MK -Teknologi Besi Baja

Pendahuluan
Kuliah 1 – Th 2019
 Kebijakan Industri Nasional (Perpres 28/2008)

• Kebijakan Industri Nasional (KIN) diamanatkan dalam Peraturan Presiden

Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2008 merupakan suatu arahan dan
kebijakan jangka menengah maupun jangka panjang, dalam rangka
mempercepat proses industrialisasi untuk mendukung pembangunan ekonomi
nasional sekaligus mengantisipasi dampak negatif globalisasi dan liberalisasi
ekonomi dunia dan perkembangan di masa yang akan datang.

• Visi Industri 2025: membawa Indonesia pada tahun 2025 menjadi “Sebuah
Negara Industri Tangguh di Dunia”.
• Visi antara : membawa Indonesia pada tahun 2020 menjadi “Negara Industri
Maju Baru”.
 Bangun Industri Nasional 2025

Industri saat INDUSTRI INDUSTRI INDUSTRI INDUSTRI ANDALAN

TELEMATIKA MASA DEPAN
ini Peta Panduan AGRO ALAT
ANGKUT

INDUSTRI BARANG MODAL

PETRO KIMIA TPT BASIS INDUSTRI
SEMEN SEPATU MANUFAKTUR
BAJA ELEKTRONIK
DLL DLL
STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN INDUSTRI INDUSTRI KOMPONEN
(BASIS U K M)
KOMPETENSI
1. Tujuan, Sasaran dan Maksud KIN INTI INDUSTRI
DAERAH

2. Strategi Operasional SDA TERBARUKAN SDA TIDAK TERBARUKAN

DAYA
KREATIF
i. Lingk Bisnis yang Kondusif SUMBERDAYA
MANUSIA
RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT

ii. 35 Klaster industri Prioritas Visi Industri 2025 (Visi antar 2020)
iii. Kompetensi Inti Industri di
FASILITAS PEMERINTAH
daerah
1. Insentif Fiskal
2. Insentif Nonfiskal
3. Kemudahan-kemudahan
 MASALAH SEKTOR INDUSTRI
• Ketergantungan impor bahan baku, barang setengah jadi dan komponen sangat
tinggi;
• Ragam dan jenis industri terbatas;
• Struktur industri kurang dalam;
• Diversifikasi produk ekspor terbatas;
• Peranan IKM dalam struktur industri belum memadai;
• Penyebaran industri sebagian besar di Pulau Jawa (> 60 %).

MASALAH NASIONAL
• Tinggginya pengangguran dan kemiskinan;
• Melambatnya ekspor;
• Rendahnya pertumbuhan ekonomi;
• Keterbatasan infrastruktur;
• Ketertinggalan kemampuan teknologi dan kualitas SDM;
• Penyelundupan, perburuhan, ekonomi biaya tinggi;
• Bunga bank kurang bersaing
 Fokus Pengembangan Industri Prioritas
• Industri Tekstil
• Industri Alas Kaki
• Industri Fesyen • Industri Gula
• Industri Furniture
• Industri Kerajinan • Industri Pupuk
• Industri Batu Mulia • Industri Petrokimia
• Industri Keramik Industri Padat Karya
• Industri Minyak Atsiri
Industri Prioritas
Khusus
Industri Kecil dan
Menengah • Industri Otomotif,
Elektronika dan
Telematika
Industri
Pertumbuhan
Industri Tinggi
Padat Modal
Industri Berbasis
• Industri Makanan dan Minuman
• Industri Penghasil Sumber Daya Alam • Industri Hilir Kelapa Sawit
barang Modal • Industri Hilir Karet
• Industri Perkapalan • Industri Hilir Kakao
• Industri Hilir Baja & Alumunium Hulu
• Industri Rumput Laut
1. Industri Padat Karya
Program peningkatan daya saing industri padat karya dilaksanakan melalui: program
restrukturisasi permesinan untuk industri tekstil dan produk tekstil serta alas kaki,
pengembangan bahan baku alternatif, pengembangan desain dan merek, serta program
P3DN untuk pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah dan BUMN/BUMD.
2 Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM)
Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM) yang diprioritaskan adalah industri kreatif, seperti
industri fesyen, kerajinan dan barang seni, serta terus mendorong pengembangan
industri pangan, sandang dan kerajinan melalui konsep One Village One Product
(OVOP).
Program peningkatan daya saing Industri Kecil dan Menengah adalah modernisasi
peralatan IKM, pendidikan dan pelatihan, promosi serta fasilitasi Kredit Usaha Rakyat
(KUR).
3 Industri Barang Modal
Program pengembangan industri barang modal dalam negeri adalah pemberian
berbagai fasilitas dan insentif fiskal berupa tax allowance, pembebasan bea masuk, tax
holiday, serta dukungan kemudahan kredit perbankan.

