Psikologi Industri

OCCUPATIONAL
STRESS
(Stress berkaitan
dengan pekerjaan)
Psikologi Industri Definisi :
• Menurut Selye :
Stres adalah reaksi
individu/organisme terhadap suatu
situasi yang “mengancam”

Secara fisiologis stres adalah

mekanisme “neuroendocrine”
Psikologi Industri Grandjean:
Definisi
STRESS ADALAH REAKSI INDIVIDU
TERHADAP SITUASI YANG “MENGANCAM”

U.S Department of Health:

"...the harmful physical and emotional
responses that occur when the requirements
of a job do not match the capabilities,
resources or needs of the worker".

ratnadew@2005
Psikologi Industri
Stres adalah suatu kondisi
yang diperlukan oleh
semua makluk hidup,
untuk bereaksi secara
tepat terhadap situasi
yang “mengancam”
Psikologi Industri Stres Okupasional
Suatu keadaan emosi (suasana hati)
sebagai akibat dari adanya
ketidaksesuaian antara besarnya
tuntutan kerja dengan kemampuan
pekerjaan
 Bersifat subyektif
Psikologi Industri Situasi yang “stressful”
Pengalaman emosi yang negatif,
yang berhubungan dengan
perasaan yang tidak
menyenangkan, seperti :
kecemasan, ketegangan,
depresi, kemarahan, kelelahan,
kebingungan dan menurunnya
semangat.
Psikologi Industri Mekanisme
Neuroendocrine
Psikologi Industri Hubungan Stress dengan Performansi:

e f e k t iv it a s
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M a k s im u m

e f e k t iv it a s D a e ra h I D a e r a h II
re n d a h

s tre s s s tre s s s tre s s

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Psikologi Industri STRESS SECARA FISIOLOGIS
Hormon
Rangsangan Peningkatan
Otak kelenjar
kewaspadaan
adrenal

Adrenalin & Noradrenalin

(Performance hormone)

Peningkatan: denyut jantung,

tekanan darah, kadar gula
darah, metabolisme

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Psikologi Industri Sources of Work Stress
1. Task-related factors :
a task wich is beyond the individual’s
capacity (or for wich he has not been
properly trained), information overload
(too much to do in too little time or
multiple demands on attention),
information underload (monotony and
boredom), machine pacing,
deficiencies of equipment design, etc.
Psikologi Industri Sources of Work Stress
(Cont.)
2. Interpersonal factors :
physical overcrowding, responsibility
for the welfare of others, conflicts with
superiors and subordinates, abuse
and harrassment, role ambiguity (not
knowing what is expected of you), role
conflict 9being called upon to meet
conflicting requirements by different
people, etc.
Psikologi Industri Sources of Work Stress
(Cont.)
3. Enviromental factors :
noise, heat, lighting, dirt, squalor
and general nastiness, etc.
4. Personal threat :
to physical safety, economic
security or self-esteem.
Psikologi Industri Sumber stres di tempat
kerja
1. Job Control
2. Social Support
3. Job distress/Dissatisfaction
4. Task & Performance Demands
5. Job Security
6. Responsibility
7. Physical/Enviromental Problem
8. Complexity
Psikologi Industri PENYEBAB STRESS DI TEMPAT KERJA

Environmental Stressor
1. Faktor-faktor berkaitan dengan pekerjaan
- beban kerja melebihi kapasitas individu
- beban informasi berlebihan
- informasi kurang
- kecepatan mesin
- desain alat buruk
- dll
2. Faktor Lingkungan
- bising
- panas
- pencahayaan buruk
- tempat kerja kotor
- dll

