Fisiologis Psikologis
Pawar D, Garten L. Pain management in children. In: Kopf A, Patel N (eds.) Guide to Pain Management in Low-Resource
Settings. International Association for the study of Pain, Seattle WA 2008.
Pendahuluan
15-25% anak anak dan remaja menderita nyeri
berulang dan kronis
Cohen L, Lemanek K, Blount R et al. Evidence-based assessment of paediatric pain. Journal of Paediatric Psychology 2008;
33(9): 939955.
Klasifikasi Nyeri
Nyeri Somatik
Nyeri Viseral
Nyeri Neuropatik
Zeltzer LK, Krane EJ Pediatric Pain Management in Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE (eds): Nelson
Textbook of Pediatrics 19th edn., Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, 2011, pp. 36375.
Pendahuluan
Absen dalam jangka pendek (1-6 hari)
Inocencio J. Musculoskeletal Pain in Primary Pediatric Care: Analysis of 1000 Consecutive General Pediatric Clinic Visits.
Pediatrics 1998; 102: 63.
Pembahasan
Semua prosedur pembedahan
Reseptor perifer (mgg ke 7)
mengakibatkan timbulnya rasa sakit
Serabut aferen (mgg ke 8)
Currie C et al. (eds). Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged
Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2009/2010 survey. Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 6,
WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen 2012.
Ekspresi Nyeri
Bayi
Balita
Lebih agresif, menangis, menjaga area yang nyeri, gg. pola tidur
Remaja
Melolakalisir sakit, gg. Pola tidur & nafsu makan, perilaku lebih regresif
Pawar D, Garten L. Pain management in children. In: Kopf A, Patel N (eds.) Guide to Pain Management in Low-Resource
Settings. International Association for the study of Pain, Seattle WA 2008.
Pengukuran Nyeri
Neonatus
Premature Infant Pain Profile
CRIES Post Operative Scale
Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability
Hipnoterapi Doa
World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential medicines. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2011.
Manajemen
Farmakologis
Strategi 2 langkah
Dosis berkala
World Health Organization Guidelines on the Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children with Medical Illnesses. World Health
Organization, Geneva 2012.
Strategi 2 langkah
Nyeri Ringan
Neonatus
(0-29 hari)
Infant
(30 hari-3
bulan)
Infant (3-12 bulan) /
anak (1-12 tahun)
Dosis maksimum
perhari
Paracetamol / Ibuprofen
5-10 Neonatus, infant
10 mg/kg/4-
Paracetamol mg/kg/6-8 10-15 mg/kg/4-6 jam dan anak: 4
Nyeri Sedang-Berat
6 jam
jam dosis/hari
Anak: 40
Opioid
Ibuprofen 5-10 mg/kg/6-8 jam
mg/kg/hari
Dosis Berkala
Dosis opioid bervariasi tiap anak
Fentanyl
1-2 mcg/kg/2-4jam
IV injeksi
IV infus Initial: 1-2 mcg/kg
0,5-1 mcg/kg/jam
Dosis Opioid Infant
Jalur pemberian Dosis awal
Morfin Oral 80-200 mcg/kg/4 jam
IV injeksi 1-6 bulan: 100 mcg/kg/6 jam
SC injeksi 6-12 bulan: 100 mcg/kg/4 jam
IV infus 1-6 bulan:
1-6 bulan: initial: 50 mcg/kg,
10-30 mcg/kg/jam
6-12 bulan: initial: 100-200 mcg/kg,
20-30 mcg/kg/jam
SC infus 1-3 bulan: 10 mcg/kg/jam
3-12 bulan: 20 mcg/kg/jam
Fentanyl IV injeksi 1-2 mcg/kg/2-4 jam
IV infus Initial: 1-2 mcg/kg,
0,5-1 mcg/kg/jam
Takipnea
Takikardi
panjang
Max. 10-20%/minggu
Kesimpulan