BAGIAN I: PENGANTAR EKONOMI PARIWISATA

KONSEP DAN DEFINISI PARIWISATA

(Kuliah-1)
Pengajar
Prof.Dr. Made Antara, MS

Bahan Kuliah
EKONOMI PARIWISATA
Program Studi Magister Pariwisata,
Fakultas Pariwisata, Universitas Udayana

DENPASAR, BALI
September 2021 1
Pokok Bahasan: Konsep dan Definisi Pariwisata
Sub Pokok Bahasan:
• Beberapa Definisi Pariwisata
• Motivasi Perjalanan Wisata
• Keuntungan dan Kerugian Pariwisata
• Lingkup dan Besarnya Ekonomi Pariwisata
• Pariwisata di Negara Berkembang

2
 Beberapa Definisi Pariwisata
WHAT IS TOURISM?
William F. Theobald (1994) suggested that
• “Etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, 'tornare' and
the Greek, 'tornos', meaning 'a lathe or circle; movement around a
central point or axis'.
(Secara etimologis, kata tur berasal dari bahasa Latin, 'tornare' dan bahasa Yunani, 'tornos',
yang berarti 'mesin bubut atau lingkaran; gerakan di sekitar titik pusat atau sumbu ‘)
• This meaning has changed in modern English to represent 'one's turn'.
(Arti ini telah berubah dalam bahasa Inggris modern untuk mewakili 'giliran seseorang‘).
• Describing a circle implies returning to one's starting point, so a tour is a
round-trip journey, i.e. the act of leaving and ultimately returning to the
original starting point. Therefore, one who takes such a journey can be
called a tourist.“
(Menggambarkan lingkaran berarti kembali ke titik awal seseorang, sehingga tur adalah
perjalanan pulang-pergi, yaitu tindakan meninggalkan dan akhirnya kembali ke titik awal
aslinya. Oleh karena itu, orang yang mengambil perjalanan seperti itu dapat disebut turis)
3
• Today, three schools (aliran) discuss the roots of 'tourism'.
1) The French School (aliran), led by A. Houlot, argues that the
term 'tourism' comes from the old Aramaic Tur, which was
used for the exploration and movement of people in the
Bible. This word was used for the first time when Moses
began his expedition to the lands of Canaán. (Aliran Prancis, yang
dipimpin oleh A. Houlot, berpendapat bahwa istilah 'pariwisata' berasal dari bahasa Aramaic kuno
Tur, yang digunakan untuk eksplorasi dan pergerakan orang-orang di dalam Alkitab. Kata ini
digunakan pertama kali ketika Musa memulai ekspedisinya ke tanah Kanaan).
2) Another school of thought (aliran pemikiran= mazhab) the
Onomastic School, considers the origin of the concept not from a
linguistic perspective but rather links it to the last name of the
French aristocrat Della Tour. According to this school, after Carlos
V signed a treaty with England in 1516, in celebration of this event,
the future king gave the Della Tour family exclusive rights to
conduct commercial transport and related businesses.(Aliran pemikiran lain
(aliran pemikiran = mazhab), Sekolah Onomastik, menganggap asal mula konsep tersebut bukan
dari perspektif linguistik, melainkan menghubungkannya dengan nama belakang bangsawan
Prancis Della Tour. Menurut sekolah ini, setelah Carlos V menandatangani perjanjian dengan
Inggris pada tahun 1516, dalam perayaan acara ini, calon raja memberikan hak eksklusif kepada
keluarga Della Tour untuk melakukan transportasi komersial dan bisnis terkait.
4
3) A third school focuses on the Anglo-Saxon
world, and scrutinises Theobald´s thesis.
Surmising that the roots of the word 'tourism' lie
in the ancient Anglo-Saxon term Torn, English
noblemen used the term 'turn' to refer to trips
undertaken for education and cultural
exploration. (Sekolah ketiga berfokus pada dunia Anglo-Saxon, dan
meneliti tesis Theobald. Menyadari bahwa akar kata 'pariwisata' terletak pada istilah
Anglo-Saxon kuno Torn, bangsawan Inggris menggunakan istilah 'giliran' untuk
merujuk pada perjalanan yang dilakukan untuk pendidikan dan eksplorasi budaya).

