ALIRAN FLUIDA

DALAM PIPA

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Aliran Fluida dalam Pipa

1. Aliran turbulen: di mana bagian-bagian elementer dari cairan

bergerak tidak teratur, menempati tempat yang relatif berlain­
lainan pada penampang penampang yang beraturan.
2. Aliran laminar: disebut juga aliran cairan kental di mana bagian­
bagian elementer dari cairan bergerak teratur dan menempati
tempat yang relatif sama pada penampang-penampang
berikutnya.

Osborne Reynolds berpendapat bahwa tipe aliran tergantung

dari kecepatan, kerapatan dan kekentalan dari cairan dan
ukuran dari tempat mengalirnya dan tergantung pula dari
angka Reynolds

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Mekflud 3
Bilangan Reynolds

Bilangan Reynolds, tak berdimensi menyatakan perbandingan

gaya-gaya inersia terhadap gaya-gaya kental
Untuk pipa-pipa bundar yang mengalir penuh Re adalah :

 Dv
Re 
y 
Dimana :
D = diameter pipa
v = kecepatan aliran
ρ = kerapatan massa fluida
μ = kekentalan dinamik

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Dan = μ/ ρ

Maka : Dv
Re 

= kekentalan kenematik.

Contoh :
Given : (1) Water t 10 oC flows in a 150 mm diameter pipe.
(2) The velocity is 5,5 m/s

Required : is this flow laminar or turbulent?

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 Rumus Darcy-Weisbach merupakan dasar perhitungan head
untuk aliran fluida dalam pipa-pipa dalam saluran.
2
Lv
hf  f
D 2g
Dimana :
hf = head loss akibat gesekan
f = faktor gesekan
L = panjang pipa
D = diameter pipa
v = kecepatan aliran
g = garvitasi

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 Batas-batas aliran dikatakan

Re < 2000 laminar

2100 < Re < 4000 Transitional
Re > 4000 Turbulent

Harga f Untuk aliran laminer disemua pipa untuk semua fluida,

64
f 
Re

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 Untuk aliran turbulen

1  3,7 
 2,0 log  
f   / D 

Dimana
ε = kekasaran pipa
D = diameter pipa
ε/D = kekasaran relatif
Persamaan ini jarang digunakan. Untuk mejawab persoalan
diatas digunakan diagram yang memberi hubungan antara
faktor gesek, bilangan reynolds dan kekasaran relatif dan
diagaram tersebut dinamakan diagram moody

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 Gambar 6.2 Diagram Moody
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Example

Given:
(1) SAE10 oil flows through a cast iron pipe at a velocity of 1,0
m/s. (2) The pipe is 45,0 m long and has a diameter of 150 mm.
Required:
The head loss due to friction.
SOLUTION:
The Reynolds number must be determined first to see if the
flow is laminar or turbulent.

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  Dv
Re 

 = 869 kg/m3
= 869 N-s2/m4 (from Table A-4)
D = 150 mm = 0,15 m (given)
v = 1.0 m/s (given)
μ = 0.08141N-s,/m2 (from Table A-4)

2 4
(869 N  s /m ) (0,15 m) (1 m/s)
Re  2
 1601
0,0814 N  s/m

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 Since Re is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and Eq may be
used to determine the friction factor.

f = 64/Re
= 64/1601 = 0,04

The head loss can be evaluated from Eq. (6-3).

L v2
hf  f
D 2g
 45 m   (1 m/s)2 
h f  (0,04)   2 
 0,612 m
 0,15 m   (2)(9,87 m/s ) 

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Example
Given:
(1) Water at 70°F flows through a new cast iron pipe at a
velocity of 9,7 ft/s. (2) The pipe is 1200 ft long and has a
diameter of 6 in.
Required:
The head loss due to friction.
Dv
Re 

D = 6 in = 0.50 ft (given)
v = 9.7 ft/s (given)
 = 1,05 x 10-5 ft2/s (from Table A-2)

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Hence,
(0,5 ft) (9,7 ft/s)
Re  5 2
 462.000
1,05 x 10 ft /s
Since Re is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent and the
friction factor must be determined from the Moody diagram.
The pipe roughness (ε) for new cast iron pipe is obtained from
Table 6-1.
ε = 0.00085 ft
The relative roughness (ε/D) can then be calculated.

 0,00085 ft
  0,0017
D 0,5 ft

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 With a Reynolds number of 4.62 x 105 and a relative ioughness
of 0,0017, the friction factor ( f ) can be determined from Fig. 6-
2. (diagram Moody)
f = 0.0230
2
Lv
hf  f
D 2g

 1200 ft   (9,7 ft/s) 2 

h f  (0,023)   2 
 80,6 ft
 0,5 ft   (2)(32,2 ft/s ) 

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Example
Given:
Water at 70°F is being drained from an open tank through a 24
in diameter, 130 ft long new cast iron pipe, as shown in Fig. 6-3.
Required:
The flow rate at which water is being discharged from the pipe.
Neglect minor losses.
Solution: From Eq. (5-15),
2 2
p1 v p2 v
  z1 
1
  z 2  hL
2
 2g  2g

With point 1 at the water surface in the tank and point 2 at the
pipe outlet,

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p1/γ =0 (open to atmosphere)
v12/2g =0 (v1 negligible)
z1 = 150,5 ft (assume datum is located at elevation 0 ft)
p2/γ =0 (open to atmosphere)
z2 = 98,4 ft (assume datum is located at elevation 0 ft)
hL = hf (neglect minor losses
2
Lv
hf  f
D 2g
 130 ft   v 22 
h f  f    2 
 2 ft  (2)(32,2 ft/s )

hf = 1,009 f v22 s2/ft

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 As in the previous example, the next logical step would be to
evaluate f from Fig. 6-2. This cannot be done, however,
because the Reynolds number is unknown and cannot be
determined because the velocity is also unknown. Hence, a
trial-and-error solution is required.