29
4 Industri Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam
Untuk mendorong tumbuhnya investasi industri berbasis sumber daya alam dalam rangka
meningkatkan nilai tambah di dalam negeri, Pemerintah sedang mengupayakan fasilitas
tax holiday, tax allowance, dukungan fasilitasi pembangunan infrastruktur (jalan,
pelabuhan, energi, air bersih, dll) melalui dukungan pemerintah maupun swasta (PPP).

5 Industri Pertumbuhan Tinggi

Program peningkatan daya saing industri kendaraan bermotor dan elektronika, dilakukan
melalui pemberian fasilitas insentif fiskal, pembebasan PPnBM dan pembebasan bea
masuk barang modal, bahan baku dan komponen yang dibutuhkan untuk produksi dalam
negeri.

6 Industri Prioritas Khusus

Program pengembangan industri pupuk, pemerintah merencanakan untuk membangun 6
(enam) pabrik pupuk NPK dan merevitalisasi 6 (enam) pabrik pupuk, sedangkan program
pengembangan industri petrokimia dilakukan melalui pengembangan klaster industri
berbasis migas kondensat di Gresik dan Tuban (Jatim) serta Bontang (Kaltim).

30
 Pengelompokan Klaster Industri Prioritas
Elektronika & Telematika
1. Elektronika
Industri Penunjang Industri Kreatif 2. Telekomunikasi
3. Komputer dan Peralatannya
1. Perangkat Lunak & Konten Multimedia
2. Fashion
3. Kerajinan & Barang Seni
Fokus Alat Angkut
IKM Tertentu 35 industri prioritas dari
1.Batu Mulia dan Perhiasan 365 industri, dengan : 1.Kendaraan Bermotor
2.Garam  total output 78% 2.Perkapalan
3.Gerabah & Keramik Hias 3.Kedirgantaraan
 total ekspor 83% 4.Perkeretaapian
4.Minyak Atsiri
5.Makanan Ringan

Basis Industri Manufaktur Agro

1. Industri Material Dasar (baja, semen, petrokimia,
1.Pengolahan Kelapa sawit 7. Hasil Tembakau
keramik)
2.Karet dan Barang Karet 8. Pengolahan Buah
2. Industri Permesinan (mesin listrik & peralatan
3.Kakao 9. Furniture
listrik, mesin peralatan umum)
4.Pengolahan Kelapa 10.Pengolahan Ikan
3. Industri Manufaktur Padat Tenaga Kerja (tekstil &
5.Pengolahan Kopi 11.Kertas
produk tekstil, alas kaki)
6.Gula 12.Pengolahan Susu

Catatan:
10 klaster dalam RPJMN 2005 - 2009:
(1) industri makanan dan minuman; (4) industri alas kaki; (7) industri karet dan barang karet;
(2) industri pengolah hasil laut; (5) industri kelapa sawit; (8) industri pulp dan kertas;
(3) industri tekstil dan produk tekstil; (6) industri barang kayu (termasuk (9) industri mesin listrik dan peralatan listrik;
rotan dan bambu); (10) industri petrokimia.
 Sasaran Pembangunan Industri Nasional

Jangka Menengah Jangka Panjang

Terselesaikannya permasalahan yang

menghambat, dan rampungnya program
revitalisasi, konsolidasi dan restrukturisasi
industri yang terkena dampak krisis dan
bencana Kuatnya jaringan Kuatnya industri
kerjasama manufaktur sehingga
Tumbuhnya industri yang mampu menciptakan
(networking) menjadi world class
lapangan kerja yang besar
antara IKM dan industry
Terolahnya potensi sumber daya alam daerah industri besar serta
menjadi produk olahan industri di dunia.

