Saiz Populasi
Taburan Populasi
Susunan spatial individu
Clumped
Random
Uniform
Figure 5.8
Taburan Populasi:
Bagaimana individu-individu ditaburkan dalam sesuatu kawasan
Terdapat 3 pola taburan populasi
UNIFORM
CLUMPED
RANDOM
SERAGAM
KELOMPOK
RAWAK
Taburan Populasi
2. Perlindungan yang lebih baik daripada pemangsa. (cth: gajah) 3. Peluang yang lebih baik untuk spesies pemangsa mendapat makanan. (cth: serigala)
VIDEO
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Kelahiran
Populasi (N)
Kematian
Emigrasi
(Kematian + Emigrasi)
STRUKTUR UMUR : (Taburan Umur) Pecahan individu pada peringkat umur yang berlainan dalam sesuatu populasi
Age Pyramid
Female 8-9
Male
Age Interval ~ y
6-7
4-5
2-3
Percent of Population
Figure 2. Age pyramid. Notice that it is split into two halves for male and female members of the population.
Struktur Umur
Umur pembiakan
Memberi kesan pada kadar kenaikan atau penurunan saiz populasi Boleh meramal pertambahan populasi masa depan
Jika kurang individu umur reproduktif populasi akan bertambah dengan kadar perlahan
Fig. 52.22
Pertumbuhan Populasi
Individu dalam populasi yang mempunyai kadar pertumbuhan intrinsik yang tinggi biasanya
membiak pada peringkat umur muda tempoh di antara generasi pendek membiak beberapa kali menghasilkan banyak anak setiap kali membiak
Keupayaan Muatan ialah populasi maksimum sesuatu spesies yang boleh dikekalkan oleh habitat tanpa degradasi habitat.
Biotic potential
Exponential growth
Time (t)
Potensi Biotik
Keupayaan Muatan
Kadar pertumbuhan populasi menjadi perlahan apabila saiz populasi menghampiri keupayaan muatan
1.5
1.0
.5
1800
1825
1850
1925
Population crashes
1920
1930 Year
1940
1950
Kepadatan Populasi
Kepadatan populasi ialah bilangan individu sesuatu populasi dalam sesuatu kawasan
Peranan Pemangsa Dalam Mengawal Saiz Populasi Predator-prey cycles Top-down control Bottom-up control
VIDEO
Pembaziran tenaga Sockeye salmon, berenang 6,000 km dari Lautan Pasifik ke muara sungai, bertelur beribu-ribu telur dan mati kepenatan.
K-strategists
Terms come from: K = symbol for carrying capacity. (Populations tend to stabilize near K.)
Elephant
K-Selected Species
Saguaro
Fewer, larger offspring High parental care and protection of offspring Later reproductive age Most offspring survive to reproductive age Larger adults Adapted to stable climate and environmental conditions Lower population growth rate (r) Population size fairly stable and usually close to carrying capacity (K) Specialist niche High ability to compete Late successional species
African elephants produce one offspring at a time, once every few years over a long lifetime, and protect each offspring intensively (much like humans)
Few Number More resources per individual More chance of accidental loss
r-Selected
Cockroach
r-Selected Species
Dandelion
r = intrinsic rate of population increase. (Populations can potentially grow fast, have high r.)
Little or no parental care and protection of offspring Early reproductive age Most offspring die before reaching reproductive age Small adults Adapted to unstable climate and environmental conditions
By contrast, many plants and some insects, reproduce once (annually), producing vast numbers of seeds/eggs that are poorly protected, if at all
Large Number
Less resources per individual More chances of success Some fish such as cod (millions of eggs)
Number of individuals
Number of individuals
Time
TURTLE
Habitat
Competitiveness Population regulation Population fluctuation
Unstable, temporary
Low Density independent Irruptive
Stable, permanent
High Density dependent Stable near K
Survivorship curve.
Menunjukkan mortaliti (kematian) individu pada peringkat umur berlainan
Type I curve- mortaliti rendah peringkat umur muda (cth kambing, manusia) Type II curve mortaliti sama tinggi pada setiap peringkat umur (constant) (cth burung, tupai) Type III curve mortaliti tinggi peringkat umur muda (cth oysters)
Survivorship Curve
The human population has been growing almost exponentially for three centuries but cannot do so indefinitely
The human population increased relatively slowly until about 1650 when the Plague took an untold number of lives. Ever since, human population numbers have doubled twice
How might this population increase stop?
Fig. 52.20
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
POPULATION CYCLES
HUMAN POPULATION 1650 - 500,000,000 1850 - ONE BILLION 1930 - TWO BILLION 1975 - FOUR BILLION 2010 SIX BILLION 2017 - EIGHT BILLION
1.15 - 2005
We may never know Earths carrying capacity for humans, but we have the unique responsibility to decide our fate and the fate of the rest of the biosphere.