Biologi Sel

Konsep sel hidup

 Sel merupakan unit dasar kehidupan

 Semua organisme disusun oleh sel-sel
 Semua sel tersebut berasal dari sel yang telah
ada sebelumnya
 Tipe Sel hidup

Sel prokaryota Sel eukaryota

 Tipe struktur sel

 Prokariotik
 Tidak memiliki membran nuklear
 Termasuk spesies dalam domain Archaea dan Bakteri
 Eukariotik
 Memiliki membran nuklear
 Memiliki organel
 1,000 sampai 10,000 kali lebih besar dibandingkan sel
prokariot
 Termasuk spesies dalam domain eukariot

4
 Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Organisms
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Organisms archaea, bacteria protists, fungi, plants, animals
Cell linear dim. 1-10 :m 10-100 :m
Metabolism anaerobic or aerobic aerobic or anaerobic
Organelles no nucleus, chloroplasts,
mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, etc.
DNA circular, in cytoplasm very long linear molecules
bounded by nuclear envelope
RNA and protein RNA and protein synthesized RNA synthesized in nucleus;
in same compartment protein, in cytoplasm
Cytoplasm no cytoskeleton: cytoskeleton composed of protein
no cytoplasmic streaming, no filaments; cytoplasmic streaming;
endocytosis, no exocytosis endocytosis and exocytosis
Cell division chromosomes pulled apart by chromosomes pulled apart by
attachment to plasma membrane cytoskeletal spindle apparatus
Cellular mainly unicellular mainly multicellular, with
organization differentiation of many cell types
Molecular
5 Biology of the Cell, 2nd Ed.
 Prokariot
 Kurang kompleks dibandingkan eukariot

Struktur prokariot umum

• Sitoplasma
• Materi genetik
• Membran sel
• Ribosom
• Beberapa memiliki flagela untuk bergerak
 Vibrio cholerae -
causes cholera

ATP drive motor protein complex

E. Coli - normal
inhabitant of human
gut

Sel bakteri adalah prokariot

Tidak ada membran nukleus, tidak ada membrane yang

mengelilingi subcellular compartments, tidak ada mitokondria,
tidak ada peroxisomes, dll.
CELL SIZE
 Eukaryotes

 Sel memiliki nukleus

 Dapat bersel tunggal – misalnya Protista
 Dapat terdiri dari milyaran sel seperti
hewan dan tumbuhan
 Terorganisasi dengan baik

 Memiliki jumlah, bentuk dan fungsi yang

jelas
 Memiliki struktur umum
 Fundamental Properties of Cells
 Complex and Organized
 Possesing Genetic
programme
 Reproduction
 Energy conversion
 Metabolism
 Mechanical activities
 Respond to stimuli
 Self-regulation mechanism
Gerak atau respon..?
 Character
The plasma membrane regulates what
enters and exits the cell.

Inside the plasma membrane, the nucleus

is surrounded by cytoplasm.

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to

the plasma membrane.
 Plasma membrane

 Fluid mosaic model:

 Fluid mosaic of phospholipid and protein,
resembles soap bubble.
 Phospholipid has polar and non-polar ends.
 Cell lives in aqueous (polar) environment.
 Phospholipids spontaneously form bilayer.
 Polar “heads” to aqueous internal and external fluids
 Non-polar tails to inside of membrane
Plasma membrane
 Plasma membrane
 Boundary of cell
 Separates cytosol from
extracellular fluid
 Regulates exchange
 Binds cell to other cells
 tight junction
 desmosomes
 gap junctions
 Supports membrane
proteins
 Integral
 Peripheral
 Functions of
membrane proteins

 Channels, Transporters,
and carriers
 regulate exchange
 Receptors
 for hormones,
neurotransmitters, etc.
 Functions of
membrane proteins

 Enzymes
 e.g. lactase
 Intercellular joining
 Desmosomes
 Tight junctions
 Functions of
membrane proteins

