OSTEOLOGY KHUSUS

KLASIFIKASI SKELETON

Menurut Lokalisasi :
1. SKELETON AXIALE (TRUNCUS)
• CRANIUM
• COSTAE
• STERNUM
• COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS

2. SKELETON APPENDICULARE
• EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
• EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Epiphysis
– Ends of the bone - spongy bone
Diaphysis
– Shaft - compact bone
– Medullary cavity
– Medulla osseum
Metaphysis (= Epiphyseal line/
plate)
-Hyaline cartilage (cartilago articularis)
- Blood vessel, nervus, lymphe
SKELETON AXIAL
 Skeleton Axial

- Cranium
- Columna vertebralis
- Costa
- Sternum
 CRANIUM
• Terdiri dari:
 Neurocranium : 1.os frontale (1)
2.os parietale (2)
3.os occipitale (1)
4.os ethmoidale (1)
5.os sphenoidale (1)
6.os temporale (2)
 Viscerocranium: 1. maxilla (2)
2. mandibula (1)
3. os nasale (2)
4. os lacrimale (2)
5. os zygomaticum (2)
6. choncha nasalis inferior (2)
7. os palatinum (2)
 CRANIUM
1. Neurocranium = cranial bone
– protect brain
– Attachment for head + neck muscles
– Concist of :
- Calvaria cranii = Skullcap = Vault
Superior, Lateral, Posterior part of skull
- Basis cranii = Floor = Base
Inferior part of skull
2. Viscerocranium= Facial bones
– Form cavities for sense organs
– Opening for air + food passage
– Hold teeth
– Anchor facial muscles
 Cranium 2
3

Sutures : Sutural bones between skull

plates
1. Sutura lambdoidea
2. Sutura sagittal
4
3. Sutura coronal 1
4. Sutura squamosa
Cranial Bones
2 1

4
8 Large Bones 3
1. Os Frontal (1)
2. Os Parietal (2)
3. Os Occipital (1) 5 1
4. Os Temporal (2) 6
4
5. Os Ethmoidal (1)
6. Os vSphenoidal (1) 2 3
 Facial Bones
14 bones
1. Os Mandibula(1)
2. Os Maxilla(2)
3. Os Zygomaticum(2) 5 4
4. Os Nasal (2) 3
2
5. Os Lacrimal(2)
6. Os Palatina(2)
7. Os Vomer (1)
8. Os Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
1
Verticalis = Superior View of Cranium

– Os Parietale
– Os Frontale
– Os Occipitale
- sutura
- vertex
-bregma
-lambda
Occipitalis = Posterior View of Cranium

• Os parietal
• Os occipital
• Os temporale
-Protuberantia occipitalis
externa
- Inion
 Lateral View of Cranium

• Os temporal
• Os frontal
• Os parietal
• Os occipital
• Os maxilla
• Mandibula
• Os zygomaticum
• Os nasal
• Os lacrimal
Modified from Fig. 7.4 • Os shenoidal
 Frontal = anteriorView of Cranium

• Frontal bone
• Zygomatic bones
• Nasal
• Maxilla
• Mandibula
- arcus superciliaris
-nasion
-sutura metopica
-orbita
Modified from Fig. 7.6
 Inferior View of Cranium (externa)

• Os palatina
• Os maxilla
• Os zygomaticum
• Os occipitalis
• Os vomer
• Os temporal
• Os sphenoidal
Inferior View of Cranium (interna)

• Os ethmoidale
• Os frontale
• Os occipitalis
• Os temporal
• Os sphenoidal
 Fossa Cranialis

• In floor of skull
• Support the brain
• Concist of :
1. Fossa cranii Anterior
2. Fossa cranii media
3. Fossa cranii Posterior
 Cavum dan Foramen

• Cavum :
4
– Cranium
– Cavitas nasalis
– Cavum Orbita
– Paranasal sinuses
• Foramen:
– 85 named foramen , canalis & fissura
– Passage for spinal cord, blood vessels, cranial nerves
COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS
 Columna Vertebralis

• 5 regions, 33 bones
Regions
– Cervical ( 7 vertebrae)
– Thoracic ( 12 vertebrae)
– Lumbar ( 5 vertebrae)
– Sacral bone (5 fused =
Sacrum)
– Coccygeal bone (4 fused =
coccyx)
 The Vertebral Column

• Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
• Intervertebral discs
(anulus fibrosus + nucleus
pulposus)

Fig. 7.13
The Vertebral Column

- Spinal Curvatures
concave and convex
curves

Curvatures :
• Lordosis (cervical and
lumbar)
• Kyposis (thoracic and
sacrum)
• Scoliosis (abnormal)
 Vertebra
Typical vertebra has :
– Corpus vertebra
– Arcus vertebra (lamina and
pedicle)
– Foramen vertebra
– Processus spinosus (1)
– Processus transversus (2)
– Processus articularis superior (2)
– Processus articularis inferior(2)
Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas= vert. cerv. I

