Penginderaan 3
Penginderaan 3
Vivian Saputra
405140126
LI
1. Anatomi Telinga
2. Histologi Telinga
3. Fisiologi Pendengaran
4. Gangguan Telinga Luar (inflamasi aurikular, fistula
preaurikular, otitis eksterna, serumen prop, benda asing,
herpes zooster pada telinga)
5. Gangguan Telinga Tengah (Otitis media akut, serosa, kronik,
mastoiditis, perforasi membran timpani, timpani sklerosis,
miringitis bullosa, kolesteatoma, abses bezold)
6. Resep
ANATOMI TELINGA
Telinga
• Terdiri dari bag luar,tengah & dalam
• Bag luar & tengahdihub dgn transferensi bunyi • Saraf : N.auriculotempralis & auricularis magnus
ketlinga dalam (berisi organ2 u/ keseimbangan)
• Mmbran tympanicamemisahkan telinga luar& • N.auricularis magnus : mmprsarafi permukaan
tengah cranial ( medial)(“blakang telinga),pars posterior (
• Tuba auditivamnggabungkan telinga dengan helix,antihelix,lobul),prmukaan lateral (depan)
nasofaring
• N auriculotemporalis: cabang NV3 (Mmpersarafi kulit
TELINGA LUAR: auricula di anterior meatus acusticus externus
• Terdiri dari auricula sprt kerangka ( pinna)
mngumpulkan suara • Drainase limfatik:
• Meatus acusticus externus mengonduksi suara ke – prmukaan lateral separuh superior auricula
membran timpani muara nodi lymphatici superficialis
Clinically
oriented
anatomy,Moor
e 7th ed
•
Telinga Tengah
Antrum mastoideumsuatu cavitas dlm processus mastoideus os temporalis
• Dipisahkan dari fossa cranii media o/ lamina tipis os temporal disbt tegmen timpani mmbntk paries
tegmentalis u/ cavitas auris & jg bag dasar pars lateralis fossa cranii media
• Antrum & sel mastoid dilapisi o/ selaput lendir yg berlanjut dgn lapisan auris media
• Anteroinferior: dihub dgn canalis fascialis
TUBA AUDITIVA
• Mnghub cavitas timpani dgn nasofaring (tmptnya bermuara ke posterior meatus nasi inf)
• 1/3 posterolateral tuba mrupakan tlg & sisa kartilago
• Dilapisi o/ selaput lendir yg berlanjut ke posterior dgn slaput lendir cavitas timpani & anterior dgn selaput lendir
nasofaring
• F tuba : myamakan tekanan dlm auris media dgn tekanan atomosfer shingga meneyimbangkan tekanan pd
ke2 sisi membran
• Tuba dibuka dgn melebarkan lilitan venter M.levator veli palatini ( ktika kontraksi scara longitudinal,yg
mendorongnya melawan 1 dinding )(smntara tensor veli palatini ( mnarik yg lain)
• Corda timpani: antara maleus & stapes
• Arteri tuba: berasal dari pharingea asenden (cabang dari A.carotis externa)
• A meningea media & A.Canalis pterygodieus cabang a.maxilli
• vena bermuara pd plexus venosus pterygoideus
• Drainase limfatik : nodi limfataci cervicales profundi
• Gelombang tekanan dibentuk dlm perilimf vestibuli dgn vibrasi basis stapedis yg naik ke
apex cochlea lewat scala vestibuli
• Glombang tekanan kmudian berjalan melalui helicotrema & turun ke blakang ke
putaran basal cochlea melalui scala timpani (glombang tekanan skali lagi mnjd
vibrasi)(saat ini mmbran timpanica sekunder & energi pd awalnya diterima pd mbran
timpani primer akhirnya dihamburkan di cavum timpani
• Organ corti organ resepetor khusus u/ pengerangan terletak pd mbran basila & terdiri
trdiri astas sel rambut neuooepitel
Jadi saat stapes bergerak mundur & menarik oval window kearah luar ke tlinga tengah
perilimfe mengalir kearah berlawananround window mnonjol ke dalam
mnghilangkan tekana & tdk mnyebabkan penerimaan suara
1. Stereosilia dari stiap hair cell terorganisasi dalam baris mulai dari rndah ke tinggi
(staircase pattern)
2. Tip linksCAMs ( Cell adhesion molecules)mnghubungkan ujung dari