 Cell identity markers

 MHC antigens
 Attachment to
cytoskeleton and
extracellular matrix
Exchange mechanisms

 Passive Processes
 Diffusion
 Facilitated diffusion

 Osmosis

 Filtration
 Simple diffusion

 Net movement of substance from region of higher

concentration to region of lower concentration.
 Diffusion across plasma membrane
 Depends on
“permeability” of
membrane
 Plasma membrane
usually permeable to
lipids, lipid-soluble
molecules.
 Depends on
concentration gradient.
 Facilitated diffusion

 Depends on
concentration
gradient.
 Requires carrier
protein.
 Does NOT use
energy
 Osmosis

 3 defining characteristics
 Diffusion,
 of water,
 through a selectively
permeable membrane.
 Tonicity
 isotonic
 hypertonic
 hypotonic
 Filtration
 Hydrostatic pressure forces water and
solutes through a membrane
 e.g. capillary wall
 Solutes sorted by size or charge
 Small ions & molecules pass through
 Large molecules stopped by filter
 e.g. making coffee,
 blood filtered in kidneys
 Active exchange mechanisms
 Active Processes (require, consume energy)
 Active transport
 Requires carrier protein
 Requires energy (ATP)
 Vesicular (Bulk) transport
 Exocytosis
 secretion -- mucus, saliva, digestive enzymes,
neurotransmitters, hormones, etc.
 Endocytosis
 receptor-mediated endocytosis
 Phagocytosis
 Active transport

 Requires carrier
protein
 Requires energy
(ATP)
 Vesicular transport
 Movement of particles & packages of molecules
in vesicles.
 Exocytosis
 Vesicular transport
 Movement of particles
& packages of
molecules in vesicles.
 Endocytosis,
transcytosis
 Vesicular transport

 Phagocytosis (cell eating)

 Endocytosis of bacterium, cell fragment, etc.
Plasma / Cell membrane
 Cell Wall
 Plant - (bacteria, fungi)
 Composition : cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic
acid
 Organic compounds: suberin, cutin, enzym
 Function: size, shape, protection, transport.
 3 layers : 1. primary wall
2. middle lamellae
3. secondary wall
 Cell Wall

 Terdapat pada sel tumbuhan

dan sel bakteri
 Rigid, batas pelindung
 Fungsi: memberikan suport
dan perlindungan kepada
membran sel
 Berlokasi diluar membran sel
 Terbuat dari selulosa (fiber)
 Plasmodesma
 Plasmodesmata connect protoplasm adjacent
cells
 All of Spermatophyta cells
 Alive protoplasm as a unit, so there are 2
kinds of interrelated plant cells :
1. symplast
 interconnected protoplasm
2. apoplast
 the surrounding protoplasm
PERMUKAAN SEL
 Junction interseluler
 Sel hewan atau sel tumbuhan yg berdekatan
sering melekat, berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi
 Pd tumbuhan ada plamodesmata pd dinding
selnya, berupa saluran , dilewati sitoplasma
 Air dan zat terlarut yang berukuran kecil dpt
melewati plasmodesmata dg leluasa
 Molekul protein khusus dan RNA dpt melewati
plasmodesmata
Pd hewan ada 3 jenis junction interseluler : tight junction
(j. ketat), desmosom (j.adhering, j. jangkar) dan gap
junction (junction celah)
 Adherens junction (Junction
jangkar)
 Protein complexes that
occur at cell-cell
junctions in epithelial
tissues, usually more
basal than tight junctions.
 Kompleks protein pada
sel-sel junction di jar
epitelial
 Lebih di basal dp tight
junction
 Adherens junction (Junction
jangkar)
 Kompleks protein
pada sel-sel junction
di jar epitelial
 Lebih di basal dp tight
junction
 Td 3 protein:
 cadherins. mrp protein
transmembran yg
homodimer dg molekul
cadherin pd sel
tetangganya
 β-catenin and α-catenin.
 Kedua catenin tersebut
membentuk komplek dg
molekul cadherin di bag
intracellular
 Sbg jembatan yg
menghubkan sitoskeleton
aktin sel tetangga melalui
interaksi langsung
 sebagai “regulatory
module” utk
mempertahankan
contractile ring actin.
 Seperti paku  mengikat
sel pd lembaran jar
epitelial.
 Gap junction (junction celah)
 gap junction or nexus
 Merupakan junction pada
sel hewan Junction
pengkomunikasi
 Berupa saluran sitoplasmik
antara sel-sel yg
bersebelahan
 Bisa dilewati molekul
garam, gula, as amino dan
molekul kecil lainnya,
terutama molekul signaling
interseluler agar bebas
lewat diantara dua sel.
 Gap junction
 connects the cytoplasm of cells.
 One gap junction is composed of two connexons
(or hemichannels) which connect across the
intercellular space.
 analogous to

