PRASENOHADI
Anatomical Impaired
R–L shunt
Hypoxemia diffusion
malformasi arteriovenous paru, diffuse parenchymal
pneumonia lung disease
DRIVE FAILURE
HIGH LOAD Cortex brainstem
Resistive elastic
treshold
TRANSMISSION &
ACTION FAILURE
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerve
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE Neuromuscular junction
PUMP FAILURE Respiratory muscles
Type 2 hypercapnic
respiratory failure
Gagal Napas
Prosedur diagnostik
• Riwayat penyakit dan pemeriksaan fisis
• Analisis gas darah arteri
• Foto toraks
• CBC, kultur sputum/darah, elektrolit
• EKG
• Urinalisis
• V/Q lung scan
• Kateter arteri pulmoner (severe cases)
Manifestasi Gagal Napas
• Perubahan status mental
• Peningkatan work of breathing
– Takipnea
– Otot bantu napas, retraksi, napas paradoks
• Pelepasan katekolamin
– Takikardi, diaphoresis, hipertensi
• Nilai gas darah arteri abnormal
Tatalaksana
Pasien gagal napas akut harus sistematik
atau ‘ABC’ (‘Airway, Breathing, Circulation’)
Th/ high-flow O2 (15 liter/menit) via masker
dengan reservoir bag
PRASENOHADI
• Beberapa mekanisme :
Penurunan tekanan alveolar
Peningkatan permeabilitas vaskular
Peningkatan tekanan hidrostatik
Kombinasi
ALI awal.
B. Progresivitas penyakit setelah 48 jam yang membutuhkan ventilasi
tekanan positif.
J Clin Invest 2012;122(8):2731–40.
A B
27/1/09 (17.00)
Prinsip Tatalaksana Edema Pulmoner
Spared areas: present in ARDS (panel A), absent in APE (panel B).
Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2008;6:16.
Chest Sonography
Pleural line: altered in ARDS (panel A), normal in APE (panel B).