PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

(FIRST AID)

Disediakan oleh;
Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar
Professionally coordinates by: Members and Affiliations:

DOLIDIAS Malaysia
No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya
Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com
First Aid Unit
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Professionally coordinates by:

 PENGENALAN
(1)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

 Rawatan sementara waktu yang dibe

rikan kepada mangsa; sebelum tibanya
bantuan perubatan.
 Variasi nama:
•First Aid
•Bantu Mula
•Pertolongan Cemas
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (1) PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

OBJEKTIF

 Menyelamat nyawa
 Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
 Mengurangkan kesakitan
 Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (1) PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

 Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang

mengancam nyawa
 Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematian
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (1) PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

 Bertanggungjawab
 Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
 Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
 Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
 Terlatih

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (2)PERALATAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’

11) Kain Kapas
1) Termometer 12) Pin Semat
2) Mangkuk Enamel 13) Elastoplast
3) Ubat Cium 14) Ubat Luka
4) Asprin 15) Papan Tuap
5) Panadol 16) Kain Segitiga
6) Ubat Melepuh 17) Ubat Cuci Mata
7) Kain Pembalut Luka 18) Pembalut Berelastik
8) Kain Tekap 19) Pembalut Pembebat
9) Kapas 20) Pembalut Terbuka
10) Gunting 21) Adesif Lekat Sendiri

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

 Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka d

an mengawal pendarahan.

 Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu

pembebatan.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

PEMBEBATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT

 Pembalut Tiga Segi
 Pembalut Lebar
 Pembalut Kecil
 Pembalut Gulung

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

 Pembalut Tiga Segi

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (3) PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

 Lipatan Tiga Segi

Professionally
coordinates by:
 IKATAN,
4.

BALUTAN & ANDUH

? Ikatan

? Balutan

? Anduh

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
UH
IKATAN
Simpul Sila

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
UH

JENIS BALUTAN LUKA

 Luka Tangan
 Luka Dada
 Luka Bahu
 Luka Peha
 Luka Siku
 Luka Lengan
 Luka Lutut
 Luka Jari
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
UH
 Balutan Luka Tangan

2 3 4

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
UH
 Balutan Luka Tangan

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Tangan UH

1 2

3 4

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Dada UH

Professionally
coordinates by:
Luka di bahagian depan
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Dada UH

Professionally
coordinates by:
Luka di bahagian belakang
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan UH

Luka Bahu
1

2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Peha UH

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Siku UH

1 2

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Lutut UH

1 2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Lengan UH

1 2

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Balutan Luka Jari UH

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
UH

JENIS ANDUH

 Anduh Besar
 Anduh Kecil
 Anduh Pergelangan Tangan
 Anduh Menaik

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Anduh Besar UH

Professionally
coordinates by: 4
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Anduh Menaik UH

1 2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (4) IKATAN, BALUTAN & AND
 Pembalut Cincin UH

1 2 3

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
JENIS-JENIS LUKA ARA RAWATAN

1) Luka Terhiris

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

2) Luka Terkoyak

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

4) Luka Lebam

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

5) Luka Kena Tembak

Professionally
coordinates by:
 CARA MENAHAN DARAH

Professionally
coordinates by:
 CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
6) Luka Kecil ARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN
7) Luka di Perut

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
8) Luka di Dada ARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telinga

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

4.PATUKAN ULAR

 Di Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di ma
na 37 daripadanya ad
alah berbisa.

 Terbahagi kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang
kena patuk.
3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

BAHAYA

 Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada s

pesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan kedal
aman patukkan.

 Boleh membawa kepada maut.

 Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN
SAIZ PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN
KESAN PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

 Terkelar,terbakar dan melecur adalah
sama keadaannya.
 Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap k
ecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar meliba
tkan kecederaan yang lebih serius da
ripada melecur.
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

MELECUR DAN LEBAM

Disebabkan terkena: Simptom:
 Air panas  Kulit melecur dan keme
 Minyak panas rahan
 Wap panas  Bahagian terbakar men
gelembung dan bengka
k dengan cepat
 Sakit yang amat sangat

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN
1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk
dan selesa.
2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada a
nggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, jam
tangan, dll.
3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan mak
anan.
4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN

1 2

Professionally
coordinates by:
 6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK
 Renjatan elektrik boleh
menyebabkan maut, m
ungkin mereka yang c
uba membantu turut
menemui maut.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

 Matikan suis atau suis utama dan pas
tikan elektrik sudah terputus.
 Menggunakan penebat untuk menyel
amatkan mangsa:
1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
2. Kerusi kayu
3. Tikar getah
4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5. Plastik tebal
6. Tali atau tali nylon yang kering
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN
CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

