Sifat Anti mikrobial dari

Metabolit Sekunder tanaman

Nur Hidayat
 Pendahuluan
• Berbagai organisme hidup dan tumbuh di
dunia
• Ada interaksi antar organisme tersebut
sehingga terjadi hubungan yang saling
menguntungkan ataupun merugikan
• Interaksi tersebut dapat menghasilkan
senyawa baru dan umumnya merupakan
metabolit sekunder
Interaksi tanaman dan mikroorganisme
• Tanaman dapat berinteraksi dengan berbagai mikroorganisme
dan berbagai bentuk interaksi
• Salah satu bentuk interaksi adalah parastisme yaitu penyerangan
bakteri atau jamur pada tanaman yanng dapat menyebabkan
penyakit pada tanaman (plant – pahogen interaction)
• Jika cocok maka mikroorganisme akan dapat tumbuh dan
menyebabkan tanaman sakit jika tidak maka mikro tsb akan mati
atau tidak tumbuh.
• Dasar ketahanan tanaman dari patogen ada dua
– specific plant disease resistance
– non-specific plant disease resistance
 Specific plant disease resistance (host
resistance)
• Resistensi spesifik terjadia karena adanya
kesesuaian gen – gen dari tanaman dan
penyebab penyakit.
• Tanaman meletakkan beberapa senyawa shg
menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme
• Sbg contoh tanaman lobak menghasilkan 1,3-
β-glucanase, yang dapat melindungi dari
serangan jamur Phytophthora infestans dan
 Non-specific plant disease resistance (non-
host resistance)
• Mikroorganisme menyerang tanaman dan
tidak spesifik.
• Pertahanan tanaman menjadi tidak spesifik
• Ada dua strategi yang diterapkan:
– constitutive defence mechanism
– constitutive defence mechanism
 The constitutive defence
mechanism
• Menghasilkan senyawa yg berfungsi melawan
bakteri, jamur dan virus dengan menghasilkan
senyawa-senyawa bererat molekul rendah:
cyanogenic glycosides, mustard oil, glycosides,
alkaloids, phenols, essential oils dan tannin.
• Menggunakan perlindungan fisik seperti
bentuk rambut, paku, duri, kulit keras dan
sebagainya
 infection-induced defence mechanism

• Tanaman menghasilkan senyawa, apabila ada

serangan mikroorganisme
• Pada keadaan normal senyawa ini tidak
dihasilkan.
 Rapid plant defence response
1. Changes in plasma membrane ion flux (e.g. Ca2+, K+, H+).
2. Generation of active oxygen species (oxidative burst).
3. Protein phosphorylation cascades.
4. Production of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins to
strengthen the cell wall barrier to pathogens.
5. Initiation of phytoalexin synthesis.
6. NO (nitric oxide) accumulation. NO has a key role in plant
pathogen response.
7. Hypersensitive response. Hypersensitive cell death is a
mechanism widely used by hosts to prevent the spread of
pathogens, and in some cases, killing them.
 Phytoalexins
• Mikroorganisme yang menyerang tanaman
dapat ditolak tanaman oleh reaksi hipersensitif
tanaman.
• Apabila sel tanaman diserang jamur, maka sel-
sel tanaman disebelahnya akan mati berwarna
coklat (nekrosis)shg jamur tidak tumbuh
menyebar.
• Pada nekrosis sering ditemukan senyawa
antibiotik yg disebut phytoalexin.
 Chemical structures and distribution

• Phytoalexins (Greek: phyton, meaning plant;

alexis, meaning defence) are defined as low-
molecular-weight and antibiotically effective
substances of plant secondary metabolism,
the synthesis and accumulation of which is
induced by pathogens or herbivores (M¨ uller
and Borger, 1940).
• The induction of phytoalexin synthesis in plant
tissue has been studied mainly in pathogenic
fungi; however, studies of attacks by viruses,
bacteria, nematodes, arachnida and insects
have also been conducted.
• Correspondingly, antibacterial, fungistatic and
nematostatic phytoalexins have been
discovered, as have those which deter insects
from feeding.
• These substances usually demonstrate a biostatic or
biocidal effect at relatively low concentrations (0.0001 to
0.00001 M/L).
• At present, we are aware of over 350 different
phytoalexins in more than 100 plant species.
• Their molecular structures reflect the variation in
secondary plant metabolic pathways, since phytoalexins
can be found among the alkaloids, coumarins,
dihydrophenanthrenes, flavonoids, isoflavonoids,
phenols, polyacetylenes, steroids, stilbenes and terpenes
Specificity of phytoalexin accumulation

