Definisi
Perhitungan Limit
Kontinuitas
Limit Tak Berhingga
1
Pendahuluan
Konsep limit merupakan ide dasar yang
membedakan kalkulus dengan aljabar dan
geometri.
Dasar dalam menentukan
kecepatan/perubahan suatu obyek atau
tangen/gradien suatu kurva.
Menggambarkan variasi fungsi
2
Limit
Limit dari f(x) untuk x mendekati a adalah L dan ditulis
lim f ( x) = L
xa
y = f ( x)
L
a
3
x 1 x 2 1
b)
Gunakan
untukto
menggambar
Use
yourkalkulator
calculator
draw thegrafik
graph
dan
soal a.
andkonfirmasikan
confirmjawaban
your guess
in a)
x 1
f ( x) = 2
x 1
Graph 1
Carilahthe
limit
dari
2. Find
following
limits
dengan mempergunakan nilai-nilai berikut
sin x
Konfirmasikan
dengan
memplot
grafik of f ( x ) =
Confirm
this by
ploting
the graph
x
4
3. Cari
untuk
x x 2- 2
3x if
lim f ( x) dengan
where f ( x) =
x 2
x =x=2- 2
untuk
1 if
lim f ( x) = lim 3x
x 2
x 2
= 3 lim x
x 2
= 3(2) = 6
Note: f (-2) = 1
tidak termasuk
-2
given a positive
number
, there
a positive
such
that
Diberikan
bilangan positif
, maka
akanexists
ada suatu
bilangan
sehingga:
Jika
if
maka | f ( x ) L |< .
0 <| x a |< , then
L+
L
y = f ( x)
L
a
a
a +
One-Sided Limits
Limit kanan dari f (x), saat x mendekati a, sama
dengan L
ditulis: lim+ f ( x) = L
x a
L
a
9
lim f ( x) = M
x a
M
a
10
x 2 if x 3
f ( x) =
2x if x > 3
lim+ f ( x)
x 3
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ 2 x = 6
x 3
Cari
x 3
lim f ( x)
x 3
lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 9
x 3
x 3
11
Contoh lain
x + 1, if x > 0
Let f ( x) =
2. Jika
x 1, if x 0.
a)
b)
lim+ f ( x)
c) lim f ( x)
lim f ( x)
d) lim+ f ( x)
x 0
x 0
x 1
x 1
12
Jawaban :
x + 1, if x > 0
2. Let f ( x) =
x 1, if x 0.
a)
b)
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ ( x + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
x 0
x 0
lim f ( x) = lim ( x 1) = 0 1 = 1
x 0
x 0
x
+
1)
c) lim f ( x) = lim(
= 1+1 = 2
x 1
d) lim+ f ( x)
x 1
x 1
= lim(
x + 1)
+
x 1
= 1+1 = 2
13
Theorema :
dan lim f ( x ) = L.
dan hanya
lim f ( x) = L ifjikaand
onlyjika
if lim+ f ( x) = L and
xa
xa
xa
x + 1, if x > 0
f ( x) =
x 1, if x 0.
lim f ( x) does
notada
exist
because lim+ f ( x) = 1 and
dan lim f ( x) = 1.
tidak
karena
x 0
x 0
x 0
Tetapi
lim f ( x) = 2 because
and lim f ( x) = 2.
karena lim+ f ( x) = 2 dan
x 1
x 1
x 1
14
Theorema Limit
If c suatu
is anybilangan,
number, lim f ( x) = L and
then
Jika
dan lim g ( x) = M , maka
x a
a)
c)
e)
g)
i)
x a
lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x) ) = L + M
b) lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) = L M
lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) = L M
d)
x a
x a
x a
lim f ( x)
x a
= L , ( M 0)
)
g ( x)
M
lim ( c f ( x) ) = c L
f)
lim ( f ( x) ) = Ln
lim c = c
h)
lim x = a
x a
x a
lim x n = a n
x a
j)
xa
x a
lim
x a
f ( x) = L , ( L > 0)
15
x 3
x 3
x 3
( ) + lim1
= lim x
x 3
x 3
= 32 + 1 = 10
2.