5
• In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as
"someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours".
Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in
1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.
• In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as "the sum of
the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and
stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with any earning
activity." 
(jumlah dari fenomena dan hubungan yang timbul dari perjalanan dan
tinggal non-penduduk, sejauh mereka tidak mengarah ke penduduk
permanen dan tidak terhubung dengan kegiatan produktif)

6
• In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was:
"Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people
to destinations outside the places where they normally live
and work and their activities during the stay at each
destination. It includes movements for all purposes.“
(Pariwisata adalah, gerakan orang sementara, dan jangka pendek ke
destinasi di luar tempat di mana mereka biasanya tinggal dan bekerja
dan kegiatan mereka selama tinggal di masing-masing destinasi. Ini
mencakup gerakan untuk semua tujuan)
• In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts
in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities
chosen and undertaken outside the home.
(pariwisata dalam hal kegiatan tertentu yang dipilih dan dilakukan di
luar rumah)

7
• In 1994, the United Nations  identified three
forms of tourism in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics:
1) Domestic tourism, involving residents of the
given country traveling only within this
country (melibatkan warga negara ttt bepergian
hanya dalam negara ini)
2) Inbound tourism, involving non-residents
traveling in the given country (melibatkan non-
penduduk bepergian ke negara tertentu)
3) Outbound tourism, involving residents
traveling in another country (melibatkan
warga negara bepergian ke negara lain)
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• The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used
interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar
definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful
journey.
– The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used
pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures
or locations visited
(istilah tourism dan tourist kadang digunakan yg bersifat
merendahkan, menyiratkan minat dalam kebudayaan dan lokasi yang
dikunjungi)
– By contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of
distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the
cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their
implications for class relations.
(Traveller sering digunakan sebagai tanda perbedaan. Sosiologi
pariwisata telah mempelajari nilai-nilai budaya yang mendasari
perbedaan ini dan implikasinya terhadap hubungan kelas)
9
• Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon
which entails the movement of people to countries or
places outside their usual environment for personal or
business/professional purposes. These people are called
visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists;
residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with
their activities, some of which imply tourism
expenditure (UNWTO, ?)
(Pariwisata adalah fenomena sosial, budaya dan ekonomi yang
memerlukan pergerakan orang ke negara atau tempat di luar lingkungan
mereka untuk tujuan bisnis/profesional pribadi. Orang-orang ini disebut
pengunjung (yang dapat berupa wisatawan atau darmawaisata, penduduk
atau non-penduduk) dan pariwisata harus dilakukan dengan kegiatan
mereka, beberapa di antaranya menyiratkan pengeluaran pariwisata
(UNWTO,?)

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• As such, tourism has implications on the economy, on the
natural and built environment, on the local population at the
destination and on the tourists themselves. Due to these multiple
impacts, the wide range and variety of production factors
required to produce those goods and services acquired by
visitors, and the wide spectrum of stakeholders involved or
affected by tourism, there is a need for a holistic approach to
tourism development, management and monitoring. This
approach is strongly recommended in order to formulate and
implement national and local tourism policies as well as the
necessary international agreements or other processes in respect
of tourism (UNWTO, ..?)
(Dengan demikian, pariwisata memiliki implikasi thd ekonomi, thd alam dan lingkungan
terbangun, thd penduduk loka pd destinasi dan thd wisatawan sendiri. Karena beberapa
dampak ini, berbagai faktor produksi diperlukan untuk memproduksi barang-barang dan jasa
yang diperoleh oleh pengunjung, dan spektrum yang luas dari para pemangku kepentingan
yang terlibat atau dipengaruhi oleh pariwisata, ada kebutuhan untuk pendekatan holistik untuk
pengembangan pariwisata, manajemen dan pemantauan. Pendekatan ini sangat dianjurkan
untuk merumuskan dan melaksanakan kebijakan nasional dan lokal pariwisata serta perjanjian
internasional yang diperlukan atau proses lainnya dalam hal pariwisata (UNWTO, ..?) 11
• Although many of us have been "tourists" at some point in our
lives, defining what tourism actually is can be difficult. Tourism is
the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside
their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes for
not more than one consecutive year.
(Pariwisata adalah kegiatan orang bepergian ke dan tinggal di tempat-tempat di
luar lingkungan mereka biasa untuk bersantai, bisnis atau keperluan lain selama
tidak lebih dari satu tahun berturut-turut)

• Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the

ability to adapt constantly to customers' changing needs and
desires, as the customer’s satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are
particularly the focus of tourism businesses.
(Pariwisata adalah industri yang dinamis dan kompetitif yang membutuhkan
kemampuan untuk beradaptasi terus-menerus untuk perubahan kebutuhan dan
keinginan pelanggan, sebagai pelanggan kepuasan, keamanan dan kenikmatan
terutama fokus busines pariwisata)
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 Motivasi PerjalananWisata
• Motivasi adalah alasan yang mendorong seseorang untuk
mencapai tujuan tertentu. Dimana dorongan itu berasal dari
dalam (intrisik) atau luar (ekstrisik) diri seseorang tersebut.
Seperti yang disampaikan beberapa tokoh : “
Motivation….as an inner states which energizes channels,
and suistains human behaviour to achieve goals” .
• Pendapat lainnya “motives as internal forces and
external goals and incentives that guide direct, and
integrate a person behaviour, for future, potential
satisfaction” .
• Iso-Aloha, 1989 (dalam Norman et al, 2001 : 116)
membagi dua faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku
seseorang yaitu motivasi intrisik dan motivasi ekstrisik.
13
• Motivasi wisatawan merupakan trigger dalam
melakukan perjalanan berwisata.
• Menurut Murray, 1938 (Pizam dan Mansfield, 2000 :
8) dengan mengetahui motivasi wisatawan dapat
memberikan daftar komprehensif mengenai
kebutuhan wisatawan dan mempengaruhi perilaku
mereka.

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Faktor Pendorong (Push) dan Penarik (Pull)
• Pendekatan yang biasa digunakan untuk mempelajari
motif perjalanan adalah konsep dari Push & Pull Factors
(Chon, 1989; Yuan dan McDonald, 1990 dalam Norman
et al, 2001 : 117).
• Konsep ini dikemukakan oleh Dann, 1977 (dalam
Sharpley, 1994 : 100-101) bahwa ada dua faktor dalam
keputusan untuk melakukan perjalanan. Kedua faktor itu
adalah : Push Factor atau faktor pendorong yaitu faktor
yang membuat kita ingin bepergian dan Pull Factor
( faktor penarik ) adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi ke
mana kita akan pergi.

15
• Faktor pendorong diartikan sbg faktor internal
psikologik sosial yg mendorong seseorang melakukan
perjalanan. Yang temasuk dalam faktor-faktor
pendorong (Push Factors) tersebut adalah
– Variabel sosial ekonomi,
– Variabel demografis, perilaku yang disukai
(attitude interest) dan opini.
– motivasi seseorang untuk berpergian dibagi dalam
empat katagori yaitu fisik (physical), budaya
(cultural), antar pribadi (interpersonal) dan
motivasi status dan martabat (status and prestige).

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• Faktor penarik yaitu faktor yang menawarkan tempat
yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan dari
wisatawan. Faktor penarik merupakan destination-
specific attributes .
• Dimensi-dimensi dari faktor penarik adalah
– keadaan alam sekitar,
– atmosfir dan iklim,
– infrastruktur pariwisata,
– anggaran untuk makan dan akomodasi,
– atraksi budaya dan sejarah,
– atraksi kerajinan tangan,
– upscale facilities,
– masyarakat setempat, dan
– peluang berekreasi dialam terbuka.
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• Crompton, 1979 (dalam Samosir 1994 : 32)
menemukan sembilan motivasi pariwisata, dimana
tujuh diantaranya termasuk dalam motivasi sosio-
psikologis atau motivasi pendorong (push) yaitu,
1) pelarian diri dari lingkungan biasa yang dirasakannya,
2) pengenalan dan penilaian diri,
3) mengendurkan syaraf,
4) martabat,
5) rekreasi,
6) pengembangan hubungan kekeluargaan,
7) kemudahan interaksi sosial dan dua motivasi budaya
atau penarik (pull) yaitu kebaharuan (novelty) dan
pendidikan.

