METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT

PENCERNAAN & METABOLISMENYA

PENCERNAAN KARBOHIDRAT
Karbohidrat berupa amilum & glikogen akan terurai/mengalami hidrasi oleh amilase menjadi
maltosa & glukosa.
Hasil utama hidrolisis disakarida : glukosa, galaktosa & fruktosa.
Monosakarida kemudian masuk vena porta via hepar ke seluruh tubuh.
Monosakarida diserap tubuh dg kecepatan yg berbeda, dg urutan : galaktosa, glukosa,
fruktosa, manosa, xilosa & arabinosa
Selulosa tidak dicerna tubuh, dikeluarkan via feses
Pembagian metabolisme KH :
1. Glikolisis
2. Oksidasi piruvat mjd asetil koA
3. Glikogenesis
4. Glikogenolisis
5. PPP(Pentose Phosphate Pathway/ Hexose Mono-phosphate Shunt/ Jalur fosfoglukonat
oksidatif)
6. Glukoneogenesis
7. Metabolisme fruktosa, galaktosa & heksosamin

GLIKOLISIS
Function : Aerobic, to convert glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate can be burned for energy (TCA) or
converted to fat (fatty acid synthesis)
Anaerobic : ATP production. Recycle NADH by making lactate
Location : Cytosol of all cells
Connections : Glucose in, pyruvate or lactate out
G6P to glycogen (reversible)
G6P to pentose phosphate (not reversible)
Pyruvate to TCA via acetyl-CoA (not reversible)
Pyruvate to fat via acetyl-CoA (not reversible)
Regulation :
Primary signals : Insulin turns on
Glucagon turns of
Epinephrine turns on in muscle, of in liver
phosphorylation turns of in liver, on in muscle
Secondary signals :Glucose signals activate (fructose 2,6-biphosphate activates phosphofructokinase)
Low-glucose signals inhibit
High-energy signals inhibit
Low-energy signals activate
ATP yields :
Aerobics : 1 glucose 2ATP+2NADH+2pyruvate
Anaerobics : 1 glucose 2ATP+2lactate
Complete : 1 glucose 38 ATP + 6CO 2
From glycogen : (Glycogen)n 3 ATP+2NADH+2 pyruvate
GLIKOLISIS DI ERITROSIT

Oksidasi glukosa selalu menghasilkan laktat (eritrosit tdk memiliki mitokondria shg TCA cycle
tdk berlangsung)
Senyawa 2,3 bifosfogliserat berfungsi u/ membantu oksihemoglobin melepaskan O 2

OKSIDASI PIRUVATE MENJADI ASETIL KOA

Piruvat masuk mitokondria akan terjadi reaksi :
Piruvat + HSCoA + NAD+ asetil koA+NADH+ H+
Arsenit/ion Hg membentuk kompleks dg gugus SH dari asam lipoat dan akan menghambat enzim
piruvat dehidrogenase.
Reaksi ini memerlukan TPP (tiamin piroposfat) & enzim piruvat dehidrogenase kompleks CoA yg
mengandung asam pantotenat

GLIKOGENESIS & GLIKOGENOLISIS

Function : to store glucose equivalents and retrieve them on demand
Location : major deposits in liver for maintaining blood glucose
Deposits in muscle for providing glucose for muscle energy requirements
Connections :glycogen to and from G1P
G1P to G6P
G6P to glucose (liver & kidney only)
Connections : G6P from glucose
G6P to and from glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
G6P to pentose phosphates (not reversible)
Regulation
Primary signals : Insulin turns synthesis on, degradation of
Glucagon turns synthesis of, degradation on
Epinephrine turns synthesis of, degradation on
Phosphorylation turns synthesis of, degradation on
Secondary signals :
G6P activates synthesis
GLIKOGENESIS
Enzim glikogen sintase, membentuk ikatan 1,4 a glikosidik (rantai lurus)
Branching enzyme membentuk ikatan ikatan 1,6 a glikosidik (rantai cabang)
GLIKOGENOLISIS
Enzim fosforilase, memutus ikatan 1,4 a glikosidik (rantai lurus)
Debranching enzyme , memutuskan ikatan 1,6 a glikosidik (rantai cabang)

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

 Function : to supply reducing equivalents for biosynthesis NADPH & pentoses for DNA & RNA
biosynthesis
Location : every where
Connections :
To glycolysis and glycogen through G6P share some enzymes with glycolysis.
To DNA-RNA synthesis through ribose 5 phosphate
Regulations : NADPH inhibits, NADP+ activates ,High G6P activates
Equations :
Making NADPH
3 G6P+ 6NADP+ 2 Fructose 6P + glyceraldehide 3P + CO 2 +6NADPH
Making Ribose 5 P
G6P+ 2NADP+ Ribose 5P +CO2+ 2H+ +2NADPH
Sangat aktif dalam : hati, jar lemak, korteks adrenalis, kelenjar tiroid, eritrosit, mammae,
testis
Pada eritrosit, senyawa NADPH yang terbentuk dapat mereduksi glutation teroksidasi (GSSG)
menjadi glutation tereduksi (GSH) dg enzim glutation reduktase

GLUKONEOGENESIS

Function : Gluconeogenesis makes glucose from pyruvate to help maintain blood glucose
levels
Location : Liver & kidney, not muscle
Connections : piruvat in, glucose out
lactate in, glucose out
alanine in, glucose out
Regulation :
Primary signals : insulin turns off, glucagon turns on, acetyl CoA turns on, phosphorylation
turn on in liver
Secondary signals : Glucose signals turns off (fructose 2,6 biphosphate inhibits fructose 1,6
biphosphatase), Low glucose signals activate, High energy signals activate, Low energy
signals inhibit
Substrat glukoneogenesis :
1. Laktat, dari otot, eritrosit, dll
2. Gliserol, dari hidrolisis TG pd jaringan lemak
 3. Asam-asam glukogenik (alanin dsb)
4. Propionat (pd ruminansia)
Glukoneogenesis ini penting krn jaringan perlu pasokan kontinyu sbg sumber energi
terutama sistem saraf & eritrosit

METABOLISME GALAKTOSA

METABOLISME FRUKTOSA
SINTESIS LAKTOSA