lim ( 2 x 1)
2 lim x lim1
2x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
lim
=
=
x 1 3 x + 5
lim ( 3x + 5 )
3lim x + lim 5
x 1
x 1
x 1
2 1 1
=
=
3+5 8
16
Contoh lain
Jika
Cari :
1. Suppose
lim f ( x) ==44 dan
and lim g ( x) = 2. Find
x 3
x 3
f ( x) + lim g ( x)
a) lim ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) = lim
x 3
x 3
x 3
= 4 + (2) = 2
b) lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x 3
x 3
x 3
= 4 (2) = 6
2 f ( x) lim g ( x)
2 f ( x) g ( x) lim
x 3
x 3
c) lim
=
x 3
lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
x 3
x 3
2 4 (2) 5
=
4 (2)17 4
Notice
x 25
x+5
= lim
x 5 ( x 5 )( x + 5 )
x 5
1
1
=
x 5 ( x 5 )
10
= lim
0
form
0
Difaktor dan
dihilangkan faktor
yang sama
18
Contoh Lain
a)
x 3
lim
=
x 9
x
( x 3)( x + 3)
lim
x 9
( x 9)( x + 3)
x9
=
lim
= lim
x 9
x 9 ( x 9)( x + 3)
b)
1 1
=6
x +3
4 x2
(2 x)(2 + x)
lim 2
= lim
x 2 2 x + x 3
x 2 x 2 (2 + x)
2 x
= li m
2
x 2
x
2 (2) 4
=
= =1
2
(2)
4
19
20
Konsep Kontinuitas
Definisi kontinu di suatu titik
Misalkan fungsi f terdefinisi disekitar a.
Dikatakan f kontinu di a bila limxa f(x) ada
dan nilai limitnya sama dengan nilai fungsi
di a. Dengan kata lain, f kontinu di a jika
lim f ( x ) = f (a )
x a
lim f ( x ) = f (a )
x a
Diskontinu
lim f ( x ) f (a )
x a
jika x 0
h( x ) = x
0 jika x = 0
Contoh
f ( x) = x + 2
1.
Kontinu dimana-mana
x 9
g (x) =
x+3
2.
lim( x + 2) = a + 2
Kontinu dimana-mana
kecuali di x = 3
dan
and so lim f (x) = f (a)
g(3) is
takundefined
terdefinisi
xa
xa
-6
-4
-2
-2
2
-4
-4
-2
2
-2
-6
-8
-10
26
1, if x 0
4. F ( x) =
1, if x > 0
x + 2, if x > 1
3. h ( x ) =
1, if x 1
lim h( x) = 1
x 1
and lim+ h( x )
x 1
=3
x 0
3
4
-10
-2
-5
10
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
27
f (b)
f (c) = L
f (a)
a c
Aplikasi: untuk verifikasi ada tidaknya solusi dari suatu persamaan berbentuk f(x) = 0
28
5 + 1
3
+
2
3x + 5 x + 1
x
x
= lim
Contoh. xlim
2
2 4
x
2 4x
x2
2
( x ) + lim ( 1 x ) = 3 + 0 + 0 = 3
lim 3 + lim 5
( x)
lim 2
Dibagi
dng x 2
lim 4
04
29
Contoh Lain
2 x3 3x2 + 2
1. lim 3
2
x
x
x
x
100
+
1
2 x3 3x 2 2
3 + 3
3
x
= lim 3 x 2 x
x x
x 100 x + 1
3
3
3
3
x
x
x
x
3 2
2 x + x3
= lim
x
1 100 1
1 2 + 3
x x
x
2
= =2
1
30
4 x 5 x + 21
lim 3
x 7 x + 5 x 2 10 x + 1
2.