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 Keuntungan dan Kerugian Pariwisata
(Cost and Benefit Tourism_)
Kerugian (Costs) Keuntungan (Benefit)
Social Costs Social Benefits
• May attract visitors whose lifestyles • Brings in outside dollars to
and ideas conflict with the support community facilities
community's. An example may be and services that otherwise
the visitors' use of drugs and alcohol. might not be developed.
• May change individual behaviour • Encourages civic
and family relationships. involvement and pride.
• May lead to an increase in sexually • Provides cultural exchange
transmitted diseases. between hosts and guests.
• Loss of traditional values and • Encourages the preservation
culture through imitation of visitor and celebration of local
behaviour or cultural diffusion festivals and cultural events.
resulting from normal, everyday
interaction.

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 Keuntungan dan Kerugian Pariwisata
(Cost and Benefit Tourism_)
Kerugian (Costs) Keuntungan (Benefit)
Social Costs Social Benefits
• May attract visitors whose lifestyles and • Facilities and
ideas May create crowding and infrastructure
congestion. developed for tourism
• May compete with residents for can also benefit
available services, facilities, and existing residents.
recreation opportunities. • Encourages the learning
• May result in harassment of visitors of new languages and
perceived to be wealthy and an increase in skills.
crime. • Tourism related funds
• Can involve violations of human rights. have contributed
People have been displaced from their land towards schools being
and beaches have been reserved for hotel built in some areas.
guests while access is barred to local
people.
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Environmental Benefits Environmental Costs
• Fosters conservation and • May threaten specific natural
preservation of natural, resources such as beaches and
cultural and historical coral reefs or historical sites.
resources. • May increase litter, noise, and
• Encourages community pollution.
beautification and • Brings increased competition for
revitalization. limited resources such as water
• Could be considered a clean and land, resulting in land
industry. degradation, loss of wildlife habitats
and deterioration of scenery. 
• Directly contributes to sewage and
solid waste pollution.
• Emissions generated by forms of
transport  are one of the main
environmental problems of tourism.

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Economic Benefits
• Helps diversify and stabilize the
local economy.
• Provides governments with extra
tax revenues each year through
accommodation and restaurant taxes,
airport taxes, sales taxes, park
entrance fees, employee income tax
etc..
• Creates local jobs and business
opportunities. These include those
jobs directly related to tourism (hotel
and tour services) and those that
indirectly support tourism (such as
food production and housing
construction).
Economic Cost
• Tourism development of
infrastructure (airports, roads,
etc.) can cost the local
government a great deal of
money.
• May inflate property values and
prices of goods and services.
• Leakages:
If outside interests own the
tourism development, most of
the economic benefits will leave
the community.
Considerable amount of foreign
exchange revenues leaks back
out of the destination countries
for tourism-related imports.
Tourist multiplier effect
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Economic Benefit Ecomnomic Cost
• The multiplier effect: • Employment tends to be seasonal. Workers
Brings new money into may be laid off in the winter season.
the economy. Tourist Tourism seasonality
• Many jobs in the tourism industry are poorly
money is returned to the paid. This is a particular problem in LEDCs
local economy as it is where the local workforce lack the skills to fill
spent over and over the better paid management positions.
again. • Tourist numbers can be adversely affected by
Helps attract additional events beyond the control of the destination e.g.
businesses and services terrorism,  economic recession. This is a big
problem in LEDC countries dependent on
to support the tourist tourism.
industry. Tourism dependency
Tourist multiplier effect • Tourism follows a "product life cycle", with a
• Is labour-intensive. final stage of decline, where the destination no
• Earns valuable foreign longer offers new attractions for the tourist, and
exchange. the quality has diminished with the rise of
competition and tourist saturation.
Tourism life cycle model

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 Lingkup dan Besar Ekonomi Pariwisata
• Tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase
in economic activity in the places visited (and beyond),
mainly due to demand for goods and services that need to
be produced and provided.
• In the economic analysis of tourism, one may
distinguish between tourism’s ‘economic contribution’
which refers to the direct effect of tourism and is
measurable by means of the TSA, and tourism’s
‘economic impact’ which is a much broader concept
encapsulating the direct, indirect and induced effects of
tourism and which must be estimated by applying models.