the plasmodesmata
 Kode Gen tidak langsung mengekspresikan
gap junction
 Gen hanya memproduksi protein yang
menyusun connexin
 DNA to RNA to Connexin protein.
 6 Connexins create one Connexon
(hemichannel)
 Contoh: pd jaringan otot jantung, aliran ion
melalui gap junction akan mengkoordinasikan
kontraksi selnya
 Pd embrio hewan, komunikasi kiwiawi antar
sel penting utk perkembangan
 Tight junction
 Dua sel yg sangat
berdekatan shg
membrannya bersatu
membentuk barier yang
impermeable thd cairan
 tight junctions join
together the
cytoskeletons of
adjacent cells
 Functions Tight junction
 They hold cells together
 Transport transeluler
 Menahan gerakan protein membran integral antara
permukaan sel apikal dan basolateral agar dapat
melakukan fungsinya dg baik cth, endositosis yang dibantu
dg reseptor pd permukaan apikal dan eksositosis pd
permukaan basolateral
 Mencegah molekul dan ion masuk ke ruang antar sel , shg
material dpt masuk ke dlm sel (melalui difusi atau
transport aktif)
 Cara ini bisa mengkontrol senyawa yang masuk ke dlm sel
 Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the
blood-brain barrier
 Mencegah cairan ekstraseluler melintasi
lapisan sel epitelial
 Contoh: j. ketat pd epitelium usus halus 
mempertahankan isi usus halus agar terpisah
dari cairan tubuh pada sisi yang berlawanan
 Cytoplasm
 Cells devided into 2 sections:
1. Protoplasm
2. Cell wall
 Protoplasm : Cytoplasm and nucleus
 Cytoplasm: a part of protoplasm contain
organelles and ergastic substances
 Composition of cytoplasm: Cytosol and
protein
 Cytosol contains 50% water, ribosomes,
enzymes
 Ergastic substance

A-D butir pati kentang. A,B butir pati

majemuk; C butir pati tunggal; D butir
pati setengah majemuk; E sayatan
melintang melalui bagian luar umbi
kentang; F butir pati pada pisang;
G,H butir pati pada Triticum durum; I
tahapan perkembangan butir pati
pada khloroplast dari Phaius
maculata; J butir pati majemuk dari
Avena; J, K seperti pada I namun
berintegrasi;, sehingga bagiannya
terpisah; L sferokristal inulin dalam
sel umbi Dahlia terhablur ketika
dibubuhkan alkohol; M butir pati
aleuron dalam sebuah sel
endosperm Ricinus communis yang
berasal dari sayatan bahan tersebut
yang tersimpan dalam gliserin encer
 The Cytoskeleton

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is a network of

filaments and tubules that extends from the
nucleus to the plasma membrane.

The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements

responsible for cell shape, movement within the
cell, and movement of the cell:

Actin filaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Actin filaments occur in bundles or mesh-like networks.

Actin filaments play a structural role in intestinal

microvilli and also interact with motor molecules, such
as myosin.
Microtubles are small hollow cylinders made of the
globular protein tubulin.