4 x 2 5 x 21
3+ 3
3
x
x
x
= lim 3
2
x 7 x
5 x 10 x 1
3 + 3 3 + 3
x
x
x
x
5
21
4
+
x x2 x3
= lim
x
7 + 5 102 + 13
x x
x
0
=
7
=0
3.
x2 + 2 x 4
lim
x
12
+
31
x
x2 2x 4
+
x x
= lim x
x
12 x + 31
x
x
x+2 x
= lim
x
31
12 +
+ 2
=
12
31
4.
= lim
x
lim
x +1 x
2
x2 + 1 x
1
x +1 + x
x2 + 1 + x
x2 + 1 x2
= lim
2
x
x +1 + x
1
= lim
2
x
x +1 + x
1
1
=
= =0
+
32
15
10
lim+
x a
( x a)
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
-5
-10
-15
-20
40
lim
xa
30
( x a)
= if n is even
20
10
-2
-10
-20
lim
x a
( x a)
20
= if n is odd
15
10
5
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
-5
More Graphs
-10
-15
-20
33
Contoh
Cari limit dari :
1.
2.
3x 2 + 2 x + 1
lim+
2
x 0
2x
3+ 2 + 1 2
x
x
= lim+
x 0
2
2x +1
2x +1
lim +
= lim
x 3 2 x + 6 x 3+ 2( x + 3)
3+ +
=
=
2
40
20
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
-20
34
0.5
0.5
-10
-5
10
-10
-0.5
-5
10
-0.5
-1
-1
x c
35
0.5
0.5
-10
-5
10
-10
-0.5
-5
10
-0.5
-1
-1
x c
36
Limit Trigonometri
37
, 3
, 5
, 7
y = sec x
,L
15
30
y = tan x
10
20
5
10
-6
-6
-4
-2
-4
-2
-5
-10
-10
-20
-15
-30
38
Contoh :
a) lim + sec x =
( 2)
c)
lim
x 3
tan x =
+
e) lim cot x =
x
b)
d)
lim sec x
( 2)
lim
x 3
tan x =
f) lim tan x = 1
x
cos x 0
= =0
g) lim cot x = xlim
3 ) sin x
1
(
x ( 3 )
2
2
39
10
10
y = a , 0 < a <1
x
8
8
-6
-4
-2
-6
-4
-2
-2
-2
lim a = a
x
x c
40
Asymptot
Garis y = L dikatakan asymptot horisontal
dari kurva y = f(x) jika :
lim f ( x) = L atau
or lim f ( x) = L.
x
The line
= c is called
a vertical
asymptote
Garis
y = Lx dikatakan
asymptot
vertikal
dari
kurva
= f(x)yjika
of theycurve
= f :( x) if eihter
atau lim f ( x ) = .
lim f ( x) = or
+
x c
x c
41
Contoh
Carilah asymptot dari grafik fungsi berikut.
x +1
1. f ( x) = 2
x 1
(i) lim f ( x) =
2
x 1
Therefore
Sehinggathe
garis
line x=1
x = 1 adalah
asymptot
is
a vertical vertikal.
asymptote.
(ii) lim f ( x) = +.
x 1
Therefore
linex=
x =-11
Sehingga the
garis
is
a vertical
asymptote.
adalah
asymptot
vertikal.
(iii) lim f ( x) = 1.
x
Therefore
they=1
lineadalah
y =1
Sehingga
garis
asymptot
horisontal.
is a horizonatl
asymptote.
10
7.5
5
2.5
-4
-2
-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
42
x 1
2. f ( x) = 2
x 1
x 1
(i) lim f ( x) = lim 2
x 1
x 1
x 1
(iii) lim f ( x) = 0.
x
x 1
1 1
= lim
= lim
= . is a horizonatl asymptote.
x 1
( x 1)( x + 1) x 1 x + 1 2
(ii) lim+ f ( x) = +.
x 1
10
7.5
5
2.5
-4
-2
-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
43
PR edisi 12
Hal 63 No.7-10
Hal 64 No 20, 22
Hal 74 No 15, 27, 47
Hal 84 No 55, 56
Hal 118 No 44, 46
Hal 119 No 4,5
44