24
• Economic impact studies aim to quantify
economic benefits, that is, the net increase in the
wealth of residents resulting from tourism,
measured in monetary terms, over and above the
levels that would prevail in its absence.
(Studi dampak ekonomi bertujuan untuk mengukur
manfaat ekonomi, yaitu, kenaikan bersih kekayaan warga
dihasilkan dari pariwisata, diukur dalam satuan moneter,
atas dan di atas tingkat yang akan menang dalam
ketiadaan)

25
• There are different ways to measure the size of the
tourism industry, as tourism does not conform to the
usual ways that industries are defined, such as
manufacturing, forestry and other industries. Tourism
constitutes a wide variety of sectors that provide diverse
products and services to visitors. However, these businesses
also provide products and services to local residents.
(Ada berbagai cara untuk mengukur ukuran industri pariwisata, karena
pariwisata tidak sesuai dengan cara-cara pengukuran industri umumnya,
seperti manufaktur, kehutanan dan industri lainnya. Pariwisata
merupakan berbagai sektor yang menyediakan produk dan layanan
yang beragam kepada pengunjung. Namun, usaha ini juga menyediakan
produk dan layanan kepada warga setempat.)
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• The tourism and hospitality industry in British Columbia
employs 274,000 people on a full year equivalent basis,
in diverse sectors such as  transportation, travel service,
regreation and entertainment, accomodation and food and
beverage service.
• The industry represents approximately 12% of the total
BC workforce. Of these 274,000 workers, approximately
half (127,000) are employed directly as the result of the
$13.5 billion in tourist spending in the province each yea

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 Significance of Tourism
(Pentingnya Pariwisata)
• Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for
many countries. Its importance was recognized in
the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an
activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct
effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic
sectors of national societies and on their international
relations.
• Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local
economy in the form of payment for goods and services
 needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the world's trade
 of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and
services.[5] It also creates opportunities foremployment in
the service sector of the economy associated with tourism.
28
• The service industries which benefit from tourism
include transportation services, such as airlines, 
cruise ships, and taxicabs;  hospitality services, such
as accommodations, including hotels and resorts; and
entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, 
casinos,shopping malls, music venues, and theatres.
This is in addition to goods bought by tourists,
including souvenirs, clothing and other supplies.

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 World tourism Statistics and Rankings
Total volume of cross-border tourist travel
• International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up
from over 983 million in 2011, and 940 million in 2010.  
• In 2011 and 2012, international travel demand continued to
recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession,
where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half
of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the first
half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into
negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only
2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007. [2] The
negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some
countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus,
resulting in a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million
international tourists arrivals, and a 5.7% decline in international
tourism receipts.[3]
30
 World’s top 10 Tourism Destinations
• The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the
most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2013.

International International Change Change

UNWTO tourist tourist (2012 to (2011 to
Rank Country
Region[21] arrivals arrivals 2013) 2012)
(2013)[22] (2012)[22] (%) (%)
1  France Europe 84.7 million 83.0 million  2.0  1.8
2  United States North America 69.8 million 66.7 million  4.7  6.3
3  Spain Europe 60.7 million 57.5 million  5.6  2.3
4  China Asia 55.7 million 57.7 million  3.5  0.3
5  Italy Europe 47.7 million 46.4 million  2.9  0.5
6  Turkey Europe 37.8 million 35.7 million  5.9  3.0
7  Germany Europe 31.5 million 30.4 million  3.7  7.3
 