stereosilia
3. Jika membran basilar terangkat ,kumpulan dari stereosilia akan menekuk
/bengkok ke arah stereosilia yg pling tinggi ,dan melonggarkan tip links nya
4. Tip link yg meregang mmbuka channel kation
5. Endolimfe memiliki konsentrasi tinggi K+ dibanding didalam sel rambut
6. Bbrp channel kation terbuka pd resting hair cell mnyebakan terjadinya
penurunan gradien konsentrasi dari tinggi ke rendah
7. Jika channel kation terbukasmakin banyak K+yg masuk ke dalam
seldepolarisasi (eksitasi) sel rambut)
8. Jika mbran basilar bergerak berlawanantiplinks tdk akan tertekuk lagi &
menutup channelhiperpolarisasi hair cells
9. Sel rambut dalam berkomunikasi via chemical synapse (saraf terminal dari serat
aferen mmbntuk saraf auditori )
10. Jika terjdi depolarisasi sel rambut p’mbukkan pintu Ca2+ mningkatkan
sekresi neurotransmitter
Auditory Pathway
Lintasan Auditorius
• Serabut lintasan auditoricabang koklearis
• Bag utama lintasan auditorius:MO,mesensefalon & regio thalamus
• Pusat yg lbh tinggi u/ pndengaran : ada dlm lobus temporalis korteks serebri
Serabut saraf eferen : nukleus olivarius sup berkhir lgsg pd badan sel
2) NEURON URUTAN KE 2
a) Neuron pd nukleus koklearis ventralis & dorsalis dlm MOmbntuk neuron ke 2
b) Akson neuron urutan ke 2 serbaut mnyilang garis tengah & ke sisi kontralateral korpus
trapezoideus nukleus olivarius sup
-lemnikus lateralis pd sisi yg sama & berakhir pd sisi yg sama
-formasio retikularis
3) NEURON URUTAN KE 3
a) Terletak dalam : nukleus olivarius sup & lemnikus lateralis
b) Berakhir : korpus genikulatum medialis mbntuk pusat auditorius kortikal
GANGGUAN TELINGA LUAR
Otitis externa
generalized condition of the skin of the external auditory canal
that is characterized by general oedema & erythema associated
with itchy & discomfort & usually an ear discharge
• Classification
– Anatomical
narrow meatus & obstruction of meatus
– Dermatological
echzema, seborrhoic dermatitis
– Allergic
atopy, non-atopic allergy, topical medication
– Traumatic
skin maceration (bathing), ear probing, laceration
– Microbiological
active chronic otitis media, P. Aeruginosa, fungi
Otitis externa
• Epidemiology
– 0.4% / year; 10% of population
• Etiology
– Secondary bacterial infection
• Pseudomonas sp (50-65%); gram (-) (25-35%); S. Aureus (15-30%);
Streptococci (9-15%)
– Bathing
• The presence of bacteria in bathing water doesn’t seem to be a
risk factor, although bathing in freshwater lakes contain
Pseudomonas large outbreak in Netherlands
– Irritant/allergic reactions
• Topical medications (benzalkonium chloride & steroids); neomycin
Otitis externa
• Pathology – Acute inflammatory
– Pre-inflammatory • Progressive thickening
exudate, further oedema,
• Protective acid balance (pH obliteration of the lumen,
4-5) is lost stratum pain >>
corneum become
oedematous blocking off • Auricular change & cervical
the sebaceous & apocrine lymphadenopathy (severe)
glands aural fullness & – Chronic inflammatory
itching • Remain of low pH + > 3
• Further oedema & weeks thickening of
sctratching disruption of external canal & fibrous
epithelial layer invasion of canal stenosis (acquired
resident/introduced atresia of the external ear)
organisms
Otitis externa
• Diagnosis (signs & • Complications
symptoms) – Perichondritis
– Pain, itch, oedema, – Chondritis
erythema of the external – Cellulitis
auditory canal
– Parotitis
– With purulent otorrhoea
– Erysipelas
& debris in meatus
Otitis externa
Otitis externa
• Managements
– Aural toilet
