Pengenalan Penyelidikan

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Apa itu penyelidikan?

Tuliskan apa yang anda faham

dengan konsep “penyelidikan”
(mengapakah anda ingin membuat
penyelidikan)

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Apa Itu penyelidikan?

• Penyelidik bertanyakan
soalan
• Penyelidik mengutip data
• Penyelidik menunjukkan
bagaimana data
menjawab soalan
Pendaulat Amanah Negara
Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Definisi penyelidikan

• Merupakan proses yang

sistematik mengandungi
langkah-langkah yang
digunakan untuk mengumpul
dan menganalisa maklumat
untuk meningkatkan
pemahaman tentang sesuatu
topik atau isu

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Falsafah penyelidikan

• Penyelidikan dilakukan untuk

memberi jawapan kepada
“ketidakpastian” atau mencari
kebenaran bagi menerangkan
sesuatu perkara atau
fenomena yang telah,
sedang, atau belum berlaku

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Penyelidikan dalam
pendidikan
• Cara yang teratur untuk
memperoleh dan menganalisis
maklumat bagi mengenal pasti dan
menyelesaikan masalah
pendidikan.
• Satu proses sistematik untuk
mengkaji sesuatu masalah
pendidikan bagi memperoleh atau
menjana pengetahuan ‘baharu’
Pendaulat Amanah Negara
Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Ciri-ciri pendekatan saintifik
dalam penyelidikan
pendidikan
1. Proses yang sistematik, teratur,
dan ada langkah-langkah yang
harus dipatuhi.
2. Berbentuk empirikal.
3. Mempunyai prosedur dan
metodologi yang boleh
dipertahankan.
4. Sah, dan boleh diulangi
kebenarannya
Pendaulat Amanah Negara
Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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Tujuan Penyelidikan dalam
pendidikan
1. Untuk memahami/meneroka
isu-isu dalam bidang pendidikan
dengan lebih mendalam
2. Untuk menambah baik amalan
dalam bidang pendidikan
3. Untuk memberi maklumat
kepada penggubalan dan
penambahbaikan dasar/polisi
pendidikan
Pendaulat Amanah Negara
Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan
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 1. Memahami isu-isu
pendidikan

Proses
Penyelidikan Memahami isu atau
masalah yang telah
• Pembacaan dikenal pasti
• Pengumpulan Maklumat dan - Menangani jurang
maklumat/data pengetahuan baru pengetahuan
• Penganalisaan - Menambah
data pengetahuan

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 2. Menambah baik amalan

Hasil Amalan baru

penyelidikan Asas cadangan - Pendidik
penambahbaika mendapat
• Deskriptif n idea/pendekatan
• Ramalan baru

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Input kepada pembuat dasar

Asas pembentukan
Dapatan/hasil
atau penambahbaikan
penyelidikan
dasar pendidikan

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Pusingan penyelidikan

1.Kenal pasti
masalah kajian
6. Nilai Data
dan 2.Tinjauan
Tulis laporan literatur

5.Analisa dan 3. Nyatakan

Tafsir tujuan
Data kajian
4.Kutip Data
Pendaulat Amanah Negara
Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan
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 1. Kenal pasti masalah
kajian
• Tentukan masalah
• Justifikasikan masalah
• Cadangkan keperluan kajian
kepada audiens

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 2.Tinjauan Literatur
• Aspek yang ditinjau
– Pembolehubah, teori, penyelidikan lepas
berkaitan dengan isu pokok/masalah kajian
• Jejaki sumber
– Buku, Jurnal, Sumber elektronik
• Pilih sumber
– Tentukan kerelevanan sumber untuk topik
– Susun sumber
• Rumuskan sumber dalam penulisan tinjauan
literatur

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 3. Tentukan tujuan kajian
• Kenal pasti pernyataan tujuan
• Kecilkan pernyataan tujuan bagi
kajian
• Kuantitatif: Soalan atau
hipotesis kajian
• Kualitatif: Fenomena utama atau
sub-soalan

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan
Inspiring Futrures, Inspiring Possibilities
 4. Mengumpul Data

