Properties of Lakes
• Origins
• Water Balance
• Light
• Heat and Stratification
• Oxygen
• Nutrients: Nitrogen and Phosphorous
Origins of lakes
1. Tectonic
2. Volcanic
3. Landslides
4. Glacial action
5. Solution of rock
Spirit Lake
6. River activity
7. Shoreline activity
8. Biological (beavers)
9. Human
Water inputs:
Precipitation, surface
runoff from basin,
groundwater, diversion
Soap Lake, WA
Water losses:
Drainage, seepage,
evaporation and evapo-
transpiration (plants),
diversion
Mono Lake, CA
SUPRALITORAL PINGGIR DANAU/DARATAN TERGENANG HUJAN
LITORAL PINGGIR DANAU YG DANGKAL, BATUAN
BESAR
CHY MTHARI OPTIMAL RAWAN EROSI BANYAK
TUMBUHAN AIR, PLANKTON & PERIFITON
SUB LITORAL PINGGIR TENGAH, BATUAN LEBIH KECIL Cahaya
Matahari KURANGPLANKTON
BERAGAMNEKTON
PROFUNDAL PINGGIR DASARCHY MTHARI TDK TEMBUS,
Oksigen
DAN SUHU RENDAH, CO2 TINGGI, pH TINGGI ,
SEDIMEN BANYAK, BERUKURAN HALUS
Sources of heat:
1. Direct solar radiation (most
important)
2. Groundwater and springs
3. Ground (minor)
Losses of heat:
1. Thermal radiation (primary)
2. Conduction
3. Evaporation
4. Outflow
RUMUS
li = __lo _______
ek (zo –zi)
li = intensitas cahaya pd kedalaman (m2/det)
Io = intensitas cahaya pada permukaan air
Zo = permukaan air (0 m)
zi = kedalaman pada x meter
e = konstanta 10/2,303
k = koefisien penyerapan (absorbtion) atau pengurangan
(attenuation) atau penghilangan (extinction)
1,7
k = ------ Z sd= kedalaman secchi disk
Z sd
Temperature (C)
Distribution of heat
Horizontal distribution is
Epilimnion primarily driven by wind
Vertical stratification is
Metalimnion seasonal, driven by the
Depth (m)
relationship between
density and temperature
Hypolimnion
Temperature (C)
Limnology: heat
The distribution of heat within a
lake depends on water
movement
1. Surface waves
2. Langmuir circulation waves
3. River Influents
☻ PENGUKURAN :
SATUANNYA JTU
WARNA KEMERAHAN 30 – 50 Pt Co
WARNA KECOKLATAN 50 – 70 Pt Co
WARNA KEHITAMAN 80 – 100 PtCo
8. PADATAN
150
20
Oxygen (% of saturation)
15
Oxygen (mg/l)
100
10
50
8 mg/l is needed to
5
0
0
100
80
Percent survival
60
40
20
0
0 25 50 75 100
Oxygen (% saturation)
FAKTOR KIMIA PERAIRAN TAWAR
PERHITUNGAN
ml TITRANT X N TITRANT X 22 X 1000
CO2 BEBAS (mg/L) = ------------------------------------------------------
ml AIR SAMPEL
4. ALKALINITAS/DMA=DAYA MENGGABUNG ASAM
Total phosphorous
Macro-benthos biomass
Natural and human sources for
Nitrogen and Phosphorous
Morphoedaphic Index
Sun
Lithosphere Atmosphere
Nu ht
tri i g
e L Climatic
Edaphic nt
s at,
He
Realm Realm
Lake
m e tr i c
or pho Fish Yield
M
s tr aint
Con
Ryder 1982, TAFS 111:154-164
Morphoedaphic Index
1000
100
Fish yield (kg/ha/yr)
10
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
0.1
Morphoedaphic index
Schlesinger and Regier 1982 TAFS
The Morphoedaphic Index needs to be adjusted
for regional climate conditions
Tropical
100
Subtropical
Yield (kg/ha/year)
S. Temperate
10
N. Temperate
1
Subarctic
Polar
1 10 100
Morphoedaphic Index
1982 Adapted from TAFS 111: 141-150
Limnology: light
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/spectrum.gif
Limnology: light
Shallow, productive reservoir
Clear, relatively unproductive lake
0
0
5
5
Depth (m)
H = -Σ pi ln pi
Dimana: pi = ni/N
n1= Jumlah individu jenis ke-i
N = Jumlah semua indivudu
Kemerataan/Equitability
H’
E=
Hmaks
Dominansi : D = (pi)2
Kelimpahan Plankton
A C 1 1
N=n x x x
B D E P
Dimana: N = Kelimpahan (plankton/i)
n = Jumlah individu spesies ke-i
A = Luas gelas penutup (mm2)
B = Luas lapangan pandang (mm2)
C = Volume air tersaring (cc)
D = Volume air 1 tetes (cc)
E = Volume air yang disaring (untuk benthos =
luas bukaan dredge 20 x 20 cm2
P = Jumlah lapangan pandang