8 Europe 31.2 million 29.3 million  6.4  0.1
United Kingdo
m
9  Russia Europe 28.4 million 25.7 million  10.2  13.5
10  Thailand Asia 26.5 million 22.4 million  18.8  16.231
 International Tourism Receipts
International tourism receipts grew to US$1.159 trillion (€873 billion) in 2011,
corresponding to an increase in real terms of 5.3% from 2012. [5] The World Tourism
Organizationreports the following countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year
2013, with the United States by far the top earner.
International International Change Change
UNWTO
Rank Country tourism receipts tourism receipts (2012 to (2011 to
Region
(2013) (2012) 2013)(%) 2012)(%)
North
1  United States $139.6 billion $126.2 billion  10.6  9.2
America
2  Spain Europe $60.4 billion $56.3 billion  7.4  6.3
3  France Europe $56.1 billion $53.6 billion  4.8  2.2
4  China Asia $51.7 billion $50.0 billion  3.3  3.2
—  Macau, China Asia $51.6 billion $43.7 billion  18.1  13.7
5  Italy Europe $43.9 billion $41.2 billion  6.6  4.2
6  Thailand Asia $42.1 billion $33.8 billion  24.4  24.4
7  Germany Europe $41.2 billion $38.1 billion  8.1  1.9
8  United Kingdom Europe $40.6 billion $36.2 billion  12.1  3.3
 
— Asia $38.9 billion $33.1 billion  17.7  16.2
Hong Kong, China
9  Australia Oceania $30.9 billion $31.7 billion  2.8  4.5
10  Turkey Europe $27.9 billion $25.3 billion  6.8  2.4 32
 International Tourism Expenditure
• The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top
ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2013.
International International
Change
UNWTO tourism tourism Market
Rank Country (2012 to
Region expenditure expenditure Share (%)
2013)(%)
(2013) (2012)

1  China Asia $128.6 billion $102.0 billion 11.1  23.8

2  United States North America $86.2 billion $83.5 billion 7.4  3.3
3  Germany Europe $85.9 billion $81.3 billion 7.4  2.3
4  Russia Europe $53.5 billion $42.8 billion 4.6  28.9
 
5 Europe $52.6 billion $51.3 billion 4.5  3.5
United Kingdo
m
6  France Europe $42.4 billion $39.1 billion 3.7  4.9
7  Canada North America $35.2 billion $35.0 billion 3.0  3.2
8  Australia Oceania $28.4 billion $28.0 billion 2.4  8.8
9  Italy Europe $27.0 billion $26.4 billion 2.3  1.0
10  Brazil South America $25.1 billion $22.2 billion 2.2  12.9

33
 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index
Based on air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the
following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of tourism worldwide in
2014.
UNWTO
Rank Country International Tourist Arrivals
Region
1  London Europe 18.69 million
2  Bangkok Asia 16.42 million
3  Paris Europe 15.57 million
4  Singapore Asia 12.47 million
5  Dubai Asia 11.95 million
6  New York City North America 11.81 million
7  Istanbul Europe 11.60 million
8  Kuala Lumpur Asia 10.81 million
9  Hong Kong Asia 8.84 million
10  Seoul Asia 8.63 million 34
MasterCard Reports the Following Cities as the Top Ten Biggest
Eearners on Tourism Worldwide in 2014.

UNWTO International
Rank Country
Region Tourists Spending
1  London Europe $19.3 billion
2  New York City North America $18.6 billion
3  Paris Europe $17.0 billion
4  Singapore Asia $14.3 billion
5  Bangkok Asia $13.0 billion
6  Seoul Asia $11.5 billion
7  Barcelona Europe $11.2 billion
8  Dubai Asia $10.9 billion
9  Taipei Asia $10.8 billion
10  Istanbul Europe $9.4 billion
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 Pariwisata di Negara Berkembang
Tourism and Poverty Alleviation
• Tourism is one of the strongest drivers of world trade
and prosperity.
• Poverty alleviation is one of the greatest global
challenges.
• Despite turbulent times for the world’s economy,
these basic facts are unlikely to change.
• Focusing the wealth creating power of tourism on
people most in need remains an immense task and
opportunit. 