.
1 Elev 150,5 ft

water 2
. Elev 98,4 ft

Trial no. 1
Assume a value off of 0,0240 and substitute it into Eq. (A). .,
hf = (1,009)(0,0240)(v22) s2/ft = 0,02422 v22 s2/ft

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 Therefore, substituting into Eq. (5-15),
0 + 0 + 150,5 ft = 0 + v22 / [(2)(32,2 ft/s2)] + 98,4 ft + 0,02422 v22 s2/ft
v2 = 36,20 ft/s
With this value of velocity known (based on the assumed value
of f of 0,0240), the Reynolds number can be determined from
Eq. (6-2). Dv
Re 


D = 2,0 ft ; v = 36,20 ft/s; = 1,05 x 10-5 ft2/s (Table A-2)

(2)(36,20) 6
Re  5
 6,90 x 10
1,05 x 10

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Hance
ε = 0,00085 ft (Table 6-1)
ε/D = 0,00085 ft / 2 = 0,00042

Therefore,
f = 0,0162 (from diagram moody)

Evidently, the assumed value of f of 0,0240 was not the correct

one.

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Trial no. 2
Assume a value of f of 0,0162 and substitute it into Eq. (A).

hf = (1,009)(0,0162)(v22) s2/ft) = 0,01635 v22 s2/ft

Therefore, substituting into Eq. (5-15),

0 + 0 + 150,5 ft = 0 + (v22)/[(2)(32,2 ft/s2)] + 98,4 ft + 0,01635 v22 s2/ ft

v2 = 40,43 ft/s

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 With this value of velocity known (based on the assumed value
of f of 0,0162), the Reynolds number can again be determined
from Eq. (6-2).

Therefore, (2)(40,43) 6
Re  5
 7,7 x 10
1,05 x 10

f = 0,0162 (from diagram moody)

This value of f agrees with the last assumed value of f ; hence,

the correct value of uz must be 40,43 ft/s. The flow rate at which
water is being discharged from the pipe may be computed
using Eq. (5-1).
Q=Av
= [(π)(2)/4] (40,43) = 127 ft3/s

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Kerugian Minor (Rugi-rugi kecil)
Kerugian sepanjang pipa (hL) adalah kerugian akibat gesekan
(hf) dan kerugian minor (hm)
Dimana hm merupakan kerugian akibat :
 Lubang masuk
 Lubang keluar
 Pembesaran tiba-tiba
2
 Penyempitan tiba-tiba v
 Belokan (elbow) dan
h m  k
2g
 Katup-katup
 Sambungan

Dimana :
k = koefisien kerugian minor

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Contoh:
Given : (1) Water flows from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2
through a 4 in diamater, 500 ft length pipe, as show
fig. (2) Assume an initial friction factor (f) of 0,037 and
roughness (e) of 0,003 ft for the pipe.
Requred : The flow rate of water.
1
Elv 700,6 ft

Sharp edged 12 in bend 2

enterance radius
Elv 655,5 ft

Globe valve,
25% closed

90o long radius Sharp edged exit

elbow

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Solution
p1 v12 p2 v22
  z1    z 2  hL
 2g  2g

p1/γ = p2/γ =0 (open to atmosphere)

v12/2g = v22/2g = 0
z1 = 700,6 ft (given)
z2 = 655,5 ft (given)
hL = hf + hm
2
Lv
A. Friction loss hf  f
D 2g

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f = 0,037 (initial assumption)
L = 500 ft
D = 4 in = 0,333 ft
Maka :
 500 ft   v 2
 v2
h f  (0,037)      55,56
 0,333 ft   (2)( g )  2g

B. Minor losses
1. hm due to entrance from fig 6-11,
K1 = 0,45 (assuming an average value between 0,4 and 0,5)
2. hm due to globe valve, from table 6-2
Kopen = 5,7

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From table 6-3
K2/Kopen = 1,75 (assuming an average value between 1.5 and 2.0 )
Hence,
K2 = (5,7)(1,75) = 9,98

3. hm due to bend; from Fig. 6-16,

R/D = 12 in/4 in = 3
ε/D = 0,003 ft/0,333 ft = 0,0090
K3 = 0.45

4. hm due to elbow; from Table 6-2,

K4 = 0.23
5. hm due to exit; from Fig. 6-11,
K5 = 1,0

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Therefore,
hL = v2/2g (55,56 + 0,45 + 9,98 + 0,45 + 0,23 + 1,0) = 67,67 v 2/2g
Substituting into Eq. (5-15) gives
0 + 0 + 700,6 ft = 0 + 0 + 655,5 ft+(67,67)[v2/ (2)(32,2 ft/s2)]
v = 6,551 ft/s
From Eq. (5-1),
Q = Av
[(π)(4/12)2]/4 (6,551 ft/s) = 0,572 ft3/s

This solution was based on the assumed value off of 0,037.

However, the value of f is dependent on the Reynolds number
and the relative roughness. Therefore, a "new" value of f
should be determined based on the computed value of v of
6,551 ft/s.

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From Eq. (6-2) Dv
Re 

4
( )(6,551)
Re  12  1,15 x 10 5
1,9 x 10  5
Therefore,
f = 0,037 (from Fig. 6-2)

Since the "new" value off is the same as the initially assumed
value, the computed flow rate of 0.572 ft3/s is assumed to be
correct. (Had the "new" value of f been some value other than
the initially assumed value, a trial­and-error procedure using the
"new" value of f would have had to have been followed as was
done in previous examples.)

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