Microtubules help maintain the shape of the cell and

act as tracks along which organelles can move.
 Cilia and flagella

Cilia (small and numerous) and flagella (large and

single) have a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules and
are involved in cell movement.

Cilia and flagella move when the microtubule

doublets slide past one another.

Each cilium and flagellum has a basal body at its

base.
Cytoskeleton = kerangka mikrotrabekular

 Organel2 sel tidak melayang2 di dalam

sitoplasma tetapi disangga oleh protein2
yang membentuk kerangka
 Fungsi:
1. Struktur penyangga bentuk dari sel
2. Transportasi intraseluler
3. Kontraksi dan pergerakan
4. Mengatur proses pembelahan
sitoskeleton
Molecule – organism Size
 Nukleus
 Pusat kontrol sel
 Mengandung DNA
 Dikelilingi oleh membran/selubung
nukleus
 Merupakan organel yang paling
mudah terlihat dibawah mikroskop
 Biasanya 1 per sel (kecuali sel otot).
 Nukleolus: spot gelap di tengah-
tengah nukleus yang membantu
membuat ribosom
 THE CELL NUCLEUS
♣ A complex structure bounded by the nuclear
envelope
→Control the exchange of materials between the nucleus and
cytoplasm
→Consists of inner and outer nuclear membrane separated by
perinuclear space and a variable number of nuclear pores
→The outer membrane is generally studded with Ribosome
the inner membrane is lined by a dense fibrillar meshwork
called the NUCLEAR LAMINA
 THE CELL NUCLEUS
# Nuclear Lamina
~Act as structural support
~Serve as a site of attachment for the chromatin
fibers
~Composed of lamins
~The integrity is regulated by phosphorylation
and dephosphorilation
# Nuclear Pore
~Contain a NPC ( Nuclear Pore Complex )
~Projecting outward into both the cytoplasma
and nucleoplasma
~Importing protein and exporting RNAs
 THE CELL NUCLEUS

♣ The content of nucleus are present as viscous, amorphous mass

of material in nonmitotic cells.
the content of nucleus are :

a. The Chromosome
- Complex of DNA and histone proteins that form characteristic
nucleoprotein filamen, representing the first step in packaging
the genetics material
- The nucleoprotein termed as chromatin

NUCLEOSOME
- The lowest level of chromosome organization
- Consisting 146 basepairs of supercoiled DNA wrapped of eight
histone
- Connected to one another by a strecth of linker DNA
 THE CELL NUCLEUS
b. Nuclear Matrix
- protein-containing fibril crisscrossing through the nuclear space
- serve a skeleton to maintain the shape of nucleus or a scaffold
on which to organize loops of chromatin
- save to anchor much of the machinery that is involved in the
various activities of the nucleus

c. One or more NUCLEOLI

Which are electron-dense amorphous structure that function in
the synthesis of ribosomal RNA

d. NUCLEOPLASMA
Fluid substance in which the solutes of the nuclear are dissolved

♣ The function of nucleus are storage and utilization of

genetic information
Tinjauan singkat
materi genetik
Semua hewan dan tumbuhan menggunakan kode yang
sama utk tumbuh dan fungsional. Kode tsb. dapat
dijumpai pada bakteri, gajah, pohon besar, dan manusia

Kode tsb mrp Master plan bagi semua organisme hdp

seperti halnya sumber kode untuk sebuah program
komputer.

Kode tsb disebut dengan DNA.

DNA mrp molekul panjang dalam inti sel dari setiap sel
suatu organisme
Struktur dan pengemasan DNA
Materi GENETIK
Gen :
- Unit informasi di dalam kromosom.
- Sebuah fragmen/bagian pada DNA yang
mengekspresikan sebuah fenotipe.