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 The Special Position of Tourism in Poverty Alleviation
1.  The size and growth of the sector
• In many countries, tourism acts as an engine for development
through
• foreign exchange earnings and the creation of direct and indirect
employment.
• Tourism contributes 5% of the world’s GDP. It accounts for 6% of
the world’s exports in services being the fourth largest export
sector after fuels, chemicals and automotive products.
• Tourism is responsible for 235 million jobs, or one in every 12
jobs worldwide.
• In 2011, international arrivals grew by over 4% reaching 982
million, up from 939 million in 2010, in a year characterized by
a stalled global economic recovery, major political changes in
the Middle East and North Africa and natural disasters in Japan.
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2. The relative importance of tourism in developing
countries
• Tourism in many developing and least developed countries is the most viable
and sustainable economic development option, and in some countries, the main
source of foreign exchange earnings. Part of this income trickles down to different
groups of the society and, if tourism is managed with a strong focus on poverty
alleviation, it can directly benefit the poorer groups through employment of local
people in tourism enterprises, goods and services provided to tourists, or the
running of small and community-based enterprises, etc, having positive impacts
on reducing poverty levels.
• Tourism in the recent years has been characterized by two main trends; firstly,
the consolidation of traditional tourism destinations, like those in Western
Europe and North America; and secondly, a pronounced geographical expansion.
There has been a substantial diversification of destinations, and many developing
countries have seen their tourist arrivals increase significantly. Arrivals to
developing countries accounted for 46% of the total international arrivals in 2011.
Tourism has become a major player in the economy of developing countries.

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3.  The character of Tourism
There are many characteristics of tourism as an activity which make it
particularly relevant to low income countries and to poor communities
within them. These include:
• Its response to particular assets. Tourism places great value on some
common features of developing countries, such as warm climate, rich
cultural heritage, inspiring landscapes and abundant biodiversity. These
strengths can be particularly apparent in rural areas, which may have a
comparative advantage for tourism while being at a disadvantage in most
other economic sectors.
• Its accessibility to the poor. Tourism is a relatively labour intensive sector
and is traditionally made up of small and micro enterprises. Many activities in
tourism are particularly suited to women, young people and disadvantaged groups
such as ethnic minority populations. Many tourism jobs are potentially quite
accessible to the poor as they require relatively few skills and little investment.
Some may also be part time and used to supplement income from other activities.
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• Its connectivity. As so many different activities and inputs
make up the tourism product, which has a large and diversified
supply chain, spending by tourists can benefit a wide range of
sectors such as agriculture, handicrafts, transport and other
services. Additional rounds of spending by those people whose
income is supported by tourism spread the economic benefit
further (the multiplier effect).
• Its linking of consumers to producers. Tourism, unusually,
is an activity which brings the consumers to the producers. The
interaction between tourists and poor communities can provide a
number of intangible and practical benefits. These can range from
increased awareness of cultural, environmental, and economic issues
and values, on both sides, to mutual benefits from improved local
investment in infrastructure.
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 10. Principles for Pursuing Poverty Alleviation Through Tourism
1) All aspects and types of tourism can and should be concerned about poverty
alleviation.
2) All governments should include poverty alleviation as a key aim of tourism
development and consider tourism as a possible tool for reducing poverty.
3) The competitiveness and economic success of tourism businesses and destinations is
critical to poverty alleviation – without this the poor cannot benefit.
4) All tourism businesses should be concerned about the impact of their activities on
local communities and seek to benefit the poor through their actions.
5) Tourism destinations should be managed with poverty alleviation as a central aim that
is built into strategies and action plans.
6) A sound understanding of how tourism functions in destinations is required, including
how tourism income is distributed and who benefits from this.
7) Planning and development of tourism in destinations should involve a wide range of
interests, including participation and representation from poor communities.
8) All potential impacts of tourism on the livelihood of local communities should be
considered, including current and future local and global impacts on natural and
cultural resources.
9) Attention must be paid to the viability of all projects involving the poor, ensuring
access to markets and maximising opportunities for beneficial links with established
enterprises.
10) Impacts of tourism on poverty alleviation should be effectively monitored.
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 THANK YOU
TERIMA KASIH

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