PENGANTAR

STATISTIKA
By: Ns. Rizky Setiadi, S.Kep., MKM.
 DESKRIPTIF

STATISTIKA

PARAMETRIS

INFERENSIAL
NONPARAMETRI
S
 THE (1) (2)
RESEARCH Turn idea(s) into
research
Review the
literature
PROCESS question(s)

(3) (5)
Design study and (4) (6)
Address funding
develop Write proposal Obtain approval
issues
method(s)

(8) (9) (10)

(7) Report and
Analyze and Evaluate
Collect data disseminate
interpret data implications
findings

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 PENGERTIAN DATA
Data adalah keterangan – keterangan tentang
suatu hal, dapat berupa sesuatu yang diketahui
atau yang dianggap atau anggapan, atau suatu
fakta yang digambarkan lewat angka, simbul,
kode dan lain-lain
 DATA
MENURUT SUMBER PENGAMBILAN
1. Data Primer
Adalah data yang diperoleh atau dikumpulkan langsung di lapangan oleh
orang yang melakukan penelitian atau yang bersangkutan yang
memerlukannya. Disebut juga data asli atau data baru
2. Data Sekunder
Adalah data yang diperoleh atau dikumpulkan oleh orang yang melakukan
penelitian dari sumber-sumber yang telah ada.
Data ini biasanya diperoleh dari perpustakaan , laporan-laporan. Disebut juga
data yang tersedia
 DATA MENURUT
TINGKAT PENGUKURANNYA
1. Data Nominal
Adalah data yang berasal dari pengelompokan peristiwa berdasarkan kategori tertentu, yang
perbedaannya hanyalah menunjukan perbedaan kualitatif
2. Data ordinal
Adalah data yang berasal dari obyek atau kategori yang disusun menurut besarnya, dari tingkat terendah
ke tingkat tertinggi atau sebaliknya dengan jarak atau rentang yang tidak harus sama
3. Data Interval
Adalah data yang berasal dari obyek atau kategori yang diurutkan berdasar suatu atribut tertentu,
dimana jarak antara tiap obyek atau kategori adalah sama. Pada data ini, tidak terdapat angka nol
mutlak.
4. Data Rasio
Adalah data yang menghimpun semua ciri data ordinal dan data interval dan dilengkapi titik nol absolut
dengan makna empiris. Angka pada data ini, menunjukan ukuran yang sebenarnya dari obyek /kategori
yang diukur
STEPS TO ANALYZE DATA
Step 1:
Set up

Step 5: Step 2:
Analyze Inspect

Step 4: Step 3:
Describe Clean
Statistical Software Packages Most Commonly Cited in the
NEJM and JAMA between 1998 and 2002

SAS 302
SPSS 87
STATA 80
Epi Info 49
SUDAAN 43
S-PLUS 33
StatXact 18
BMDP 9
StatView 9
Statistica 8

0 100 200 300 400

Number of articles software was cited
 PENGGUNAAN SPSS

Data management

Data analysis
DATA MANAGEMENT
Menentukan variabel
Pengkodean  Value
Entry dan edit data
Membuat variabel baru
Recoding variables
Selecting cases
TYPES OF VARIABLES
 Continuous variables:
 Selalu bersifat numeric
 Can be any number, positive or negative
 Examples: age in years, weight, blood pressure readings, temperature,
concentrations of pollutants and other measurements
 Categorical variables:
 Information that can be sorted into categories
 Types of categorical variables – ordinal, nominal and dichotomous (binary)
DATA ANALYSIS

Univariate statistics
Bivariate statistics
Multivariate statistics
OPENING SPSS
 Double click the SPSS icon on the desktop

OR

 Start/Programs/SPSS for Windows/SPSS**

 The following introductory screen should appear:
DATA EDITOR
 Data Editor comprises two screens:
 Data View: the previous screen
 Variable View: used to define the variables

 To move between the two:

 Use the View tab at the bottom of the screen
OR
 Ctrl + T
OR
 View/Variables from the Data View window
 View/Data from the Variable View window
DATA VIEW
 Rows represent cases or observations, that is, the objects on which
data have been collected:
 For example, rows represent the contents of a single treatment
data collection form, the information on an individual
 Columns represent variables or characteristics of the object of
interest:
 For example, each column contains the answers to the questions
on the treatment data collection form: age, gender, primary drug
of use, etc.
THE DATA VIEW
WINDOW
Cell edit field

Cell information

View tabs

Status bar/boxes
SPSS Data View

21
VARIABLE VIEW
SPSS VARIABLE VIEW
PREPARING DATA FOR ANALYSIS

Variable Formats

Variable Labels

Value Labels

Missing Values

Copying Data Properties

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 FORMATTING YOUR VARIABLES
 Variable Formats
 Click on the Variable View tab of the Data Editor to
edit or display formats
 Name • Type • Width
 Decimals • Label • Values
 Missing • Columns • Align
 Measure