Phosphat O Phosphat O N base

5 N base 5
1 1
4 4
3 2 3 2
OH H OH OH
DNA RNA
 Fungsi Materi Genetik
 Fungsi Genotipik : dpt bereplikasi
 Fungsi Fenotipik : dpt diekspresikan
- termasuk transkripsi dan translasi
- membuat protein:
p.struktural : organela/komponen sel
p.fungsional : enzim dan hormon
 Gen adalah bagian dari DNA

 Ketika kode DNA dibaca oleh sel, maka

hanya 1 pita dari kode tsb yang digunakan.
 Rantai DNA yang digunakan tsb rantai DNA
template (3’5’)
 Urutan basa N dalam DNA yg dapat terbaca
mjd protein disebut dengan gen-gen.

Satu pita DNA dapat mengandung banyak gen

 Contoh urutan basa N penyusun gen.
3’ 5’

TTCATGCTCGAATAAATGTGAATTTGAAAA
<ATG CTC GAA TAA ATG TGA ATT TGA>

• Gen-gen menginstruksikan sel bagaimana cara

membuat molekul kompleks lainnya yaitu protein.
• Sel memproduksi ribuan protein yang berbeda-beda
yang bekerja sama sehingga memungkinkan
organisme dapat menjalankan seluruh fungsinya
bagi kehidupan.
 Ekspresi Gen
DNA  mRNA  Protein

Pembacaan DNA menjadi mRNA : transkripsi

 tjd dalam kromosom organisme eukaryota
Penterjemahan mRNA menjadi protein :
translation  tjd di sitoplasma

Konsep SiNTESIS
PROTEIN
TRANSKRIPSI DAN TRANSLASI dalam
SINTESIS PROTEIN
 Ribosom

• Terdapat pada semua sel,

baik prokariot maupun
eukariot
 Tempat sintesis protein
 Ditemukan berikatan
dengan ER kasar atau
berada bebas di sitosol.
 Diproduksi di bagian
nukelus yaitu nukleolus
 RIBOSOM
Ribosom bebas dan terikat, secara struktural identik
dapat saling bertukar tempat jumlahnya tergantung
aktivitas sel
Tersusun atas 2 sub unit :
> Besar
> Kecil
Sub unit dibangun oleh :
> Protein
> Molekul RNA : rRNA
tempat sintesa protein
Kompleks mRNA beserta ribosomnya disebut dengan
POLIRIBOSOM
 struktur Ribosom
 satu tempat pengikatan mRNA (T)
 tiga tempat pengikatan tRNA :

1. Tempat P (tRNA peptidil)

mengikat tRNA yang membawa
rantai polipeptida yang sedang
tumbuh
2. Tempat A (tRNA aminoasil)
mengikat tRNA yg membawa asam
amino yg akan ditambahkan pd rantai
polipeptida
3. Tempat E
Tempat keluarnya rantai
polipeptida
Mekanisme translasi oleh 3 macam RNA dan
ribosom
Tahap terminasi dari Translasi

t-RNA
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
 ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
 perform a dynamyc structure and processes of the cell
 structurally and functionally interrelated
 consist of membrane organells

1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2. GOLGI COMPLEX
3. ENDOSOME
4. LYSOSOMES
5. VACUOLES
6. MITOCHONDRIA
7. PEROXISOMES
8. CHLOROPLAST
 Lisosome

 Mengandung enzim
digestif yang
memecah limbah sel
 LYSOSOME
 act as a cell’s digestive organelles
 have approximately fifty different hydrolytic

enzymes
 variable in size
 pH 4,6
 contain 2 groups of acidic

Igp. A highly glicosylated integral protein

Igp. B protect the membrane from attack
by the enclosed enzymes
 capable of hydrolyzing every type of biological

macromolecule into low-molecular weight products

 ROLE of Lysosomes
> The breakdown of materials brought into the cell from the extracellular
environtment
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Coxiella burnetii
 Listeria monocystogenes

> A key role in organella turnover : AUTOPHAGY mitochondrion

undergoes autophagy every 10’

Once the digestive process has been completed the organelle is

termed as RESIDUAL BODIES

The content of Residual Bodies may be :