Semakin meningkatnya daya saing industri

untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan dalam negeri dan Seimbangnya
ekspor sumbangan IKM
terhadap PDB
Tumbuhnya industri-industri potensial yang akan dibandingkan
menjadi kekuatan penggerak pertumbuhan sumbangan industri
industri di masa depan besar

Tumbuh berkembangnya IKM, khususnya industri

menengah sekitar dua kali lebih cepat daripada
industri kecil
Steel Industry Development Target

Mid Term Target ( 2010-2014)

2010 1.
2.
Optimalized installed capacity of crude steel industry (6.0 million tons / year)
Developed domestic supporting industries / workshops
3. Increasing steel consumption from 29 kg/capita in 2004 to 44 kg/capita in 2010
4. Established of information exchange to encourage synergies among the upstream and downstream
national steel industry with associated institutions

2015
Long Term Target ( 2015-2025)

1. The growth of making coal-based iron industry (coal base), which used gas and iron ore local with
capacity of 5 million tons / year
2. The growth of pelletizing and pig iron with a capacity of 2.5 million tons / year
3. The development of iron making industry from 1.5 million tons / year to 3.0 million tons / year
4. The development of crude steel industries from 6.0 million tons / year to 10 million tons / year

2025
5. Integrated steel smelting industry with stainless steel industry (slabs, HRC and CRC)
6. The development of steel industry (HRC, Plate, CRC, and long product to 20 million / year
7. The increase in steel consumption to 100 kg/capita in 2025

Area of Cooperation :
• Slab and HRC Industry
PT Krakatau POSCO, a joint venture between PT. Krakatau Steel and POSCO (Pohang Iron and Steel
Corporation) located at Krakatau Industrial Estate Cilegon has been established to produce slab and HRC
with capacity 3.000.000 MT/year.
Plant construction will be done in two phases, the first phase the factory will be built with a capacity of 3 million
tons which will be completed in 2013. The second phase will be completed two years later.
10
 Development of Engineering Materials
(after Ashby 1992)

10 000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Gold Copper
Bronze
Iron METALS
Cast Iron Glassy Metal
Al - Lithium Alloys Development Slow
Dual Phase Steels Mostly Quality
Steels
Micro Alloyed Steels Control and Processing
Wood POLYMERS, New Super Alloys
Skin ELASTOMERS Alloy Steels
Fibers
Glues
Light Alloys
COMPOSITES
Rubber Super Alloys
Straw-brick paper
High Temperature
Titanic Polymers
Stone
Bakelite Zirconium Alloys
High Modulus
Flint Etc Polymers
Nylon
Pottery Polyesters
Glass Exposies
PE
Cement PMA Arcrylics
CERAMICS Refractories PC PS PP
Portland Cement
Fused Tough Engineering
Cerments Pyro-
Silica ceramics (Al2O3,Si4,etc)
Ceramics

10 000 BC 5000 BC DATE

0 1000
(Year) 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

The use of other competitive materials in replacement to metals and alloys
becomes prominent as technological development requires higher
performance of engineering materials
Classification of Materials
• Materials used in the design and manufacture of
products

• Plastics Acrylic lens

• Wood
• Composites
• Ceramics
• Metals
• Fabrics

Linen, cotton,
Steel, Layers of Balsa wood nylon, Kevlar
Tungsten carbide
aluminium polycarbonate, model
tool bit aluminium & acrylic
Classification of Materials (Plastics)
•Plastics can be further classified as;
•Thermoplastic
•Thermoset
•Elastomers
Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers

Acrylics Epoxy Rubbers

resins
Nylons Phenolic Silicones

PVC Polyesters Poly

urethanes
PVC gutters
Polyethylene
Urea formaldehyde Rubber
Phenol formaldehyde
Classification of Materials (Wood)
• Wood can be further categorised as;
• Hardwood
• Softwood Cedar
• Manufactured board Oak

Hardwood Softwood Manufactured

Board
Ash Beech Chipboard
Oak Pine Plywood with Veneer

Ash Cedar Blockboard

Mahogany
Beech Fir MDF

Sycamore Spruce Melamine board

Plywood
Classification of Materials (Composites)

• A composite is a combination of two or more chemically distinct

materials whose physical characteristics are superior to its
constituents acting independently.
• Because of their high strength/stiffness to weight ratio they are
widely used in the;
• Aerospace industry
• Offshore structures
• Boats
• Sporting goods
Classification of Materials (Composites)
• Examples of composites Carbon
include; reinforced
plastic
• Reinforced Plastics
• Ceramic-matrix
Cylinder
• Metal-Matrix linings

