Gelombang Gempa

Teknik Gempa
DIII Teknik Sipil
Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan
FT UNY
 pendahuluan
Gempa bumi merupakan goncangan pada tanah yang disebabkan
oleh gerakan acak batuan di sepanjang daerah keruntuhan di muka
bumi yang dinamakan dengan fault.
Proses gempa bumi dapat dibandingkan dengan lenturan sebuah
batang/tongkat hingga mengalami patah. Tegangan yang
terakumulasi selama lenturan secara tiba-tiba dilepaskan saat
tongkat/batang tersebut hancur. Getaran-getaran dihasilkan saat
tongkat/batang melentur kembali ke keadaan sebelum melentur.
Di bumi, gelombang-gelombang gempa disebabkan oleh lepasnya
tegangan-tegangan pada baguan secara tiba-tiba pada sisi lain
daerah kegagalan. Kehancuran pada daerah kegagalan bisa jadi
melepaskan seluruh atau sebagian tegangannya. Setiap tegangan
sisa seringkali dilepaskan oleh penyeimbang minor di sepanjang
daerah kegagalan sehingga menyebabkan gempa-gempa kecil
yang dinamakan dengan aftershock.
 Gelombang Gempa
(seismic waves)

Gelombang
Gelombang Badan
Permukaan
(body wave)
(surface wave)

Gelombang Primer Gelombang Sekunder Gelombang Love Gelombang Rayleigh

(primary wave (secondary wave (Love wave (Rayleigh wave
P wave) S wave) L wave) R wave)
 Wave Type Particle Motion Typical Velocity Other Characteristics
(and names)
P, Alternating compressions VP ~ 5 7 km/s in P motion travels fastest in
Compressional (pushes) and dilations typical Earths crust; materials, so the P-wave is the
, Primary, (pulls) which are directed >~ 8 km/s in Earths first-arriving energy on a
Longitudinal in the same direction as mantle and core; ~1.5 seismogram. Generally smaller
the wave is propagating km/s in water; ~0.3 and higher frequency than the S
(along the ray path); and km/s in air. and Surface-waves. P waves in
therefore, perpendicular to a liquid or gas are pressure
the wavefront. waves, including sound waves.
S, Alternating transverse VS ~ 3 4 km/s in S-waves do not travel through
Shear, motions (perpendicular to typical Earths crust; fluids, so do not exist in Earths
Secondary, the direction of >~ 4.5 km/s in outer core (inferred to be
Transverse propagation, and the ray Earths mantle; primarily liquid iron) or in air or
path); commonly ~ 2.5-3.0 km/s in water or molten rock
approximately polarized (solid) inner core. (magma). S waves travel slower
such that particle motion is than P waves in a solid and,
in vertical or horizontal therefore, arrive after the P
planes. wave.
 Wave Type Particle Motion
(and names)
L, Transverse horizontal
Love, Surface motion, perpendicular to
waves, Long the direction of
waves propagation and generally
parallel to the Earths
surface.
R, Motion is both in the
Rayleigh, Surface direction of propagation
waves, Long and perpendicular (in a
waves, Ground roll vertical plane),
and phased so that the and therefore the
motion is generally
elliptical either prograde
or retrograde.
Typical Velocity Other Characteristics
VL ~ 2.0 - 4.4 km/s in Love waves exist because of
the Earth depending the Earths surface. They are
on frequency of the largest at the surface and
propagating wave, decrease in amplitude with
and therefore the depth. Love waves are
depth of penetration of dispersive, that is, the wave
the waves. In general, velocity is dependent on
the Love waves travel frequency, generally with low
slightly faster than the frequencies propagating at
Rayleigh waves. higher velocity. Depth of
penetration of the Love waves is
also dependent on frequency,
with lower frequencies
penetrating to greater depth.
VR ~ 2.0 - 4.2 km/s in Rayleigh waves are also
the Earth depending dispersive and the amplitudes
on frequency of the generally decrease with depth in
propagating wave, the Earth. Appearance and
particle motion are similar to
depth of penetration of water waves. Depth of
the waves. penetration of the Rayleigh
waves is also dependent on
frequency, with lower
frequencies penetrating to
greater depth.
P wave
S wave
L Wave
R Wave