KEHIDUPAN
– Memerlukan Oksigen
– Memerlukan Air
– Memerlukan Zat makanan
– Memerlukan Lingkungan yang baik
– Dll
95
70
1350 hari
UMUR
Hubungan air dengan ketinggian tempat
• Na+ , Cl - < Na + , Cl -
>
• K+ , Mg-> K+ , Mg - <
• Zat organik > zat
Organik <
Komposisi Elektrolit pada Kompartemen Cairan Tubuh
V = Q/C
Keterangan :
V = Q/C2 – C1
Keterangan :
V = W C2/C1 – C2
KESEIMBANGAN AIR TUBUH
1. diffusion
• - molecules & ions spread spontaneously from ↑ conc. to ↓
conc. due to random molecular motion of molecules
- equilibrium is a result of
diffusion
- uniformly distributed
molecules
(Molecules cont. to
move but conc. doesn’t
change.)
A&P: - O2, CO2 and lipid-soluble substances
Passive Mechanisms
• 2. facilitated diffusion
-does not use cellular
energy
-moves glucose from ↑
conc. to ↓ conc.
due to random
molecular motion
-uses specific channel
or carrier molecule
Passive Mechanisms
Facilitated Diffusion
3. osmosis
- special case of diffusion
- involves movement of
1. active transport
- up to 40% of the cellular
metabolism energy may power
this transport
- uses specific carrier (globular
protein) molecules to transport
sugars, amino acids, sodium ions,
potassium ions, etc.
Channel.exe
Active Mechanisms
• How Does It Work?
• 3 types:
– A. pinocytosis – substance is mostly water
pino – to drink
• membrane breaks down & liquid becomes part of cytoplasm
Active Mechanisms
– B. phagocytosis –
substance is a
solid
phago – to eat
- a lysosome
combines w/
vesicle &
decomposes the
contents
Endocytosis
• C. receptor-mediated endocytosis –
requires the substance to bind
to a membrane-bound receptor
Active Mechanisms
3. exocytosis = exo – outside + cyt - cell
• - reverse of endocytosis
- process of moving substances out of the
cell without crossing the cell membrane
• - vesicle membrane fuses with cell
membrane
• - contents released outside the cell
Active Mechanisms
- release of neurotransmitters
from nerve cells, cellular
waste, hormones produced
by cell (insulin)
Exocytosis.mov
Active Mechanisms
4. transcytosis
• - endocytosis
followed by
exocytosis
• - transports a
substance rapidly
through a cell
• - HIV crossing a cell
layer