• Laminates

Combustion chamber of
jet engine
Outer skin panels &
fuselage A380
Thrust chamber Glass reinforced Kevlar, taffeta
for rocket plastic hull polyester sails
Classification of Materials (Ceramics)

• Ceramics are compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements,

examples include;

• Oxides (alumina – insulation and abrasives,

zirconia – dies for metal extrusion and abrasives)
• Carbides (tungsten-carbide tools)
• Nitrides (cubic boron nitride, 2nd in hardness to diamond)
 ADVANCED MATERIALS:

• Materials that are utilized in high-technology application

• High-tech, a device or product that operates or functions using relatively
intricate and sophisticated principles
• Electronic equipment, computers, fiber optic systems, spacecraft,
aircraft, and military rocketry.
• They might be of all material types whose properties have been
enhanced or newly developed
Classification of Materials (Metals)
•Metals can be further classified as Ferrous &
Non-Ferrous, some examples include; High Speed
steel
Copper
Ferrous Non-
Ferrous
Stainless
Steels Aluminium Steel

Stainless Copper
Steels
Brass
High Speed Brass
Steels
Cast Irons Titanium
Aluminium
Canada is World Class in Nanoscience

Patents as strength indicators: Marinova

and McAleer, Nanotechnology 14, R1-R7 (2002)

TS…Technological
Specialization Index
PS…Patent Share
RAP…Rate of Assignment
(=market share)
CR…citation rate
(=knowledge creation)
Materials

Ferrous metals: carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels

Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel,

titanium, superalloys, refractory metals,
beryllium, zirconium, low-melting alloys,
gold, silver, platinum, …

Plastics: thermoplastics (acrylic, nylon, polyethylene, ABS,…)

thermosets (epoxies, Polymides, Phenolics, …)
elastomers (rubbers, silicones, polyurethanes, …)

Ceramics, Glasses, Graphite, Diamond, Cubic Boron Nitride

Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix composites

Nanomaterials, shape-memory alloys, superconductors, …

Types of Composites
Matrix Metal Ceramic Polymer
phase/Reinforcement
Phase

Metal Powder metallurgy parts – combining Cermets (ceramic-metal composite) Brake pads
immiscible metals

Ceramic Cermets, TiC, TiCN SiC reinforced Al2O3 Fiberglass

Cemented carbides – used in tools Tool materials
Fiber-reinforced metals

Polymer Kevlar fibers in an epoxy matrix

Elemental (Carbon, Fiber reinforced metals Rubber with carbon (tires)

Boron, etc.) Auto parts Boron, Carbon reinforced
aerospace plastics

MMC’s CMC’s PMC’

Metal Matrix Composites Ceramic Matrix Comp’s. Polymer Matrix Comp’s
Costs of composite manufacture
• Material costs -- higher for composites
• Constituent materials (e.g., fibers and resin)
• Processing costs -- embedding fibers in matrix
• not required for metals Carbon fibers order of magnitude higher than aluminum
• Design costs -- lower for composites
• Can reduce the number of parts in a complex assembly by designing the
material in combination with the structure
• Increased performance must justify higher material costs
Types of Composite Materials
There are five basic types of composite materials: Fiber, particle, flake, laminar or layered and filled
composites.
Nano: Renaissance Scientists

size
solid state physics
& engineering
nm
nm biology

chemistry
time
now!
Where will nano make an impact?
• Electronics and photonics
• molecular electronics, spintronics
• photonics
• sensors
• Materials
• ultra-fine powders, composites
• harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent
• green manufacturing, cost effective
• Bio-medical
• emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug
delivery...)
• biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to
biomed )
• biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
BESI BAJA KARBON
 Karakteristik Besi dan Baja
Besi adalah Ferrium plus karbon namun dengan kadar karbon lebih dari 2 %.
Jika kadar karbon kurang dari 2 % maka disebut Baja.
Sifat Besi Baja

1. Kekuatan Rapuh ( Brittle ) Ulet ( Ductile )

2. Kekerasan Cukup Keras Keras s/d lunak

3. Elongasi ( Sifat Mulur ) Rendah Tinggi

4. Mampu Cor Sangat Baik Kurang baik

5.Ketahanan Karat Sangat baik Kurang baik

6. Titik Lebur 1150 ° C 1550 ° C

7. Cara melebur Dapat dengan kokas Dapur busur Listrik -EAF

 Engineering Materials

Materials

Metals Plastics

Ferrous Non-ferrous Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers

Steel Aluminum Acrylic Phenolic Rubber

Stainless steel Copper Nylon Polymide Polyurethane
Die & tool steel Zinc ABS Epoxies Silicone
Cast iron Titanium Polyethylene Polyester
Tungsten Polycarbonate
PVC