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Psikologi Industri Psychological Stressor
3. Faktor-faktor interpersonal
- physical overcrowding
- tanggungjawab terlalu kecil/besar
- konflik dengan atasan/bawahan
- konflik aturan
- dll
4. Faktor personal
- tantangan keselamatan fisik
- keamanan ekonomi
- harga diri
- frustasi kerja
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Psikologi Industri Stress-related Conditions
1. Headache : tension headache,
migraine
2. Musculoskeletal disordes : pain and
disfunction at many sites but
particularly the back and neck
3. Cardiovascular disordes :
symptomatic conditions,
arrhythmias, hypertension, coronary
heart disease, stroke
Psikologi Industri Stress-related Conditions
(cont.)
4. Gastrointestinal Disordes : dyspepia,
colitis
5. Amenorrhoea : dysmenorrhoea,
premenstrual tension, sexual disfunction
6. Allergies : asthma, skin rash, “sick
building syndrome”
7. Suppression of immune function :
increased susceptibility to infections,
cancer (?)
Psikologi Industri Stress-related Conditions
(cont.)
8. Sleep disorders : insomnia,
nightmares
9. Cronic fatigue effects : lethargy,
tremor, faintness, “effort syndrome”
10. Disorders of mood state : impaired
concentration, emotional lability,
depression, lack of self-esteem,
apaty
Psikologi Industri Stress-related Conditions
(cont.)
11. Behavioural effect : smoking,
escapist drinking, drug abuse,
aggression and antisocial acts

12. Organizational effects :

absenteeism, labour turnover,
accidents and errors, labour
relation problems
Psikologi Industri Effect of Stress
• Effects on individuals
 Increasing distressed and irritable
 Unable to relax or concentrate
 Difficult thinking logically & making decisions
 Enjoy their work less
 Feel tired, depressed, anxious
 Physical problem (heart disease, increase blood
pressure, msd, etc)
• Effects on organization
 Increasing absenteeism, staff turn-over, complaints,
accident rates
 Decreasing commitment to work & productivity
 Damaging the organization’s image
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Psikologi Industri
Kesehatan mental yang dibutuhkan di
tempat kerja
• Respek dan apresiatif
• Bebas berbicara/berpendapat
• Rasa percaya diri
• Bebas dari perasaan marah/jengkel
• Sense of belonging
• Bebas dari depresi/symptom of distress
• Kondisi relatif tenang dan damai

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Psikologi Industri Usaha Perbaikan
• Psychologycal stressor:
– Evaluation
– Job design
– Training
– Increase the security & safety
– Relaxation (sport, recreation, yoga, etc)
– Psychotherapy, counseling, religion
– lifestyle
Psikologi Industri PENDEKATAN-PENDEKATAN DALAM
MANAJEMEN STRESS
1. Menghindari Stress
- Rancang ulang sistem kerja yang ergonomis
- Pengendalian lingkungan
- Perubahan organisasi
- Manajemen waktu
- Pelatihan
- dll.
2. Relaksasi
- olahraga
- meditasi/yoga
- dll

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Psikologi Industri 3. Memperbaiki kondisi-kondisi pendukung
- Situasi keluarga
- Hubungan personal
- Kelompok sosial
- dll

4. Gaya hidup
- Hilangkan kebiasaan merokok dan minuman keras
- Diet
- dll

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Psikologi Industri Approaches to Stress
Management
1. Stress Avoidance
• Work design/ergonomics, enviromental
control, organiational change
• Time management : prioritazion,
planning, delegation, effective decision
making, avoidance of time wasting
activities
• Assertiveness training, negotiating for
change, quitting your job
Psikologi Industri Approaches to Stress
Management (Cont.)
2. Cognitive Reappraisal
• Psychotheraphy and counselling :
searching for the underlyingcauses
of autodestructive behaviour, seeing
the possibility for change,
reassessing life priorities, taking
control
• Positive thingking
• Religion and its analogues
Psikologi Industri Approaches to Stress
Management (Cont.)
3. Relaxation
• Relaxation techniques, meditation,
yoga, visualization, autogenics,
biofeedback, massage
• Sport and leisure
Psikologi Industri Approaches to Stress
Management (Cont.)
4. Support
• Homelife, personal relationships,
formal and informal social groups
• Self-help groups, victim support
groups, workaholics anonymous
• Practical help for people
understress
Psikologi Industri Approaches to Stress
Management (Cont.)
5. Lifestyle
• Giving up smoking
• Sensible drinking
• Diet
• Exercise
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