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COMPARATIVE EMBRIOLOGY
SUMBER BUKU: KARDONG
Kelompok 2
Adinda Mutia Chitra Paramitha
Inne Sintiya Rahmah
Nurul Fitriyani
Rudi Rahmadi
FOSSIL RECORDS
Paleontologi adalah disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari mengenai sejarah
kehidupan di bumi dan tanaman serta hewan purba berdasarkan fosil yang
ditemukan dibebatuan.
Fossil berasal dari kata latin yaitu fossa yang berarti “menggali keluar
dari dalam tanah”.
GEOLOGIC TIME
FOSIL
Fosil hewan vertebrata tidak hanya berupa ulang dan gigi melainkan
juga telur, jejak, rambut dan bulu.
Fossil laut Icthyosour, reptilia
mirip dengan lumba-lumba
yang ditemukan di batu
kapur
Integumen
Skeletal
Muscular
INTEGUMEN
SPESIALISASI INTEGUMEN
EMBRIONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIN
INTEGUMEN OF FISH
Primitive fishes
Condrichthyes -> placoid scale
Bony fishes
INTEGUMEN OF TETRAPODS
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Bird’s Feather
Mammals
Hair
Glands
SPESIALIZATION OF THE INTEGUMEN
Nail, Claws, Hoove
Horn and antlers
Baleen
Scales
Dermal armor
Mucus
Color
SKELETAL
AGNATHANS
Early vertebrates
Ostracoderms
Cyclostomes
Gnathostomes
Fishes
Early tetrapods
Primitive Amniotes
Modern Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
AXIAL COMPARATIVE
APPENDICULAR COMPARATIVE
MUSCULAR
Axial
Musculature
Postcranial
Musculature
Appendicular
Musculature
Skeletal
Branchiomeric
Musculature
Cranial
Musculature
Hypobranchial
Musculature
POSTCRANIAL MUSCULATURE
AXIAL MUSCULATURE
Fishes
Tetrapods
Salamander
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
POSTCRANIAL MUSCULATURE
APPENDICULAR MUSCULATURE
Fishes
Tetrapods
POSTCRANIAL MUSCULATURE
CRANIAL MUSCULATURE
EVOLUSI PADA WAJAH
CRANIAL MUSCULATURE
BRANCHIOMERICS
Arches IV to VI
Trapezius, sternomastoid,
Figure 10.14. Branchiomeric muscles of gnathostomes.
cleidomastoid
cranial Musculature
Hypobranchial Musculature
In branchial region, somites are broken down
Ventral slips of postbranchial somites become hypobranchial musculature
Hypobranchial muscles give rise to:
HEAD REGION
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Tongue muslces
Geniohyoid
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Lingualis propria Figure 10.11. (book figure 10.30).
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
Embryonic development has profoundly contributed to
evolutionary biology and to morphology.
Early in development, the cells of the embryo become sorted
into three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and
mesoderm. In turn, each layer gives rise to specific regions that
form body organs.
Structures of two species that pass through closely similar steps
of embryonic development can be taken as evidence of homology
between these structures.
Yolk stores affect the pattern of cleavage and subsequent
gastrulation.
When yolk accumulates in the ovum in large quantities, it
mechanically interferes with the formation of mitotic furrows
and restricts cleavage to the relatively yolk free area at the
animal pole.
CLEAVAGE STAGES IN FIVE CHORDATE GROUPS
PRINCIPLES OF EMBRYOLOGY
Evolution does not necessarily proceed gene by gene, each
bringing a tiny change that over millions of years eventually adds
up to a new structure.
With its influence dispersed, one small genetic change especially
in gene switches, can produce large, integrated structural
modifications that are the basis for major and rapid
evolutionary changes in design.
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