Ken Youssefi SJSU, ME dept. 32

 Engineering Materials

Materials

Ceramics
Metals Plastics Glass Composites

Carbides Reinforced
plastics
Nitrides
Metal-Matrix
Graphite
Ceramic-
Diamond
Matrix
Glasses
Laminates
Glass ceramics

Ken Youssefi SJSU, ME dept. 33

Thoughts about these “fundamental”
Materials
• Metals:
• Strong, ductile
• high thermal & electrical conductivity
• opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

• Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
• thermal & electrical insulators
• Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-

metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
• Brittle, glassy, elastic
• non-conducting (insulators)
 The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
 Most Commonly Used Materials
The following 25 materials are the most commonly used materials in
the design of mechanical products; in themselves they represent the
broad range of other materials.

Steel and Cast Iron

1. 1020 (plain carbon steel, hot-rolled or cold-drawn)

2. 1040 (plain carbon steel, hot-rolled or cold-drawn)
3. 4140 (heat-treated alloy steel, chromium-molybdenum)
4. 4340 (heat-treated alloy steel, nickel-chromium-molybdenum)
5. S30400 (stainless steel)
6. S316 (stainless steel)
7. O1 (tool steel)
8. ASTM20-60 (gray cast iron)

Ken Youssefi SJSU, ME dept. 36

 Most Commonly Used Materials
Aluminum and Copper Alloys

9. 2024 (aluminum, O, T3, T4 or T6)

10. 3003 (aluminum, H12 or H16)
11. 6061 (aluminum, T6)
12. 7075 (aluminum, T6)
13. C268(copper)

Other metals

14. Titanium 6-4

15. AZ63A (magnesium)

Ken Youssefi SJSU, ME dept. 37

 Most Commonly Used Materials
Plastics

16. ABS
17. Polycarbonate
18. Nylon 6/6
19. Polypropylene
20. Polystyrene
Ceramics

21. Alumina
22. Graphite
Composite materials

23. Douglas fir

24. Fiberglass
25. Graphite/epoxy

Ken Youssefi SJSU, ME dept. 38

 Metals

Ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals

Steels Cast Irons

Plain carbon steels Grey Iron

Low carbon steels White Iron

Medium carbon steels Malleable & Ductile Irons

High carbon steels

Low alloy steels

High alloy steels

Stainless & Tool steels
Properties of materials

Mechanical properties of materials

Strength, Toughness, Hardness, Ductility,
Elasticity, Fatigue and Creep

Physical properties
Density, Specific heat, Melting and boiling point,
Thermal expansion and conductivity,
Electrical and magnetic properties

Chemical properties
Oxidation, Corrosion, Flammability, Toxicity, …
 Physical Properties of Metals

Malleable – this describes the physical property of metals to be bent.

Ductile – this describes the physical property of metals to be
stretched to form wires.
Conductivity – this describes the physical property of metals to
conduct heat and electricity.
Lustrous – describes the shiny apperance of a metal
State - this describes whether something is solid, liquid or gas
all metals except mercury are solid at room temperature
Diagram Fasa Besi Baja
• Solidification of metals
• Casting Alloys
• Ferrous alloys
• cast irons: wear resistance hardness, and good machinability
• a family of alloys: gray cast iron (gray iron), nodular (ductile or
spheroidal) iron, white cast iron, malleable iron, and
compacted-graphite iron
• magnesium base alloys - good corrosion resistance and
moderate strength
• cast steels - high temperatures required up to 1650 degree C
• cast stainless steels - have a long freezing range and high
melting temperatures, high heat and corrosion resistance
• Nonferrous alloys
• aluminum base alloys
• copper base alloys
• zinc base alloys
• high temperature alloys
 Cast Iron
Between 2% & 4% carbon content
Standard grey cast iron very brittle due to carbon rosettes in the structure acting
as stress-raisers
Possible to use heat treatment to improve the structure, this gives materials
such as ductile iron and malleable iron (black heart)