• With/-out microscopic assistance
– Topical medication
• Glycerol & ichthammol (90:10%) with aural wick (moderate &
severe)
– Dehydrating effects < pain, oedema
• NSAID (if not contraindicated)
• Combination drop of neomycin, polymyxin-B, hydrocortisone
– AE filmy debris (mistaken for fungal overgrowth
– Neomycin & gentamycin Staphyllocooccus
– Polymyxin-B Pseudomonas & Staphyllococcus
• Quinolone (for no known risk of ototoxicity & it is sensitive to
Pseudomonas)
– Systemic antibiotics
• American Academy of otolaryngology no evidence
Otitis externa
– Prevention of reccurence
• Avoidance of water penetration
• Cotton wool + petroleum jelly in bath / shower
• Alcohol / proprietary preparations (aqua-ear/ear-calm)
after swimming
• Blow driers (not on hot setting) remove moisture
• Reccurent otitis externa with ear-mould hearing aid
patient bone-anchored hearing aid
HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS
Definition
• A herpetic vesicular rash on the concha,
external auditory canal or pinna with a lower
motor neurone palsy of the ipsilateral facial
nerve.
• Salah satu kelainan pada kanal externa untuk mmbersihkan kanal telinga
• Benda asing yang biasa ditemukan di ,nyeri (common present),tapi pasien
telinga: cotton wool, serangga, lebih sering mengeluh : gg
kelereng, kertas, mainan kecil & pendengaran ( hearing
penghapus loss)/perasaan penuh pada telinga
• Clinical Picture – Jika trdpt serangga
– Benda asing pada meatus auditory ditelinga,biasanya kecoak sangat
eksterna biasanya sering ditemukan mengganggu karena suara berisik &
pada anak yang tidak sengaja bergerak (nyeri berat ditelinga)
memasukan benda asing tsb ke dlm
telinga
– Pada anak : dpt bersifat
asimtomatik/dgn nyeri /discharge
krn otitis eksterna
– Pada org dewasa biasanya
ditemukan cotton wool /
stickyang biasanya digunakan
Benda Asing pada telinga
• Terapi nya tergantung dari 3 aspek
1) Jenis benda asing dalam telinga
2) Lokasi pasti benda asing tersebut
3) Pasien
• Komplikasi:
a) Laserasi kulit kanal telinga
b) Otitis eksterna
c) Palsy saraf facial ( secondary to leakage of alkaline material from a button batery & necrosis of
surounding tissue)
d) Kerusakan & perforasi membran timpani
Otitis Externa
• Suatu kelainan yang umum pada kulit dari external auditory canal yang ditandai
dengan edema umum + eritema berhub dgn rasa gatal & terdapat discharge pada
telinga
• Klasifikasi:
Etiologi:
- Kondisi-kondisi yang dpt mnganggu
keseimbangan lipid /acid dari telinga dpt
mnyebabkan otitis eksterna
• Subgroups
– Sporadic episodes
• infrequent isolated events; occurring with respiratory tract
infection
– Resistant AOM
• persistence of symptoms & signs of middle ear infection beyond 3-
5 days of antibiotic treatment
– Persistent AOM
• persistence / recurrence of symptoms & signs of AOM > 6 days of
finishing a course of antibiotics
– Reccurent AOM
• >=3 episodes of AOM in 6 mo period/4-6 episodes in 12 mo
Acute otitis media in children
• Risk factors • Epidemiology
– Genetic factors
• Family members – Commonest illness of
• Maternal blood group A childhood
• Atopy
– Immune factors – Highest incidence first
• IgG2 deficiency year of life
• Defective component-
dependent opsozination
• Aberrant expression of certain
cytokines
– Environmental factors
• Poor socioeconomic status
– Syndromic association
• Turner syndrome, down
syndrome, cleft palate
Acute otitis media in children
• Diagnosis • Symptoms
– Combination of often – Apyrexial (2/3)
nonspecific symptoms – Rapid onset of
