan waktu cadangan/waktu bebas

MEMBACA BUKU
Teknik Membaca Buku
a. Tetapkan tujuan

Apa yang hendak dibaca

Untuk apa kita membaca
b. Skimming/ SEPINTAS LALU
c. Dapatkan Ide Pokok dan Rincian Penting
d. Menggunakan mata
fiksasi mata

MENINGKATKAN
KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA
a. Jangan bicara

e. Menggaris bawahi

b. Membaca satu unit pikir

f.

c. Latihan membaca

cepat/200 kata-menit
Lewis 1986 dapat
ditingkatkan sampai
500kata/menit
d. Teknik
SQ3R,SQ4R,OK4R, dan
PQRST

Menghindari lelah dan

bosan

Membaca sesingkat mungkin

daya serap tinggi
SQ4R/MILLER
SURVEY
QUESTION
READ
RECITE
REVIEW
REPEAT

OK4R/WALTER PAUK
OVERVIEW
KEY IDEAS
READ
RECALL/RECITE
REFLECT
REVIEW

LANJUTAN..
THOMAS F STATON

OHIO UNIVERSITY

PQRST
PREVIEW
QUESTION
READ
STATE
TEST

SQ3R
SURVEY
QUESTION
READ
RECITE
REVIEW

BUKU 100 HALAMAN

Hari pertama 1 jam hal 1-50
Hari ke dua halaman 1 75 = 1jam
Hari ke tiga 1-100 1,5 jam

Diperlukan strategi untuk meningkatkan

kemampuan membaca dengan tehnik
tertentu sehingga komponen yang dingat
semakin banyak.

MENGERTI BUKAN MENGHAFAL

MENGHAFAL
SALAH?

Sering

Menghafal
Tanpa
Mengerti

Lebih sulit
Buang waktu banyak
Pelajaran tetap tidak
dikuasai

Menghafal
dengan
Mengerti

Exercise
Other Mechanisms of Drug Antagonism
Not all of the mechanisms of antagonism involve interactions of drugs or endogenous ligands at
single type of receptor. Indeed, chemical antagonists need not involve a receptor at all. Thus, one drug
may antagonize the actions of a second drug by binding to and inactivating the second drug.
For example, protamine, a protein that is positively charged at physiologic pH, can be used
clinically to counteract the effects of heparin, an anticoagulant that is negatively charged; in this
case, one drug antagonizes the other simply by binding it and making it unavailable for interactions
with proteins involved in formation of a blood clot.
The clinician often uses drugs that take advantage of physiologic antagonism between endogenous
regulatory pathways. For example, several catabolic actions of the glucocorticoid hormones lead
to increased blood sugar, an effect that is physiologically opposed by insulin. Although
glucocorticoids and insulin act on quite distinct receptor-effector systems, the clinician must
sometimes administer insulin to oppose the hyperglycemic effects of glucocorticoid
hormone,whether the latter is elevated by endogenous synthesis (eg, a tumor of the adrenal
cortex) or as aresult of glucocorticoid therapy.

Cont
In general, use of a drug as a physiologic antagonist produces effects
that are less specific and less easy to control than are the effects of a
receptor-specific antagonist. Thus, for example, to treat bradycardia
caused by increased release of acetylcholine from vagus nerve
endings, the physician could use isoproterenol, a -adrenoceptor
agonist that increases heart rate by mimicking sympathetic
stimulation of the heart. However, use of this physiologic antagonist
would be less rationaland potentially more dangerousthan
would use of a receptor-specific antagonist such as atropine (a
competitive antagonist at the receptors at which acetylcholine slows
heart rate).

Cont

Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action

Until now we have considered receptor interactions and drug effects in terms of equations and
concentration-effect curves. We must also understand the molecular mechanisms by which a drugacts. Such
understanding allows us to ask basic questions with important clinical implications:
Why do some drugs produce effects that persist for minutes, hours, or even days after the
drug is no longer present?
Why do responses to other drugs diminish rapidly with prolonged or repeated
administration?
How do cellular mechanisms for amplifying external chemical signals explain the
phenomenon of spare receptors?
Why do chemically similar drugs often exhibit extraordinary selectivity in their actions?
Do these mechanisms provide targets for developing new drugs?

Most transmembrane signaling is accomplished by a small number of different molecular

mechanisms. Each type of mechanism has been adapted, through the evolution of distinctive proteinfamilies, to
transduce many different signals. These protein families include receptors on the cellsurface and within the
cell, as well as enzymes and other components that generate, amplify,coordinate, and terminate
postreceptor signaling by chemical second messengers in the cytoplasm.
This section first discusses the mechanisms for carrying chemical information across the plasma
membrane and then outlines key features of cytoplasmic second messengers.