3 Obat Sedasi Dan Analgesia-Prof Munar - Lubis PDF
3 Obat Sedasi Dan Analgesia-Prof Munar - Lubis PDF
Palembang 2014
pgd_idai@googlegroups.com
PENDAHULUAN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
PENDAHULUAN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Perlu
Sedasi
Analgesia
Kombinasi analgesia dan sedasi
3
SEDASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
ANALGESIA
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
INDIKASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Penghilang nyeri
Ventilasi mekanik
Kecemasan
Kebutuhan akan tidur yang cukup
Amnesia
KONTRA INDIKASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Absolut
Relatif
STRATEGI PEMBERIAN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Keadaan umum
Jalan nafas
Kardiovaskular
Evaluasi Prasedasi
Pernafasan
Gastrointestinal
Hepar/ginjal
8
PEMBERIAN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Jalur oral/rektum
Jalur intravena/intramuskuler
TUJUAN SEDASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
10
TINGKAT SEDASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Ringan (anxiolysis)
Sedang (conscious sedation)
Dalam (deep sedation)
Anestesi umum (general anaesthesia)
11
KOMPLIKASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Aspirasi
Hipoventilasi
Apnea
Obstruksi jalan nafas
Depresi kardiopulmonal
12
OBAT-OBAT SEDASI
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Golongan benzodiazepine
Midazolam
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Golongan barbiturat
Thiopental
Golongan lain
Propofol
Chloral hydrate
13
MIDAZOLAM
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
MIDAZOLAM
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
15
MIDAZOLAM
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
16
DIAZEPAM
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
17
DIAZEPAM
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
18
LORAZEPAM
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
19
GOLONGAN BARBITURAT
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
20
THIOPENTAL
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Onset cepat
Untuk tindakan intubasi pasien TIK
21
PROPOFOL
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
22
CHLORAL HYDARATE
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
23
KETAMIN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Takikardia
Hipertensi
Efek bronkodilator
Nightmares
Kombinasi benzodiazepin
menimbulkan amnesia
24
Drug
Midazolam
Lorazepam
2-3
Comments
Short
procedure
Prolonged
MV
Prolonged
MV
Withdrawal
syndrome
Propofol
1-2
Short
procedure
Short
MV
Ketamine
IM:
3-5
IV:
Loading
dose:
1-3
INF:
0.7-3
mg/kg/h
0.5-1
Short
procedures
IntubaXon
in
acute
severe
asthma
Releases
endogenous
cathecholamines
Not
recommended
in
ICH
Etomidate
IV: 0.2-0.3
Immediate
IntubaXon
with
hemodynamic
ndings
Suprarenal failure
Thiopental
Immediate
IntubaXon in ICH
NegaXve
inotrope
VasodilataXon
2-5
Short
procedures
Short
MV
Underdocumented
in
children
Without
respiratory
depression
Clonidine
5-20
Prolonged
MV
Withdrawal
syndrome
Chloral hydrate
5-20
Short procedures
Chlorpromacine
AgitaXon-delirium
Extrapiramidal
reacXons
25
ANALGESIA
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Nyeri ringan:
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Ibuprofen
Kodein
Nyeri sedang/berat:
Opioid
NSAIDs
26
ANALGESIA
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
Golongan opioid
27
ACETAMINOPHEN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
28
NSAIDs
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
29
KETOROLAC
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
30
MORPHINE
PETHIDINE
(MEPERIDINE)
Lebih efektif
Onset lebih cepat dibanding morphine
Tremor, disorientasi dan kejang
32
FENTANYL
Opioid sintetis
Larut dalam lemak
Onset kerja cepat
Durasi singkat
Efek toleransi
33
FENTANYL
Efek toleransi
Akumulasi pada jaringan
lemak
Depresi pernafasan
Tanpa pelepasan histamin
Stabilitas hemodinamik
34
REMIFENTANYL
Derivat fentanyl
Efek sedasi
Tanpa risiko akumulasi
Toleransi
Hipotensi
Mahal
35
KETAMINE
36
METAMIZOLE
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
37
TRAMADOL
Kerja sentral
Ketergantungan
Hindari pada pasien
kejang, trauma kepala,
ketergantungan opioid
38
Drug
Onset (minutes)
Indica6on
Comments
Morphine
20
Fentanyl
1-2
Prolonged
clearance
Beger
hemodynamic
tolerance
Thoracic
rigidity
aher
quick
administraXon
Remifentanil
IV:
1
g/kg
INF:
analgesic:
0.5-6
g/kg/h
SedaXon:
6-12
g/kg/h
immediate
clearance
Beger
hemodynamic
tolerance
Thoracic
rigidity
aher
quick
administraXon
Alfentanil
1-2
High-priced
Not
to
be
used
in
liver
failure
Methadone
45
Tramadol
10
Acute pain
Good
hemodynamic
tolerance
Paracetamol
30
Moderate
pain
Hyperthermia
Central
acXon
Hepatotoxicity
Ketorolac
30
GastrointesXnal
bleeding
Nephrotoxicity
Metamizole
15-30
IM = intramuscular; INF = conXnuous infusion; IR = intrarectal; IV = intravenous; MV = mechanical venXlaXon; OR = oral route
39
PEMANTAUAN
SEBELUM
SETELAH
SELAMA
40
PEMANTAUAN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
S
O
A
P
M
E
suction
oxygen
airway
pharmacy
monitors
equipment
41
Clinical Situa6on
Indica6ons
Procedural
Requirements
Noninvasive procedures
Computed
tomography
Echocardiography
Electroencephalography
MagneXc
resonance
imaging
Ultrasonography
MoXon control
ComforXng
alone
Chloral
hydrate
PO
(in
paXents
<
3
yr
of
age)
Pentobarbital
IV
or
IM
Methohexital
PR
Midazolam
IV
Dental
procedures
Flexible
beropXc
laryngoscopy
Foreign-body
removal,
simple
Intravenous
cannulaXon
LaceraXon
repair,
simple
Lumbar
puncture
Ocular
irrigaXon
Phlebotomy
Slit-lamp
examinaXon
SedaXon
Anxiolysis
MoXon
control
SedaXon
Anxiolysis
Analgesia
Amnesia
MoXon
control
42
KESIMPULAN
PEDIATRI GAWAT DARURAT
43
TERIMA KASIH
44