• Tentukan kaedah pengumpulan

data
• Pilih individu yang hendak dikaji
• Rekabentuk instrumen
pengumpulan data dan lakaran
prosedur
• Dapatkan kebenaran
• Kumpulkan maklumat
Pendaulat Amanah Negara
Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan
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 5. Analisa dan interpretasi
Data
• Mencerakin data
• Mewakilkan data
• Menerangkan data
*berkaitan dengan isu pokok atau
masalah kajian yang ingin ditangani

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 6. Melapor dan menilai
penyelidikan
• Tentukan audien laporan
• Strukturkan laporan
• Tuliskan laporan setepat dan
sesensitif yang mungkin

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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Pertimbangan etika dalam
penyelidikan
• Hormati hak peserta kajian
• Hormati permintaan dan
peraturan tempat kajian
• Laporkan kajian dengan jujur dan
sepenuhnya

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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Inspiring Futrures, Inspiring Possibilities
 Kemahiran yang
diperlukan untuk
penyelidikan
• Rasa ingin tahu untuk
menyelesaikan masalah
• Memanjangkan jangka
perhatian
• Menggunakan kemudahan
perpustakaan dan komputer
• Menulis dan mengedit

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
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 Falsafah Penyelidikan

• Sebelum memulakan langkah2

penyelidikan, seseorang penyelidik harus
mengenalpasti pendekatan falsafah
penyelidikan yang hendak diambil. Ini akan
menentukan pendekatan kaedah
penyelidikannya.

• Terdapat 4 paradigma falsafah penyelidikan

Powerpoint Templates
 Research
Philosophy:
The Four Paradigms

By
Dr Ahmad Zamri Mansor
Fakulti Pendidikan
UKM, Bangi
azamri@ukm.edu.my

Powerpoint Templates
22
 Research Philosophy
• “The progress of scientific practice based on
people’s philosophies and assumptions
about the world and the nature of
knowledge”
• What is philosophy? In social science the
term is used to describe the set of
experiences, beliefs and values that
affect the way an individual
perceives reality and responds to that
perception
Powerpoint Templates 2
3
 Research Philosophy
• To examine research philosophy, we look
from the ontological, epistemological and
methodological perspectives.

Powerpoint Templates 2
4
Philosophical Terms and Meanings

Powerpoint Templates 25
Powerpoint Templates 26
Research Paradigms
1. Positivism
2. Interpretivism (also known
as constructivism)
3. Critical
4. Pragmatism

Powerpoint Templates
27
Powerpoint Templates 28
 Research Paradigms
Positivism Interpretivism Critical Pragmatism

What is Single, Multiple, Determined The best

reality? objective socially by history, desired
constructed outside outcome
force
Method Quantitative Qualitative Participatory Action research,
research, Mixed Methods,
ology Historical Design and
analysis Development
Research
(DDR)

Data Quantitative Qualitative Mainly Both

qualitative quantitative and
Powerpoint Templates qualitative
29
Research Paradigms
Positivism Interpretivism Critical Pragmatism

Ontolo There is an World and Reality exists Reality is the

objective reality, knowledge and has been practical
gy we can u/stand created by social created by effects of ideas
it through the and contextual directed social
laws by which it understanding. bias
is governed

Episte Employs a How do we Understand Any way of

scientific come to oppressed thinking/doing
mology discourse understand a view and work that leads to
derived from the unique to help change pragmatic
epistemologies person’s social solutions is
of positivism worldview conditions useful

Powerpoint Templates
30
Research Paradigms

Powerpoint Templates 31
Positivism VS Interpretivism

Powerpoint Templates 32
Positivist VS Interpretivist Fisherman

Powerpoint Templates 33
Positivism VS Interpretivism

Powerpoint Templates 34
Positivism VS Interpretivism

Powerpoint Templates 35
The Positivistic approach
Define your research topic
Literature review
Define your research question(s)
i.e. hypothesis

Deductive Design data collection

Pilot study
Design data analysis

Collect data

Analyse data

Interpret results

Report your findings

Powerpoint Templates 3
Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)
9/9/2015 6
Positivist Approach

Research which combines a deductive approach

with precise measurement of quantitative data to
enable the discovery and confirmation of causal
laws

Powerpoint Templates 3
9/9/2015 7
The ‘scientific’ method

A generally accepted set of procedures for developing

and testing theories

An idealised model to arrive at “the truth” through:

◦ Objective observation
◦ Measurement
◦ Careful and accurate analysis of data

What paradigm are we in here?