Grey cast iron showing the graphite flakes in a pearlite matrix

• Cast iron:
• gray, white, ductile (nodular), and malleable 2.25% to 4.4%C and
1.15% to 3% Si
• used as structural material (structures and frames of machine
tools, presses, and rolling mills, the housings of water turbines
and of large diesel engines
Steel
0.001% to 1.5% carbon < 2.0 % carbon
Wide range of properties due to:
• Variation in carbon content
• Cold working
• Heat treatment
• Addition of alloying elements
Microstructure of Steel
Five main constituents:
• Ferrite - BCC Delta Iron - BCC
• Austenite - FCC
• Cementite - Orthorhombic
• Pearlite - BCC
• Martensite
Austenite
This is the structure of iron at high temperatures (over 912 deg C).
Has a face-centre cubic (FCC) crystal structure. This material is
important in that it is the structure from which other structures are
formed when the material cools from elevated temperatures. Often
known as  iron. Not present at room temperatures.
Cementite
A compound of iron and carbon, iron carbide (Fe3C).
It is hard and brittle and its presence in steels causes an increase in
hardness and a reduction in ductility and toughness.
Pearlite
A laminated structure formed of alternate layers of ferrite and
cementite
It combines the hardness and strength of cementite with the ductility
of ferrite and is the key to the wide range of the properties of steels.
The laminar structure also acts as a barrier to crack movement as in
composites. This gives it toughness.
Martensite
A very hard needle-like structure of iron and carbon.
Only formed by very rapid cooling from the austenitic structure (i.e.
above upper critical temperature). Needs to be modified by
tempering before acceptable properties reached.
Effect of Carbon Content
In steels none of the carbon is present as free carbon. It is all dissolved in the
iron as part of the previously described structures.
Increasing the carbon content decreases the amount of ferrite and increases the
proportion of pearlite in the structure.
Eutectic Structure
This leads to an increase in strength and hardness and a reduction in ductility.
This continues until there is 0.8% carbon at which point the structure is 100%
pearlite. This is known as a eutectic structure.
Over 0.8% Carbon
As carbon content increases beyond 0.8%, no more pearlite can be formed.
The excess carbon forms cementite which is deposited in between the pearlite
grains. This increases the hardness, but slightly reduces the strength. The
ductility of all plain carbon steels over 0.8% carbon is very low.
Applications

A typical application of
low carbon steel in a
car body.
Properties of Carbon Steels
Carbon content Properties Applications
wt %
0.01 - 0.1 Soft, ductile, no useful hardening Pressings where high
by heat treatment except by formability required
normalizing, but can be work-
hardened. Weldable.
0.1 - 0.25 Strong, ductile, no useful General engineering uses
hardening by heat treatment for a mild steel
except by normalizing, but can
be work-hardened. Weldable.
Ductile-brittle transition
temperature is just below room
temperature
0.25 - 0.6 Very strong, heat treatable to Bars and forgings for a wide
produce a wide range of range of engineering
properties in quenched and components.
tempered conditions. Difficult Connecting rods,
to weld. Can become brittle springs, hammers, axle
below room temperature. shafts requiring
strength and
toughness.
Properties of Carbon Steels
Carbon content Properties Applications
wt %
0.6 - 0.9 Strong, whether heat treated or Used where maximum
not. Ductility lower when less strength rather than
carbon is present toughness is important.
Tools, wear resisting
components ( piano wire
and silver steels are in
this group).

0.9 - 2.0 Wear resistant and can be made Cutting tools like wood
very hard at expense of chisels, files, saw
toughness and ductility. Cannot blades.
be welded. Tend to be brittle if
the structure is not carefully
controlled
AISI developed a 3 digit numbering system for stainless steels 200 and 300 series: Austenitic
400 series: Ferritic and martensitic
What do you pick first?
A photomicrograph of 0.1% 0.2 % Carbon steel The needle-like structure of martensite,
carbon steel (mild steel). Note the increased amount of the white areas are retained austenite.
The light areas are ferrite. pearlite compared with the
0.1% ‘dead mild’ steel
 Carbon and alloy steels
2.Microstructure
Graphite flake and steel matrix

Ferrite Ferrite and pearlite

Two- dimensional view of Pearlite consisting of

Pearlite alternating layers of Cementite and Ferrite
 Carbon and alloy steels

Ferrite matrix Pearlite matrix

Mikrostruktur baja dengan berbagai kadar
karbon :

%C 0,05 0,13 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,50 0,62 0,82 1,30

STRUKTUR KRISTAL LOGAM
B C C-Kubus Berpusat Badan

FCC- Kubus Berpusat Muka

CPC – Heksagonal
BESI TUANG
• Besi tuang adalah paduan besi dan karbon
dengan kadar karbon lebih dari 2 %;
• Besi tuang yang banyak dipakai biasanya antara
2,5 % - 4 % C.

