MURSALIM
REAKSI REAKSI
TRANSFUSI DARAH
• Bila dilaksanakan pemeriksaan laboratorium pra-
transfusi darah, mayoritas transfusi darah tidak
memberikan efek samping ke pada pasien
• Komplikasi UMUM:
- reaksi reaksi transfusi
- penularan/transmisi penyakit infeksi
- sensitisasi imunologis
- kemokromatosis
TUJUAN TRANSFUSI DARAH
• Memelihara dan mempertahankan kesehatan donor.
• Memelihara keadaan biologis darah atau komponen – komponennya
agar tetap bermanfaat.
• Memelihara dan mempertahankan volume darah yang normal pada
peredaran darah (stabilitas peredaran darah).
• Mengganti kekurangan komponen seluler atau kimia darah.
• Meningkatkan oksigenasi jaringan.
• Memperbaiki fungsi Hemostatis.
• Tindakan terapi kasus tertentu
MACAM TRANSFUSI DARAH
A. Darah Lengkap/ Whole Blood (WB)
Diberikan pada penderita yang
mengalami perdarahan aktif yang
kehilangan darah lebih dari 25 %.
• Darah Komponen
MACAM TRANSFUSI DARAH
B. Sel Darah Merah (SDM) :
• A,B, AB, O
• Rhesus + / -
• Golongan darah jarang
Sistem golongan darah eritrosit utama pada manusia
O OO H Anti-A 45 30
Anti-B
A1 A1A1 A + A1 Anti-B
A1O
A1A2
41 38
A2 A2A2 A+H Anti-B
A2O (Anti A1)
B BB B + (H) Anti-A 11 22
BO
Whole Blood RBCs (approx. Hct 40%); plasma; 500 ml Increase both cell mass & plasma
WBCs; platelets volume (WBCs & platelets not
functional; plasma deficient in labile
clotting Factors V and VIII)
Red Blood Cells RBC (approx. Hct 75%); reduced 250 ml Increase red cell mass in symptom
plasma, WBCs, and platelets atic anemia (WBCs & platelets not
functional)
Red Blood Cells, RBC (approx. Hct 60%); reduced 330 ml Increase red cell mass in symptomatic
Adenine-Saline plasma, WBCs, and platelets; anemia (WBCs and platelets not
Added 100 ml of additive solution functional)
RBCs Leukocytes > 85% original volume of RBC; 225 ml Increased red cell mass; < 5 x 106 WBCs
Reduced (prepa- < 5 x 106 WBC; few platelets; to decrease the likelihood of febrile reac-
red by filtration) minimal plasma tions, immunization to leukocytes (HLA)
antigens) of CMV transmission
RBCs Washed RBCs (approx, Hct 75%); 180 ml Increase red cell mass; reduced risk of
< 5 x 108 WBCs; no plasma allergic reactions to plasma proteins
RBCs Frozen; RBC (approx. Hct 75%); 180 ml Increased red cell mass; minimize
RBCs Deglycerolized < 5 x 108 WBCs; no platelets; febrile or allergic transfusion reaction;
no plasma use for prolonged RBS blood storage
(Continued)
Table 1. Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives (2)
Garnulocytes Granulocytes (>1.0 x 1010 220 ml Provide granulocytes for selected patients
Pheresis PMN/unit); lymphocytes; with sepsis and severe neutropenia
platelets (>2.0 x 1011/unit); (< 500 PMN/µL)
some RBCs
Platelets Pheresis Platelets (> 3 x 1011); 300 ml Same as platelets;l sometimes HLA
RBCs; WBCs; plasma matched
Platelets Leukocytes Platelets (as above);< 5 x 106 300 ml Same as platelets; < 5 x 106 WBCs to
Reduced WBCs per final dose of pooled decrease the likehood of febrile reactions
platelets alloimmunization to leukocytes (HLA
antigens), or CMV transmission
FFP; FFP Donor Plasma; anticoagulation factors;220 ml Treatment of some coagulation disorders
Retested plasma; complement (no platelets)
Solvent/detergent-
Treated plasma
Cryoprecipitated Fibrinogen; Factors VIII and XIII; 15 ml Deficiency of fibrinogen; Factor XIII;
AHF von Willebrand factor second choice in treatment of
hemophilia A, von Willebrand’s disease
(Continued)
Table 1. Blood Components and Plasma Derivatives
Factor VIII Factor VIII; trace amount of other 25 ml Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency);
(consentraes; plasma proteins (products vary Willebrand’s disease (off-label use for
Recombinant human in purity) selected products only)
Factor VIII)
Factor IX (concen- Factor IX; trace amount of other 25 ml Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency)
Trates, recombi plasma proteins (products vary
Nant human in purity)
Factor IX)
Immune Globulin IgG antibodies preparations for varies Treatment of hypo-or agammaglobuline-
IV and / or IM use mia; disease prophylaxis; autoimune
thrombocytopenia (IV only)
RBCs = red blood cells; Hct = hematocrit; WBCs = white blood cells; CMV = cytomegalovirus; PMN = polymorphonuclear cells;
FFP = fresh frozen plasma; PPF = plasma protein fraction; IV = intravenous; IM = intramuscular
PEMBERIAN TRANSFUSI DARAH
pada PASIEN
• Nilai ulang:
- check list pelaksanaan transfusi darah
- golongan darah pasien = donor ? (tanyakan/peneng)
- identitas pasien tepat ?
- identitas donor dan gol drh donor
label merah muda, putih, biru muda,
kuning
- Pedoman klinis :
* luas dan lokasi perlukaan
* lama renjatan berlangsung
* respon terhadap resusitasi awal
* risiko komplikasi, misalnya perdarahan intrakanial
(continued)
Table 5. Acute Transfusion Reactions (2)
Allergic (mild Urticaria (hives), rarely Antibodies to plasma Stop transfusion; Pre-transfusion
To severe) hypotension or anaphy- proteins; rarely anti- give; antihistamine antihitamine;
laxis bodies to IgA (PO or IM); if severe, washed RBC
epinephrine and/or components, if
steroids recurrent or
severe check pre-
transfusion IgA
levels in patients
with a history of
of anaphylaxis
to transfusion
Hypervolemic Dyspnea, hypertension Too rapid and/or Induced diuresis; Avoid rapid or
pulmonary edema, excessive blood phlebotomy; excessive
cardiac arrhytmias transfusion support cardio- transfusion
respiratory system
as needed
(continued)
Table 5. Acute Transfusion Reactions (3)
DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation; IV = intravenous; IM = intramuscular; PO = by mouth;RBC = red blood cells
Table 4. Workup of an Acute Transfusion Reaction
If an acute transfusion reaction occurs :
Adapted from snyder EL. Transfusion reaction. In : Hoffman R, Benz. EF Jr, Shattil SJ, et al. Hematology : Basic
Principle and practice, 2nd ed. Ney York : Chruchill Livingstone, 1995 ; 2045-53
If intravascular hemolytic reaction in confirmed