- eliminated by EXOCYTOSIS, or
- retained within the cytoplasm
 LIOFUSCIN GRANULE

major characteristic of aging process

Mekanisme kerja lisosom
 Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Sering disingkat “ER”

 Berhubungan dengan membran
nukeus
• Berfungsi sebagai sistem
delivery internal sel
 Dua tipe yaitu:

ER kasar: ditempeli oleh

ribosom tempat sintesis protein
ER halus: tidak ada ribosom,
berfungsi membuat lipid
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Composed a system of membrane that enclose
a space
 the fluid content of the cytoplasm is
divided into two compartements
1.THE LUMINAL or CISTERNAL SPACE
the space enclosed within is membrane
2.THE CYTOSOLIC SPACE
the region outside of the membrane
 ER is divided into two broad categories :
1. RER, the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 appears an extensives membranous organelles;
composed primarily of flattened sac (cisternae) separated by a
cytosolic space
 ribosomes attached  facing into cytosolic space
 the site of synthesis of secretory protein

2. SER, the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

 typically tubular; form an interconnecting system
of pipelines curving through the cytoplasm in which they
occur
 smooth – surfaced vesicles
 extensively developed in a number of cell types

*The outer membrane is continuous with a segment of the nuclear membrane

 SER function :
 Synthesis of steroid hormone
 Detoxification
 Release of glucose from glucose_6P
 Sequestering calcium ions within the cistenal space

 RER function :
Protein could be divided into two classes depending on their assembly
within the cell.
1. Polypeptides is assembled on ribosomes attached to the outer
surface of RER membrane
a. Protein secreted from the cell
b. Integral membrane proteins
c. Proteins of certain organelles

2. Polypeptides is assembled on free ribosomes

a. Protein destined to remain in cytosol
b. Peripheral proteins of the inner surface of plasma membrane
c. Proteins normally found in microbodies, cloroplast and mitochondria
 Synthesis of a secretory or lysosomal
protein
Nascent Polypeptide
Enters to the ER cisterna

N. terminal  SIGNAL PEPTIDE

+ carbohydrates by an olygosaccharyltransferase

proper folding by protein disulfideisomerase

reaction

allow them to achieve their functional

tertiary and quarternary structure
 Membrane Biosynthesis

Protein and lipid newly synthesized

Continually being inserted into existing membrane

Its compositition is modified in various ways

Unique compositition and maintain their own

distinct identify
  Synthesis of membrane lipid
Most organelles posses the capacity to modify lipids
already present within a membrane, converting one type of
phospholipid to another.
e.g. phosphatidylserine  phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylethanolamine

1. The head groups of phospholipid of the bilayer are modified

enzimatically

2. The membrane of forming vesicle contain a different

phospholipid composition from the membrane it buds from

3. Phospholipid can be physically removed from one membrane

and inserted into another membrane by phospholipid excange
proteins

Its function is to transport specific phospholipid through

aqueous cytosol.
THE GOLGI
COMPLEX
 Golgi Apparatus

 Berfungsi menyimpan
dan memodifikasi serta
mengepak protein
 Molekul
ditransportasikan dari
Golgi melalui
pembentukan vesikula
 THE GOLGI COMPLEX
 Consisting of flattened, dislike cisternae with dilated
ring and associated vesicles and tubules
 The cisternae, whose diameters are typically from
0,5-1,0 µm, arranged in stack
 a Golgi stack containd fewer than eight cisternae: and
individual cell may contain from a few to several
thousand stack per cell
 The cisternae that make up a Golgi stack are polarized ;
1) The cisternae closest to the ER is said to be at the
CIS face
2) The cisternae at the opposite end of the stack is said
to be at the TRANS face
 THE GOLGI COMPLEX
 The Golgi complex is not uniform in composition from one
end to the other

 The Golgi complex is divided into four functionally

compartments :
1) The CIS CISTERNAE
2) The MEDIAL CISTERNAE
3) The TRANS CISTERNAE
4) The TRANS GOLGI NETWORK (TGN)