Jenis besi tuang :

• besi tuang putih (white cast iron),
• besi tuang mampu tempa (malleable cast iron),
• besi tuang kelabu (gray cast iron),
• besi tuang nodular (nodular cast iron).
Besi tuang putih :

• Seluruh karbon berupa

sementit yang sangat
keras dan getas (lihat
gambar);
• Penggunaan : sebagai
bahan baku besi tuang
mampu tempa.
Besi tuang mampu tempa :
• Dibuat dengan memanaskan
kembali besi tuang putih dampai
temperatur kritis bawah atau sedikit
di bawahnya, dan membiarkan
pada temperatur tersebut dalam
wasktu yang cukup lama, sehingga
sementit terurai menjadi ferit dan
bola-bola grafit (lihat gambar);
• Sifat mekaniknya mirip baja;
• Penggunaan : pipe fitting, camshaft,
crankshaft, dan lain-lain.
Besi tuang kelabu :
• Mikrostrukturnya terdiri dari matriks dan
grafit (lihat gambar);
• Matriks dapat berupa ferit, perlit, bainit,
martensit, atau campuran dua atau lebih
struktur tersebut;
• Grafitnya berbentuk serpihan (flake);
• Sifat mekaniknya : kekuatan tariknya
rendah, keuletan rendah, hanya dapat
dibentuk dengan cara penuangan dan
pemesinan, ketangguhannya rendah
karena grafit berbentuk flake, ujung-ujung
flake merupakan takikan yang
mnenurunkan ketangguhannya;
• Besi tuang kelabu banyak dipakai karena mempunyai
sifat-sifat yang menguntungkan :
 mudah dituang menjadi bentuk yang rumit,
 mudah di machining,
 tahan aus / gesekan,
 dapat meredam getaran,
 kekuatan tekan tinggi,
 sifat tahan korosi lebih baik daripada baja konstruksi
biasa,
 Harganya murah, paling murah diantara paduan besi
karbon yang lain.

• Penggunaan :
 bantalan mesin,
 blok mesin,
 rumah pompa.
Besi tuang nodular :
• Hampir sama dengan besi tuang kelabu,
hanya disini bentuk grafitnya bulat
/nodular (lihat gambar);
• Bentuk grafit yang bulat ini diperoleh
dengan menambahkan sedikit
magnesium atau serium ke dalam besi
cair sesaat sebelum penuangan;
• Sifat mekaniknya : kekuatan, keuletan,
dan ketangguhannya jauh lebih tinggi
dari besi tuang kelabu biasa karena
memiliki bentuk grafit nodular;
• Karena memiliki sifat ulet, maka sering
disebut besi tuang ulet (ductile cast iron);
• Bila besi tuang ini diberi perlakuan panas austemper, sifat
mekaniknya bisa menyamai sifat mekanik baja;
• Besi tuang nodular yang telah di austemper disebut
Austemper Ductile Iron (ADI);
• Penggunaan :
 sama dengan penggunaan besi tuang kelabu (bila
tanpa di austemper),
 crankshaft dan camshaft (ADI).
Ferrit
Ferrit adalah larutan padat dari suatu atau lebih elemen dalam alpha besi atau besi
delta. Kecuali (dirancang sebagai kromium ferit), zat terlarut umumnya dianggap
sebagai ferrit. Pada diagram fase besi-carbon, ada dua wilayah ferit dipisahkan oleh
daerah aute site. Ferrite memiliki tubuh berpusat struktur kubik dan merupakan
fase stabil. Alpha ferrite sangat lembut dan ulet.
Ferrite (α) merupakan fasa yang terbentuk pada
temperatur sekitar 300-723 derajat celcius,
menunjukkan struktur fasa ferrit yang berwarna
hitam, dan austenit yang berwarna putih.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa, selain lunak,
ferrit sendiri cenderung lebih mudah berkarat
dibandingkan austenit.
 Martensite
Martensit adalah larutan padat jenuh karbon
dalam besi . Memiliki tubuh berpusat struktur
tertragonal dan merupakan fase metastabil .
Tergantung pada kandungan karbon ,
martensit bisa sangat sulit dan rapuh. .
Martensit dibentuk oleh transformasi austenit
oleh machanism non - difusional dan terjadi
jika laju pendinginan yang cukup tinggi untuk
mencegah austenit dari transformasi menjadi
ferit , perlit , bainit.
Fasa martensite merupakan fasa metastable,
artinya kita tidak bisa melihat fasa martensite
didalam diagram fasa Fe-C. Fasa martensite
bisa dihasilkan dengan pendinginan cepat
(quenching) dengan media air atau oli.
Diagram Fe - C
 POHON INDUSTRI BAJA NASIONAL

