Aplikasi Pasar

Persaingan Sempurna
disusun:
Sotya Fevriera
berdasarkan buku:
Besanko, DA., & Braeutigam, RR.,
Microeconomics, An Integrated Approach,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Third Edition,
International Student Version, 2008
1
 Keseimbangan
• Partial equilibrium  dipelajari
Fokus pada 1 pasar saja.
• General equlibrium analysis  tdk dipelajari
• Untuk menentukan keseimbangan di semua
pasar secara simultan.
• Bisa digunakan untuk menganalisis dampak
perub di suatu pasar thd pasar yg lain.

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 Economic Efficiency
• Psr psaingan semp efisien jk surplus produsen (SP) dan
surplus konsumen (SK) max.
• Inefisiensi ekonomi tjd krn:
• Camp tangan pmrth dlm pasar  dipelajari
• Kegagalan pasar, yg dpt disebabkan:
 Informasi tdk semp ttg pasar
 Eksternalitas  tdk dipelajari 

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 Surplus Produsen
Tunjukkan selisih ant nilai yg sesungguhnya
diterima produsen dr pjualan suatu brg dgn
nilai minimum yg hrs diterima produsen agar
bsedia menawarkan produk di pasar.
P S
Surplus Produsen

D
 q
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 Surplus Konsumen
Tunjukkan selisih nilai max yg bsedia dibayar
kons utk suatu brg dgn jlh yg sesungguhnya hrs
dibayarnya utk mbeli brg dlm pasar.
Surplus Konsumen
P S

D
 q
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 Eksternalitas
• Eksternalitas (externalities)

Tjd jk aksi dr konsumen/produsen sebabkan biaya

atau manfaat yg tdk direfleksikan dlm hrg produk

di psr tsb.

Contoh: jk produsen mencemari lingk. 

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 Deadweight Loss
• Deadweight loss (DWL)
pengurangan dlm net economic benefit.
• Net economic benefit (NEB)
Net benefit yg diperoleh konsumen, produsen
dan pemerintah.
• Pemerintah mdpt manf dr penerimaan yg
didpt melalui kebijakan yg ditetapkannya
• Penerimaan pemerintah = PP

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 Pajak (1)
P PP? Tk? Tp?
20
St
S
12
a b
8 t
c
6 t=6
2 D
Q
4 6 10
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 Pajak (2)
P P St Kesimp?
S
St
38 S 38
30 30
28
18

D D Q
Q
D cend lbh inelastis S cend lbh inelastis
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 Pajak (3)
P SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
20
St
A S
12
B C E
8
6 G F
H
2 D
Q
4 6 10
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 Subsidi
P SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
20 S
A Ss
9
B C
8 J s=3
6 E G K
F
2
D
Q
6 7 10
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 Price Ceilings = Max Price
Reg (1)
P ($/bulan) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
S
SK Max
A
B E
1,6
C F
1,0
G
D
140
50 80 Q (ribuan unit rumah)
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 Price Ceilings = Max Price
Reg (2)
P ($/bulan) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
S
SK Min
A
B E
1,6
C F H
1,0
G
D
140
50 80 90 Q (ribuan unit rumah)
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 Price Floors = Min Price
Reg (1)
 ($/jam) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
SP Max S

A excess supply
6
B C E
5 G
F

D
80 100 115 L (juta jam/th)
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 Price Floors = Min Price
Reg (2)
 ($/jam) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
SP Min S

A B
6
C E F G
5 J
H I

80 D
35 80 100 115 L (juta jam/th)
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 Kuota Produksi (1)
P ($/unit) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
20 Kuota Jk 4 jt disuplai produsen
yg plg efisien
F S
12
A B
8
C
E
2 D
4 6 Q (jt unit/th) 10
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 Kuota Produksi (2)
P ($/unit) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
20 Kuota Jk 4 jt disuplai produsen
yg plg inefisien
F S
12
A B L
8
C
E
2 D
4 6 Q (jt unit/th) 10
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 Price Supports (1)
P ($/bushel) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
20 government offering cash for less production
excess supply
F S
10
A B G
8 C
E
2 D
5 8 Q
6 10
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 Price Supports (2)
P ($/bushel) SK? SP? PP? NEB? DWL?
20 government purchase program

F excess supply S
10
A B G
8 C J
E D’

2 H I 8
D 10
5 6 Q (milyar bushel)

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 Perdagangan Bebas
P ($/unit) SK? SPdom? PP? NEB? DWL? SPfor?
20

Sdom
A

8
6B CE
Pw=4 F G H J K Ddom
L
2 excess demand 10
2 4 6 7 8 Q (jt unit/th)
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 Kuota Impor
P ($/unit) SK? SPdom? PP? NEB? DWL? SPfor?
20

Sdom
A

8
6B CE
Pw=4 F G H J K Ddom
L
2 quota impor 10
2 4 6 7 8 Q (jt unit/th)
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 Tarif Impor
P ($/unit) SK? SPdom? PP? NEB? DWL? SPfor?
20

Sdom
A

8
6 B CE
Pw=4 Lt=2 F G H J K
Ddom
2 10
2 4 6 7 8 Q (jt unit/th)
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 Dumping
SK? SPdom? PP? NEB? DWL? PPfor?
20
Sdom
P ($/ton)

Pw=6 E
A I B H C J
Pw-s=4 G
2 Ddom
2 4 Q (jt ton/th) 7 8 10
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