– First vertebra

• Axis= epistropeus= vert.

cerv II
– Second vertebra
– Dens
 Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

Modified from Fig. 7.18

Sacrum and Coccyx
 COSTA
• 12 pairs
• Attach to vertebra
thoracalis and sternum
• Spatium intercostalis
• Arcus costarum dextra
et sinistra
• 3 groups:
1.Costa Vera (costa I-VII)
2.Costa Spuria (costa VIII-X)
3.Costa Fluctuantes (costa XI-XII)
 COSTA
COSTA, bentuk melengkung, terdiri :
1. 7 COSTA VERA → 7 costa atas melekat pd sternum
2. 3 COSTA SPURIA → 3 costa bawah melekat costa di
atasnya
3. 2 COSTA FLUCTUANTES → tidak melekat pada
sternum dan costa di atasnya

 Costa 1 -10 pada ujung sternalnya → terdpt CARTILAGO

COSTAE
 Bersama sternum + vertebrae Thoracales I – XII → btk
SKELETON THORACIS (rangka CAVUM THORACIS)
→ shg terdpt APERTURA THORACHIS SUPERIOR +
INFERIOR
 Arcus costarum dextra et sinistra
 STERNUM

terdiri dari :
-MANUBRIUM STERNI,
-CORPUS STERNI dan
-PROCESSUS XIPHOIDEUS
 STERNUM

- manubrium sterni

-corpus sterni

- proc. xiphoideus sterni

(proc.Ensiformis sterni)
Incisura clavicularis

- incisura jugularis sterni

-Incisura costa II

-Angulus sternalis
COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS
Terdiri dari :
Cervicalis (7),
Thoracalis (12),
Lumbalis (5),
Sacralis (5),
Coccygeus (4) = 33
= 26

Discus Intervertebralis
(mulai bwh V.C.II – bwh
V.L.V) = 23
COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS

o 5 Vetebra Sacralis → bersatu → Os Sacrum

o 4 vertebra Coccygeus → bersatu → Os
Coccygis
o Panjang Col. Vertebralis ± 75 cm
o Komponen vertebra 75% + Discus
intervertebralis 25%
o Bukan garis lurus vertikal, membentuk :
- Konkaf ke dorsal → LORDOSIS CERVICALIS
+ LUMBALIS
- Konkaf ke ventral → KYPHOSIS
THORACALIS + SACRALIS
(bila melengkung ke lateral → SCOLIOSIS)
 SKELETON APPENDICULARE

EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
EXTREMITA INFERIO
 EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR

 CINGULUM EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR

• Os SCAPULA
• Os CLAVICULA
 EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR LIBERAE
• Os HUMERUS
• Os RADIUS
• Os ULNA
• Ossa CARPALIA
• Ossa METACARPALIA
• Ossa PHALANGES (=Ossa Digitorum)
Scapula – humerus (posterior)
Os Clavicula
Humerus

Figure 7.23
Radius & Ulna

Figure 7.24
 Ossa Carpalia, Metacarpalia et Phalanges

Ossa carpalia :
Proximalis :
• OsScaphoideum = naviculare
• Os Lunatum
• Os Triquetrum
• Os Pisiforme

Distalis:
• Os Trapezium= multangulum majus
• Os Trapezoideum= multangulum minus
• Os Capitatum
• Os Hamatum
 EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
(Ossa Membri Inferior)
 CINGULUM EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
• Os Coxae
– Os Ilium (2)
– Os Ischium (2)
– Os Pubis (2)
 EXTREMITAS INFERIOR LIBERAE
• Os Femur (2)
• Os Patella (2)
• Os Tibia (2)
• Os Fibula (2)
• Ossa Tarsalia (14)
• Ossa Metatarsalia (10)
• Ossa Phalanges (28)
PELVIS
 OS Tibia et OS Fibula
Os Femur
Os Patella
Ossa Tarsalia,

Ossa Tarsalia :
• Os Talus
• Os Calcaneus
• Os Naviculare
• Os Cuboideum
• Os Cuneiforme medial,
intermediate, lateral
Ossa Tarsalia, Metatarsalia et Phalanges

Ossa Tarsalia :
• Os Talus
• Os Calcaneus
• Os Naviculare
• Os Cuboideum
• Os Cuneiforme medial,
intermediate, lateral
Ossa Metatarsalia et Phalanges

Ossa Metatarsalia :
• Os Metatarsalia I, II, III, IV dan V

Ossa phalanges :
• Ossa phalanges proximal,is
media et distalis