– Evidence of inflammation • Otalgia, hearing loss, fever
of the middle ear cleft • Otorrhoea (blood stained)
– Additional information of • Excessive crying, irritability
middle ear effusion • Coryzal symptoms
• Vomiting, poor feeding
– may well not be a clear • Ear-pulling, clumsiness
history of a crescendo of – Commonly develop 3-4
otalgia in a coryzal child days after coryzal
rapid symptomatic relief symptoms
associated with tympanic
membrane perforation
Acute otitis media in children
• Signs
– Appear unwell, rubbing ear
– Otoscopic exam
• Opaque tympanic
membrane,
• Most commonly yellowish
pink, red in only 18-19%
• Bulging
– Hypomobility of the drum
– Perforated drum /
ventilation tube in situ
mucopurulent ottorhoea
Acute otitis media in children
• DD
• Investigations
– Pain tonsilitis, teething,
– Tympanometry middle ear
temporomandibular joint disorder,
effusion
uncomplicated upper respiratory
– Tympanocentesis & culture tract infection
– Nasopharyngeal swabbing for – Red tympanic membrane
bacterial culture screaming child
– Iron deficiency anemia & white – acute mastoiditis
blood cells disorder associated
– otitis media with effusion
with AOM
– otitis extema
– Immunoglobulin assay
– trauma
– Reccurrent infection of
ventilation tube investigation – Ramsay hunt syndrome
for primary ciliary dyskinesia – bullous myringitis
• Especially if nasal & – first indication of serious underlying
pulmonary symptoms coexist disease
• Wegener's granulomatosis or
leukaemia
Acute otitis media in children
• Etiology : • Routes of infections:
– Infective agents – Eustachian tube
• Viruses • negative middle ear
– RSV, influenza A virus, pressure movement of
parainfluenza virus, bacteria up the tube
human rhinovirus, • shorter, straighter and
adenovirus
more patulous tube
• Bacteria
– H. Infulenza 16-37%
– Tympanic membrane
– M. Catarrhalis 11-23% perforations / grommets
– S. Pyogenes 13% • Associated with water
– S. Aureus 5% exposure
– Haematogenous
Acute otitis media in children
• Managements :
– Conservative
• Simple analgesic & anti-pyrexials (paracetamol & ibuprofen)
– Medical
• Antibiotics (after 2-3 days of watchful waiting fail to improve)
– Amoxicillin (1st ) 80mg/kg/day
– Macrolide penicillin-sensitive & drug-resistant pneumococci
– Amoxicillin-clavulonate / cefuroxime
– Ceftriaxone IM
• Antihistamines & decongestants
– Surgery
• Myringotomy
– Severe case (present of complication) & relieve pain / when microbiology
is strongly required
Acute otitis media in children
• Management of recurrent acute otitis media:
– Alteration of risk factors
• Sitting a child semi-upright if bottle fed, avoiding passive smoke
inhalation
• Restricting use of pacifiers after infancy for otitis prone children
• Continue breastfeeding at least 6 mo + vitamin C & NO alcohol
– Medical prophylaxis
• Antibiotics, xylitol, vaccination (virus & bacterial),
immunoglobulins, benign commensals (alpha streptococci)
– Surgical prophylaxis
• Ventilation tube
• Adenoidectomy & adenotonsillectomy
Acute otitis media in children
• Complication : • Otitic hydrocephalus
– Intracranial – Extracranial
• Meningitis • Tympanic membrane
• Extradural abscess • Acute mastoiditis
• Subdural empyema • Petrositis
• Sigmoid sinus • Facial nerve palsy
thrombosis • labyrinthitis
• Focal otitic
encephalitis
(cerebritis)
• Brain abscess
Bullous myringitis (myringitis bullosa
haemorrhagica)
is the findings of vesicles in the superficial layer of the
tympanic membrane.