1. ‘Localization and timing of phytoalexin

accumulation in infected tissue in relation to
pathogen development.’
2. ‘Phytoalexins must accumulate to
antimicrobial levels at the infection site in
resistance plants in sufficient concentrations
to inhibit the pathogen at the time pathogen
development is stopped.’
Specificity of phytoalexin accumulation
3. ‘Strong positive correlation of rapid phytoalexin
production with incompatible interactions in gene-
for-gene plant pathogen systems.’
4. ‘Association of rapid phytoalexin accumulation
with resistance genes that condition restriction of
pathogen development.’
5. ‘Use of metabolic inhibitors that enhance
susceptibility and block phytoalexin production.’
Specificity of phytoalexin accumulation

6. ‘A positive relationship between pathogen

virulence and tolerance of phytoalexins.’
7. ‘An increase of plant tissue resistance by
stimulation of phytoalexin production prior to
inoculation.’
8. ‘There must be evidence that the phytoalexins
are directly involved in defence, and that this
defence role has a measurable benefit for the
plant.’
Specificity of phytoalexin accumulation
• In general, the levels of phytoalexin in the plant tissue are
regulated by new synthesis and degradation of secondary
metabolites.
• Phytoalexins are synthesized relative quickly after contact with the
attacking pathogen.
• After a lag phase, at a minimum of 2 h, the bioactive substance can
be measured and the amounts increase during the following hours
and days for up to about 96 h, sometimes longer, until maximum
accumulation has been achieved.
• Subsequently, the levels of phytoalexin decrease to those which
existed before the attack.
• This means that high levels of phytoalexin accumulation do not
persist in plants once a pathogen or stress has been contained and
plant metabolism has returned to normal
 Essential oils with antimicrobial activity
(1) gram-positive bacteria, e.g. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium
intracellulare, Sarcinia flava, Sarcinia lutea, Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus
hemolyticus and Streptococcus pneumoniae;
(2) gram-negative bacteria, e.g. Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus
morgani, Proteus rettgeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Salmonella enteritidis,
Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Shigella
sonnei;
(3) yeasts, e.g. Candida albicans, Candida kruzei, Candida tropicalis,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Torula glabrata,
Torulopsis utilis, Torulopsis glabrata and Trichosporon capitatum; and
(4) fungi, e.g. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus,
Epidermophyton flocosum, Fusarium sporotrichoides, Fusarium tricintum,
Microsporum canis, Penicillium rubrum, Penicillium spinulosum,
Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
 Isolated secondary plant metabolites with
antimicrobial properties
• Alkaloid
• Aliphatic aldehydes
• Anthraquinones
• Diterpenoids
• Monoterpenoids
• Flavonoids
 Alkaloid

Bioactive alkaloids could be found within acridone-,

aporphine-, benzophenanthridine-,
bisbenzylisoquinoline-, indole-, isoquinoline-,
piperidine-, protoberberine-, quinoline-, terpenoid- and
steroid-type alkaloids
Dictamnine, a furoquinoline alkaloid, isolated from the
root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus (a traditional Chinese
medicine), exhibited strong antifungal activity against
the pathogenic fungus, Cladosporium cucumerium
(minimal concentration required to cause 50% inhibition
[MIC50 25.0 μg/mL]).
 Aliphatic aldehydes
• Olive oil derived from Olea europaea (Oleaceae)
has been used worldwide in traditional
medicine to treat skin diseases.
• Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, two
secoiridoids contained in olive oil, are known
for their antibacterial activities.
• It was hypothesized that these phytoagents act
not only on the plasmatic membrane but also
on intracellular targets
Anthraquinones and Diterpenoids
• Anthraquinonic compounds, traditionally used
as laxatives, possess many other
pharmacological properties, including
microbiological action
• Diterpenoids lanigerol and forskalinone,
isolated from the roots of Salvia lanigera and
Salvia forskahlei, respectively, demonstrated
moderate antibacterial activity against gram-
positive bacteria