JIGSAW

1. Tokssisitas herba suruhan

Hasil uji toksisitas pada tikus putih, penggunaan ekstrak suruhan dalam jangka waktu
lama cukup aman dan tidak mempengaruhi fungsi sel hati.21 Pemberian secara oral
serbuk ekstrak air herba suruhan pada mencit jantan dan betina selama 14 hari,
dihasilkan LD50 11,78 g/Kg BB, sehingga dosis pada perlakuan hewan uji dari 100400 mg/Kg BB cukup aman karena dosis tersebut jauh dari nilai LD50
2. Pengobatan yang paling banyak dilakukan untuk proses penghambatan pembentukan
asam urat mengguna-kan Allopurinol. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi
ekstrak air 50 mg /Kg BB pada mencit jantan sebanding dengan Allopurinol 10 mg
/Kg BB. Hasil ini dapat menjelaskan mekanisme ekstrak air dalam menurunkan kadar
asam urat mirip dengan Allopurinol melalui mekanisme penghambatan sintesis
pembentukan asam urat dalam darah.
Berdasarkan penelitian Lestari (2010), diketahui bahwa herba suruhan
mengandung

senyawa

kimia

golongan

glikosida,

flavonoid,

tanin

dan

steroid/triterpenoid. Diduga flavonoid yang terkandung pada tumbuhan inilah

yang memberikan efek penurunan kadar asam urat dari herba suruhan tersebut.
Kemampuan senyawa tersebut dalam menurunkan asam urat adalah dengan
mekanisme hambatan terhadap aktivitas xantin oksidase pada basa purin sehingga
akan menurunkan produksi asam urat (Azmi, 2010). Efek samping yang sering timbul
akibat pemakaian obat-obat sintesis dihindari dengan penggunaan ekstrak yang terdiri
dari berbagai macam komponen senyawa kimia, yang diharapkan interaksi antar
komponen-komponen tersebut dapat meniadakan efek samping.

3.
4. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION [7].
Kingdom Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons
Subclass Magnoliidae Order Piperales
Family Piperaceae
Genus peperomia
Species Peperomia pellucida
5. www.drugs.com
6. Scientific Name(s): Peperomia pellucida L. HBK. Family: Piperaceae 1 , 2

7. Uses
8. The plant species has a history of ethnomedicinal use. Anti-inflammatory,
chemotherapeutic, and analgesic properties have been found in crude
extracts of P. pellucida .

9. Dosing
10. None validated by clinical data.

11. Contraindications
12. Patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to any of the components of the
plant species should avoid use.

13. Pregnancy/Lactation
14. Avoid use because of lack of clinical data. The plant species interferes with
prostaglandin synthesis.

15. Interactions

16. None well documented.

17. Adverse Reactions

18. The plant has a strong mustard-like odor and may cause asthma-like
symptoms in patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to the plant
species.

Toxicology
No clinical data have been reported on human toxicity. Animals tolerated 14 days of P.
pellucida aqueous extract 5 g/kg with no adverse reactions or changes in behavior or
weight. 2

Botany
The family Piperaceae comprises about 5 genera and 1,400 species. The genus
Peperomia represents nearly half of the Piperaceae. P. pellucida L. HBK is a
herbaceous plant found in many South American and Asian countries. The plant grows
to a height of 15 to 45 cm, and its shiny light-green leaves are succulent, well spaced,
and heart shaped. The species develops during rainy periods (often in the spring) and
thrives in loose, humid soils under the shade of trees. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

History
The plant has a rich history of medicinal use. Ethnomedicinal data in Bolivia from
Alteos Indians document the whole plant being crushed, mixed with water, heated, and
then orally administered to stop hemorrhage. The same reference documents a root
decoction for treatment of fevers and mashed aerial parts applied topically or used as
dressing for wounds. 5
P. pellucida has been used for treating abdominal pain, abscesses, acne, boils, colic,
fatigue, gout, headache, renal disorders, and rheumatic pain, and to treat breast cancer,
impotence, measles, mental disorders, and smallpox. It has been used in salads or as a
cooked vegetable to help relieve rheumatic joint pain. 6 , 7

Other medicinal properties vary depending on region. In northeastern Brazil, the plant
has been used to lower cholesterol; in Guyana, it has been used as a diuretic and to
treat proteinuria; and in the Amazon region, it has been used as a cough suppressant,
diuretic, and emollient, and to treat cardiac arrhythmia. 2 , 3 , 4

Chemistry
Numerous chemical investigations, primarily on the essential oils of the plant, are found
in medical literature. One study identified 71 compounds from the essential oils of 10
Piperaceae species. Sesquiterpenes appear to be the major chemical constituents in
the essential oils. Carotol (13.41%) was the major hydroxylated sesquiterpene in a
chemical analysis of P. pellucida . Flavonoids, phytosterols, arylpropanoids (eg, apiols),
substituted styrenes, and a dimeric ArC 2 compound or pellucidin A have been isolated.
Antifungal activity has been documented for arylpropanoids such as the apiols. Other
compounds, like the peperomins, have cytotoxic or anticancer activity in vitro. Isolated
flavonoids include acacetin, apigenin, isovitexin, and pellucidatin. Isolated phytosterols
include campesterol and stigmasterol.