• Pathology :
– Vesicles occur between the outer epithelium & the lamina
propria of the tympanic membrane.
• Etiology :
– Culture from aspirates of the vesicles and middle ear
fluid similar to that in acute otitis media
– Influenza virus / Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been
suggested as the etiological agent.
• Epidemiology :
– predominantly in adults (13 of 15, 87%) who were male (12 of
15, 80%
• Etiology :
– complicated by
• a suboccipital epidural abscess, hearing deficit, and
thromboses of the sigmoid and transverse sinuses,
mastoiditis
– gram-positive aerobes
(Streptococcus species, Staphylococcusspecies, Enterococcus),
– gram-negative aerobes (Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus),
– anaerobes (Peptostreptococcus and Fusobacterium species)
Medscape.com
Bezold’s abscess
• Pathophysiology :
– lateral aspect of the mastoid process is composed of thicker
bone than that of the medial wall
• insertion point for the digastric, sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis,
and longissimus capitis muscles
– Thicker lateral mastoid process & confluence of the neck
muscles strong barrier against pus laterally pus in the
mastoid erodes through the area of least resistance, the
mastoid tip, which is inferior and media
• abscesses are formed deep in the neck musculature
• evade early detection
– Larger abscess disease in the suprascapular, suprasternal,
parapharyngeal, paralaryngeal, and even contralateral axilla/
neck
• Extension to vertebrae or base of the skull death
Bezold’s abscess
• Symptoms • Diagnosis
– neck pain, – Plain films of the mastoid
• opacification of the mastoid air
– neck mass,
cells
– post auricular pain,
– contrast-enhanced CT imaging of
– otalgia, the temporal bone and neck
– otorrhea, provides the most useful
information
– Less common – CT scan of the chest
• fever, headache, • suspicion of deeper thoracic/
hearing loss, facial vertebral abscess spread
paralysis, or cervical – MRI & magnetic resonance angio
lymphadenopathy gram of the head
• brain involvement is present
Bezold’s abscess
• Treatment
– antibiotics directed at the causative organisms +
mastoidectomy
• Complications
– Hearing loss
Acute Mastoiditis
• Kelainan yg terjadi pada anak ,28% pada anak superiosteal terbntuk (tanda nya sprti
dibwh 1 thn ,38% 1-4 tahun (higher incidence periosteitis)
peak ages of AOM) • Abses superiosteal sering terjd pada regio post-
• Mastoiditis akut dpt terjdi stlh 10-14 hari setelah auricular
gejala 2 pada telinga tengah (cth: 32% org ada • Abses zygomatikus jg dpt terjdi dibag atas &
gejala 1-2 hari ,34% gejalanya 3-6 hari ) didpn pinna
• Trdpt 4 kelas mastoiditis • Abses bezold : disebabkan karena adanya
• Pada episode otitis media akut,infeksi & perforasi dari kortek mastoid bag medial
inflammasi dpt meluas ke rongga mastoid & • Pus tracking down peritubal cellsmay result in
dpt dit dgn radiografi (tdak berhub dgn retropharyngeal /parapharyngeal abscess
komplikasi AOM)
• Subacute mastoiditis pd ps dengan AOM yg
• Infeksi dapat meneybar ke periosteum mastoid tdk diterapi komplit stlh 10-14 hari infeksi
melalui vena emissaria (acute mastoiditis (tanda mngkin tdk ada ,tp otalgia & demam dpt
dengan periosteitis) ( pd tahap ini tdk ada abses muncul) serious complication
yg ada tetapi terdpt lipatan post-auricular ,pinna
dapat terdorong ke depan & ada bengkak
ringan,eritema & lembut pada regio post-aural)
• Jika akut mastoid osteitis terbentukinfeksi sdh
merusak tulang dari sel mastoid & absess