Heavy Profile, Rail

Bloom
Construc-
Iron Ore Sponge Iron Round Seamless Pipe
Iron Ore tion
Pellet Billet
Concentrate
PC-Wire, Wire Rope, Building
Wire
Hot Bricket Billet Wire Rod Electrode Wire
Iron Oil & Gas
Rod, Bold, Nut Trans.

Profile & Deformed Bar Otomotive

Sinter Hot Metal
Bar
Shaft Bar Ship
Pig Iron
Slab Hot Rolled Cold Rolled GI-Sheet, Galvanized- Rail Way
Coil Coil Aluminized-Coated-Sheet
Iron Sand Iron Sand Direct
Tin plate
Concentrate Reduced Agriculture
Iron
Plate, Welded-Pipe,
Electronic
Welded-Profile
casing
Scrap
Iron/steel
Plate Plate, Heavy- Plate Welded-
Cast Defence
Pipe, Welded- Profile

Household

Stainless Stainless Stainless

Stainless Steel Sheet Health
Steel Slab Steel HRC Steel CRC
Fe-Nickel Alloys
-Sudah ada industrinya PackagingF
Fe-Chrom & Alloys ood
-Belum ada industrinya Stainless Stainless
Stainless Steel Rod, Saft
Steel Billet Steel Rod/
-Sebagian di impor Bar
Bar

MINING ORE DRESSING AGLO- IRON STEELMAKING & Hot FORMING Cold FORMING FINISHED PRODUCTS APLICATIONS/
MERATION MAKING CASTING INDUSTRIES
Traditional Steps in Making Steel:
• Beneficiation of iron ores (removal of impurities)
• Agglomeration of fine particles
• Reduction of iron ore to make crude iron
• Refining of crude iron to make steel (removing
impurities, adding trace elements)
• Shaping of steel into final products
Alternative Approaches for Reducing Iron Ore:
• Blast Furnace with coke through reaction with
CO while the ore is still solid (traditional
approach)
• Direct reduction of the ore using coal or natural
gas to produce a H2-rich gas (or direct use of
purchased H2) combined with a DC current
• Smelting reduction of the ore in the liquid state,
directly using coal
 Reduction of iron ore
• Commonly done in a blast furnace
• C from coke (which is like charcoal, and made from coal
by driving off volatile materials) is used as a reducing
agent
• Theoretical minimum energy requirement is 6.8 GJ/t
• Practical lower limit is 10 GJ/t, best blast furnaces use
about 12 GJ/y, world average is about 14.4 GJ/t
• Coke provides some of the heat energy required (as
well as serving as a reducing agent), with the balance
supplied by coal
Refining of crude iron

• 3 options are: Open-hearth furnace, Basic Oxygen

Furnace (BOF), Electric air furnace (EAF)
• BOF requires pure oxygen (separated from air)
• EAF is used for scrap metal and in the new direct-
reduction process
• Energy by EAFs per tonne of steel fell in half between
1960-1900
 Shaping of Steel, Traditional Method
• Produce steel in cubical blocks, small bars, or slabs using a
continuous caster, then convert into final products using
various hot mills (heating and cooling occurs between steps,
with an energy loss each time)
• Shaping of Steel, Alternative approaches:
• Cast the molten steel closer to the desired final shape, using
thin-slab casting, thin-strip casting, or powder metallurgy
Thin-strip casting has the potential to reduce energy use for
shaping by 90-95%

• In thin-strip casting, the length of the production line has been

reduced from 500-800 m to 60 m – about a factor of ten
reduction!