Powerpoint Templates 3
Maylor and Blackmon (2005) 9/9/2015 8
Interpretivist Philosophy

Interpretivism, is a way to gain insights through

discovering meanings by improving our
comprehension of the whole. Qualitative research
explores the richness, depth, and complexity of
phenomena.

Powerpoint Templates 3
9/9/2015 9
Interpretivist Approach

Research which combines an inductive approach

with communication and observation of qualitative
data to discover the reasons for events.

Powerpoint Templates 4
9/9/2015 0
The Interpretivist approach
A generally accepted set of procedures for collecting
information about the world

An idealised model to arrive at “the data” through:

◦ Subjective observation
◦ Being led by the data (ie. induction)
◦ Trying to overcome biases about the situation
◦ Avoiding instruments that might influence what is
observed

Powerpoint Templates 4
Maylor and Blackmon (2005) 9/9/2015 1
The Interpretivist approach
Define your research topic
Literature review
Define your research question(s)

Design data collection

Inductive

Collect data

Analyse data Literature review

Interpret data

Research question answered?

Report your findings

Powerpoint Templates 4
Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)
9/9/2015 2
Powerpoint Templates 43
Powerpoint Templates 44
Comparing Positivism VS
Interpretivism
Characteristic Positivism Interpretivism

Questions that can What? Why?

be answered How much? How?
Associated Survey, Direct observation,
methods Experiment Interviews,
Participant
observation
Data type Predominantly Predominantly
numbers words
Finding Measure Meaning
Powerpoint Templates
9/9/2015 45
Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)
Why does the approach
matter?
Whether you take a scientific (positivist) or
interpretivist approach will influence:

What research questions you ask

What methods you use to collect your data
What type of data you collect
What techniques you use to analyse your data

Powerpoint Templates 4
Maylor and Blackmon (2005) 9/9/2015 6
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
produce different products

quantitative numbers

qualitative words, sounds

or pictures

Powerpoint Templates 4
9/9/2015 7
Qualitative and Quantitative Research use
different techniques

quantitative Impersonal
Measurement
Questionnaires
(closed)
qualitative Questionnaires
(open)
Personal
Interviews
Powerpoint Templates
9/9/2015 48
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
have different purposes in mind

quantitative how many

qualitative how or why

Powerpoint Templates
9/9/2015 49
 Qualitative Quantitative
The product textual numerical
The epistemology interpretive (empathy positivist (measuring
and understanding) and collecting facts)

The data ‘subjective’ ‘objective’ and

and ‘soft’ ‘hard’

Aim of research discovery oriented verification

Method non-experimental experimental

Process of inquiry concepts derived concepts pre-defined

from understanding from established
the actor’s point of theory
view (inductive) (deductive)
Use of theory theory building
Powerpoint Templates theory testing
9/9/2015 50
Positivism VS Interpretivism

Thanks

Powerpoint Templates
9/9/2015 51
 Pragmatist Paradigm
• “To a pragmatist, the mandate of science is
not to find truth or reality, the existence of
which are perpetually in dispute, but to
facilitate human problem-solving” (Powell,
2001, p.884)
• Developed from frustration of the lack of
impact of educational research in educational
systems .

Powerpoint Templates 52
 Pragmatist Paradigm
• Key features :
– An intervention
– Empirical research in a natural context
– Partnership between researchers and practitioners
– Development of theory and “design principles”
• Action research, mixed methods and DDR
• DDR (design & development research) focuses on the
design, construction, implementation and adoption of a
learning initiative in an authentic context.

Powerpoint Templates 53
Critical Theories Paradigm

Powerpoint Templates 54
Critical Theories Paradigm

Powerpoint Templates 55