 Role of the Golgi Complex

1) FINISHING, SORTING and TARGETING the
synthesized protein
2) Produce the polysaccharides
 THE GOLGI COMPLEX
 A protein located in the membrane or the lumen of the
endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex is automatically
carried from one compartment to the next

Membrane traffic occurs from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to

the Golgi, have :
- ANTEROGRADE DIRECTION ER  GC
- RETROGRADE DIRECTION GC  ER

 The synthezid protein in the membrane or lumen of the ER or

Golgi complex have two possibility :
- Retained in compartment in which it is residing
- Diverted (targeted) to a specific destination other
than the plasma membrane
 During diverted / targeted, newly synthesized protein
that were originally assembled in the RER are
sequentially modified in specific ways :

> Part of their length may be trimmed by

proteolitic enzymes
> Amino acid may be modified
ex. by hydroxylation
> Their carbohydrates content is modified by
a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions
 # The Golgi Complex
is major processing station along the biosynthetic
pathway
ex. assembly of carbohydrates / polysaccharides (Glycosylation)

CIS  glucose residues had just been

removed from the ends of the core oligosaccarides
MEDIAL  mannosa residues also removed
other suggars are added by various glycosyltransferase
TRANS  newly synthesized glycoproteins by
the enzymes sialyltransferase
Prosesing protein - target
 Plastids and Chloroplast

PLASTIDS : characteristic organelles of

eukaryotic plants cells, one type of plastid may
change into another. Plastids contain DNA and
ribosomes  genetically autonomous

The principal categories of Plastids are :

1. Chromoplasts
2. Leucoplasts
3. Chloroplasts
 Chloroplast
 Terdapat hanya pada sel
tumbuhan
 Mengandung pigmen
hijau chlorophyll
 Tempat produksi
makanan (glucose)
 Dilindungi oleh
membran ganda
Evolutionary of chloroplast formation
 Chloroplast is formed by cyanobacteria,
because of the same structure
 Cyanobacteria have photosynthetic lamellae
which is able to fix solar energy
 This lamellae have similar structure with
tylakoid membrane
 Cyanobacteria could be intrance the cell
through phagocytosis
 Chloroplast have 2 membranes: Vesicle
membran and prokaryotes membran
 Chloroplast structure
Two membranes
Lamellae photosynthetic (tylakoid)
Stroma (the outside lamellae)
DNA
Photosynthesis in chloroplast
 Absorbtion solar energy by chlorophyll (light
reaction) occurs in tyllakoid membrane
 CO2 fixation (Calvin cycle) occurs in stroma
Calvin cycle / dark reaction
Summary of photosynthesis
 Mitochondrion
Mitochondria are found in plant and animal cells.
House of respiration process
Mitochondria are bounded by a double
membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix.
The inner membranes of mitochondria are cristae.
The matrix contains enzymes that break down
carbohydrates and the cristae house protein
complexes that produce ATP.
Contain DNA for some of protein synthesis
Evolutionary formed by phagocytosis of prokaryotes
 Mitokondria
 Tempat produksi energi
 Respirasi seluler terjadi
di mitokondria untuk
menghasilkan energi
yang digunakan sel
 Memiliki membran
ganda
 Memiliki DNA sendiri
 Cellulair Respiration

Matrix Cristae
Cytoplasma
Mitochondrion
Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell

Endosymbiotic hypothesis.

Eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship

between various prokaryotes.

Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria.

Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts.

Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell.

 Vacuoles

 Vakuola central yang

besar terdapat pada sel
tumbuhan
 Tempat penyimpanan
air, makanan, enzim,
pigmen.
 Interrelationship between chloroplast and
mitochondrion = energy conversion

chloroplast mitochondria
CO2 + H2O Carbohydrates CO2 +H2O

electron
light

chlorophyl ATP, NADH

 Centriole
 Membantu pembelahan
sel
 Biasanya ditemukan
hanya pada sel hewan
 Terbuat dari mikrotubul