Uses and Pharmacology

Reviews of P. pellucida document in vitro and animal data on the anti-inflammatory,
chemotherapeutic, and analgesic properties found in the crude extracts.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Animal data

One study reported that anti-inflammatory activity may vary depending on the plant's
development phases. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using the rat paw
edema test induced by carrageenan. Eight Wistar rats received oral indomethacin 10
mg/kg as a control; another group of rats received P. pellucida aqueous extract 400
mg/kg for all 4 distinct phenophases 1 hour before subplantar injection of 1%
carrageenan 0.1 mL/paw. Although indomethacin was more effective, greater antiinflammatory action was documented with extracts from phenophase 1 and 2 during
winter and spring, or vegetative and beginning-of-bloom stages, respectively. In a similar
experiment, rats orally administered P. pellucida aqueous extract 200 and 400 mg/kg
exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin test. The mechanism of action is

associated with prostaglandin synthesis interference, as confirmed by results of an

arachidonic acid-induced rat paw edema study. 2 , 3
Clinical data

None.
Analgesic activity
Animal data

Most studies assessed analgesic activity by the abdominal writhing test using acetic
acid or by the hot-plate test. The results suggest that the analgesic effect of P. pellucida
is related to the mechanism of action associated with prostaglandin synthesis. In mice
subjected to the acetic acid-induced writhing test, a P. pellucida extract exhibited
analgesic activity at 400 mg/kg, inhibiting pain by 50% compared with controls. The
same test, when repeated in another study, attained higher inhibition percentages (78%)
when a methanolic extract of P. pellucida 210 mg/kg was used. The difference in results
may be associated with use of different extracts, climatic conditions, and plant origin. An
analgesic effect was observed in the hot-plate test at lower concentrations of 100 and
200 mg/kg, which may indicate extract activity against inflammatory and
noninflammatory pain. 2 , 7
Clinical data

None.
Antibacterial
In vitro data

Crude methanolic extracts of P. pellucida had broad spectrum antimicrobial activity

using the disk diffusion method. The fractions were more active than the crude
extracts. 6 Other studies document similar results for activity against numerous species,
including Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and
Staphylococcus aureus . 16

Antifungal
In vitro data

Chloroform extracts from dried leaves of P. pellucida , particularly apiol and

pachypophyllin, have antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes . 10
Antiprotozoal
In vitro and in vivo data

A whole plant extract inhibited growth of the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium

falciparum Indo strain by 95% in vitro at 100 mg/mL, and the rodent malaria
Plasmodium vinckei petteri by 78% in vivo at 1,000 mg/kg. Monoterpenoid derivatives
from the plant species Peperomia galioides have toxic activity against promastigote
forms of Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmania donovani , and Leishmania amazonensis
at a concentration of 25 mcg/mL and cause total lysis of the parasites at 100
mcg/mL. 5 , 17
Other pharmacologic activity

Cytotoxicity was observed in crude extracts from P. pellucida against the cancer cell
lines HL-60, MCF-7, and HeLa. 8

Dosage
None validated by clinical data.

Pregnancy/Lactation
Information regarding pregnancy and lactation is lacking. The plant species interferes
with prostaglandin synthesis.

Interactions
No drug interaction data could be found in medical literature. Theoretically, patients
taking herbal preparations containing P. pellucida with analgesic or anti-inflammatory

drugs should be wary of potential additive and adverse effects such as GI bleeding,
constipation, and bruising.

Adverse Reactions
The plant has a strong mustard-like odor and may cause asthma-like symptoms in
patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to the plant species.

Toxicology
Animals given P. pellucida aqueous extract 5 g/kg for 14 days showed no adverse
reactions or changes in behavior or weight. No clinical data have been reported on
human toxicity. 2

STANDARISASI DAN PROFIL KROMATOGRAFI EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA

SURUHAN (PEPEROMIA PELLUCIDA (L.) KUNTH.) HENDRA MONIAGA Telah dilakukan
penelitian tentang standarisasi dan profil kromatografi ekstrak etanol herba suruhan (Peperomia
pellucida (L.) Kunth.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan nilai parameter standarisasi
spesifik (organoleptis, kadar sari larut air , kadar sari larut etanol, uji kandungan kimia ekstrak
dan penetapan kadar) dan non spesifik (kadar air, kadar abu, dan susut pengeringan) dari
simplisia dan ekstrak etanol herba Suruhan serta untuk menetapkan metabolic profiling dari
ekstrak etanol herba Suruhan dengan menggunakan metode KLT, KCKT dan KG-SM. Ekstraksi
dilakukan dengan cara perkolasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Hasil standarisasi simplisia
adalah organoleptik: bentuk serbuk, warna hijau, bau aromatis; kadar air 7,84% kadar abu total
20,94 %; susut pengeringan 6,6 %; kadar sari larut air 27,00 %; kadar sari larut etanol 9,70 % ;
hasil uji skrining menunjukkan hasil positif pada fenol, flavonoid dan steroid. Hasil standarisasi
ekstrak etanol adalah organoleptis: bentuk semi solid, warna hitam, bau aromatis; kadar air 10,15
%; kadar abu total 8,19 %; hasil uji skrining menunjukan hasil positif pada fenol, flavonoid dan
steroid; hasil penetapan kadar fenol 3,17%, flavonoid 1,04%. Kondisi kromatogram KLT yang
digunakan untuk ekstrak etanol herba suruhan yaitu fase diam silika F254 dan fase gerak
toluen:etil asetat (7:3) dengan jumlah penotolan (20l) pada suhu kamar. Metode KCKT, fase
diam non polar (C18), volume penyuntikan (20l), fase gerak asetonitril:air+asam 1% (70:30),
Flow rate 1ml/menit. Metode KG-SM, kondisi kolom: AGILENTJW DB-1 (30 m x 0.25 mm),
gas pembawa: helium, suhu kolom oven:80.0 C, Temp Inlet :310.00 C, tekanan:16.5 kPa, Laju
aliran :40.0 mL/min, aliran kolom :0.50 mL/min