CARA RAWATAN
 Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihka
n pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
 Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
 Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan terb
akar.
 Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

7.PATAH & TERSELIUH

 Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.
 Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku dise
babkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak la
ngsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi, ta
rikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan at
au perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
JENIS-JENIS PATAH ARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

1 Patah tebu 2 Patah kayu muda

 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
JENIS-JENIS PATAH ARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

3
Patah riuk 4 Patah melarat
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

SIMPTOM
 Lebam dan bengkak
 Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
 Terluka atau berubah bentuk
 Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
 Sakit

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Preparation

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Lifting

Professionally
coordinates by:
 8.TERCEKIK

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN
9.LEMAS DI AIR

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

RAWATAN
 Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, peri
ksa pernafasan dan nadi.
 Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur per
nafasan.
 Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 10.KERACUNAN

 Apa-apa bahan jika

dimasukkan ke dala
m kuantiti yang me
ncukupi boleh men
gakibatkan kemuda
ratan.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

PUNCA KERACUNAN
 Mulut – makan, minum
 Paru-paru – sedut gas/asap
 Suntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarum
 Kulit – semburan racun perosak

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (5) JENIS KEMALANGAN & C
ARA RAWATAN

RAWATAN
1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air
atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (6) PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

Melalui 3 cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (6) PEMULIHAN
1 Holger Neilson PERNAFASAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
 (6) PEMULIHAN
2
Holger Neilson PERNAFASAN

Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
 Rescue Breathing
 Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious v
ictim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
CPR (on adults & large children) (s
ee handout)
 Giving chest compressions.
 Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the b
reast bone, right between the nipples.
 Position left hand on top of the right hand.
 Position shoulders directly over the hands and push straigh
t down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2 inches.
 15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
 After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
 RICE Treatment
 Rest
 For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe injurie
s.
 Ice
 Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold
helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
 Compression
 Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too t
ight!
 Elevation
 Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling
and drain blood and fluid from the area.
AED (Automated External Defibrill
ator)
 What is an automated external defibrillator
(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs th
e rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the v
ictim. This shock, called defibrillation, may hel
p the heart to reestablish an effective rhythm o
f its own.
AED (Automated External Defibrill
ator)
 How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to i
nstruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, t
he rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once ap
plied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart
rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the mac
hine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to stan
d clear of the victim and to press the shock button.
AED (Automated External Defibrill
ator)
 AED’s are required to be in most large public
buildings.
 Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.
 Splints
 A material or device used to protect and immo
bilize a body part.
 A splint should be used only if it can be applie
d without hurting the victim.
 Two Types of Splints
 Soft splints are made from blankets, towels, sheet
s, or bandages.
 Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.
 Appling Splints…
 Attempt to splint the injury in the position you fi
nd it.
 Make sure it is not too tight!
 On Fractured Bones
 Must include the joint above and below the injured
bone.
 On Injured Joints
 Must include the bone above and below the injure
d joint.
 Slings
 Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured
arm for support.
 Example: Triangular Bandage
Treatments for Common Injuri
es
 Types Bleeding Wounds
 Bruise
 Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under th
e skin.
 Incision
 Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a ra
zor, scissors, broken glass.
 Laceration
 Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of
the skin.
 Types Bleeding Wounds
 Abrasion
 AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping a
way the skin.
 Avulsion
 Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated
or completely torn away from the body.
 Puncture
 Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or projectil
e pierces the skin.
 The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
 Controlling Bleeding
 What is the procedure for controlling bleeding t
hat we covered last class?
 Shock
 Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the b
ody tissues.
 Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow breathi
ng; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizzi
ness; weakness; and fainting.
 What is the treatment for shock that we covere
d last class?
 Fractures
 Is a break or crack in a bone.
 Two Types
 Open Fracture
 There is also a break in the skin.
 Closed Fracture
 There is no break in the skin.
 Treatment
 Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, appl
y ice.
 Dislocations
 Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
 Treatment
 Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply
a cold compress.
 Never try and set a dislocation!
 Sprains and Strains
 Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,
and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue
stretching.
 Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
 Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.
 Weather Related Injuries
 Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the leg
s and arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweat
ing.
 Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
 Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the bo
dy’s inability to regulate its temperature.
 Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a co
ol, shaded area; give cool water to drink.
 Weather Related Injuries
 Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body th
at is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so tha
t the body cannot regulate its temperature.
 Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or s
heets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, and
groin.
 Weather Related Injuries
 Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often t
he tissues of the extremities.
 Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
 Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body temp
erature so that it is lower than normal.
 Treatment – move the victim to a warm environme
nt; remove any wet clothing; cover their head with
blankets.