 Variable Labels –
 Type in descriptive text that explains what the
variable measures

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 FORMATTING YOUR
VARIABLES (CONT.)
 Value Labels – Text that
explains what numeric values
stand for
 Click in the cell of the Value
column for your variable, enter a
Value and Label, click Add
 Missing Values – Defines
values that should not be
included in calculations
 Click in the cell of the Missing
column for the variable, choose
either Discrete… or Range…
and enter the values

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CREATING NEW VARIABLES

Collapsing Variables Using Recode

Computing Variables

Counting Values in Other Variables

Ranking Cases

Date and Time Variables

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RECODING VARIABLES
 Recoding renumbers or collapses the
values of a variable
 Transform menu
 Recode into different variables
 Highlight variable(s) and move over
with arrow
 Fill in a Name and Label for the new
variable
 Click Old and New Values

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RECODING VARIABLES
 Specify the Old Value
 e.g., 90 through 100, 80 through 89, etc.
 Specify a New Value
 e.g., 4 (for an A), 3(for a B), etc.
 Click on the Add button
 Repeat until all old and new values are
specified
 Old values can be defined as single
values, ranges or missing values
 Add value and variable labels, etc.

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COMPUTING NEW VARIABLES
 Create new variables using
equations or functions
 Transform menu
 Compute Variable
 Enter a Target Variable Name –
e.g. TestAvg
 Build a Numeric Expression
 E.g. – (Test1 + Test2 +
Test3)/3
 Click OK

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OTHER WAYS TO CREATE
VARIABLES

 Counting Values in Other Variables

 Ranking Cases

 Date and Time Variables

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DESCRIPTIVE DATA ANALYSIS
FREQUENCIES

DESCRIPTIVES

CROSSTABS

MEANS
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 THE FREQUENCIES PROCEDURE
 FREQUENCIES creates tables with
counts of cases for each value of the
variable
 Analyze Menu:
 Descriptive Statistics…
 Frequencies

 Highlight variables to create tables,

click the arrow to add to variable list,
then click OK
 Statistics, Chart and Format options
are available

http://courses.csusm.edu/resources/spss/
FREQUENCIES OUTPUT
1. Command syntax
2. Summary statistics
3. Variable values and corresponding
labels
4. Frequency counts for each value
5. Percentages
1. Raw percent
2. Valid percents
3. Cumulative percents

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THE DESCRIPTIVES PROCEDURE
 DESCRIPTIVES creates tables
with summaries of values for
variables
 Analyze Menu:
 Descriptive Statistics…
 Descriptives

 Highlight variables to create tables,

click the arrow to add to variable
list, then click OK
 Options are available to choose
different statistics
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DESCRIPTIVES OUTPUT
1. Command syntax
2. Variable name and label
3. Number of cases
4. Statistics:
 Minimum
 Maximum
 Mean
 Standard Deviation

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THE CROSSTABS PROCEDURE
 CROSSTABS displays the
intersection of values of two or
more variables
 Analyze Menu:
 Descriptive Statistics…
 Crosstabs

 Highlight variables to create tables,

click the arrow to add to Row,
Column or Layer variable lists,
then click OK
 Statistics, Cells and Format options
are available
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CROSSTABS OUTPUT
1. Table title

2. Column variables

3. Row variables

4. Cell counts (# of cases)

5. Column percents (% of cases in

column)

6. Statistics

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THE MEANS PROCEDURE
 MEANS calculates overall
means and group means
(defined by independent
variables)
 Analyze Menu:
 Descriptive Statistics…
 Means

 Highlight variables to create

tables, click the arrow to add to
Dependent or Independent
variable lists, then click OK
 Optional Statistics are available

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MEANS OUTPUT
1. Command syntax
2. Numbers of cases included and
excluded
3. Dependent variable
4. Independent (group) variable
5. Means
6. Number of cases
7. Standard Deviations

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WORKING WITH SPSS OUTPUT

Editing/Manipulating Tables

Exporting Output to a File

Copying and Pasting Output

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EDITING SPSS TABLES
 SPSS Table objects can be opened for
editing before you use them elsewhere
 Right-click on the table
 SPSS Pivot Table Object
 Either Edit or Open

 Text can be formatted, rows or columns

removed, footnotes added, etc.

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EXPORTING SPSS OUTPUT TO A
FILE
 SPSS output can be exported to other
programs
 Either entire output file, or selected tables
 Export to Word, HTML, Excel, Text, PDF,
or PowerPoint

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 COPYING AND PASTING
SPSS OUTPUT
 To copy and paste SPSS tables
from SPSS to Word:
 Right-click on the table
 Choose Copy
 Switch to Word
 Click location in the document
 Choose Paste Special
 Choose Picture

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