KATA PENGANTAR

DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar............................................................................................. iii

Daftar Isi ..................................................................................................... iv

BAB. I PENDAHULUAN.......................................................................... 1

I.1. Latar Belakang...................................................................................... 1

I.2. Maksud dan Tujuan............................................................................... 2

I.3. Metode................................................................................................... 2

BAB. II DASAR TEORI............................................................................ 6

II.1. Mikropaleontologi............................................................................... 6

II.1.1. Kegunaan Mikrofosil....................................................................... 6

II.1.2. Tahapan Penelitian Mikrofosil......................................................... 8

II.2. Foraminfera......................................................................................... 18

II.2.1. Ciri Fisik......................................................................................... 20

II.2.2. Cangkang......................................................................................... 20

II.3. Foraminfera Plangtonik...................................................................... 27

II.3.1. Morfologi Foraminifera Plangtonik................................................. 29

II.3.2. Sistematika Foraminifera Plangtonik............................................... 41

II.4. Foraminfera Benthonik....................................................................... 44

II.4.1. Morfologi Foraminifera Benthonik.................................................. 46

II.5. Foraminifera Besar............................................................................. 51

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II.5.1. Morfologi Foraminifera Besar......................................................... 53

II.6. Aplikasi Mikropalentologi................................................................... 60

II.6.1. Penentuan Umur................................................................................ 61

II.6.2. Penentuan Lingkungan Pengendapan............................................... 63

BAB. III PEMBAHASAN......................................................................... 66

III.1. Deskripsi Morfologi Foraminifera..................................................... 66

III.2. Deskripsi Foraminifera Plangtonik.................................................... 68

III.3. Deskripsi Foraminifera Benthonik..................................................... 71

III.4. Deskripsi Foraminifera Besar............................................................ 74

BAB. IV PENUTUP................................................................................... 77

IV. Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 77

DaftarPustaka.............................................................................................. 79

Kritik dan saran........................................................................................... 81

Lampiran..................................................................................................... 82

Lembar Deskripsi di Laboratorium............................................................ 83

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1. Peralatan standar yang dibutuhkan pada preparasi dan observasi

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 foraminifera kecil dan ostracoda (Pringgoprawiro, 2000)............ 4

Gambar 2.1. Peralatan standar yang dibutuhkan pada preparasi dan observasi

foraminifera kecil dan ostracoda (Pringgoprawiro, 2000)............ 14

Gambar 2.2. Berbagai jenis foraminifera kecil (sebagian besar benthonik,

tanpa skala) (Thomson, 2005)....................................................... 19

Gambar 2.3. Siklus hidup dari Foraminifera, memperlihatkan perkembangan

seksual dan pembelahan diri......................................................... 20

Gambar 2.4. Bagian-bagian dari cangkang foraminifera.................................... 21

Gambar 2.5. Bentuk cangkang monothalamus: bulat (Saccamina), botol

(Lagena), tabung Bathysipon) dan planispiral (Ammodiscus)..... 22

Gambar 2.6. Skema cangkang foraminifera yang polythalamus

(Culiver, 1987).............................................................................. 23

Gambar 2.7. Jenis-jenis dan posisi aperture pada foraminifera kecil (Shrock

& Twenhofel, 1956)...................................................................... 25

Gambar 2.8. Bentuk macam-macam hiasan dari cangkang foraminifera

(Jones, 1956)................................................................................. 26

Gambar 2.9. Jumlah Putaran dan Jumlah Kamar............................................... 34

Gambar 2.10. Macam-macam bentuk Aperture Foraminifera........................... 36

Gambar 2.11. Sphaeroidinella dehiscens........................................................... 37

Gambar 2.12. Elphidium incertum..................................................................... 37

Gambar 2.13. Globoquadrina dehiscens.............................................................. 38

Gambar 2.14. Spaerodinella dehiscens................................................................ 38

Gambar 2.15. Cibicides........................................................................................ 38

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Gambar 2.16. Globorotalia menardi..................................................................... 39

Gambar 2.17. Hantkenina alabamensis................................................................ 39

Gambar 2.18. Globogerina cariacoensis.............................................................. 39

Gambar 2.19.Globoquadrina dehiscens............................................................... 39

Gambar 2.20. Catapydrax dissimilis..................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.21. Catapsydrax stainforty................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.22. Pulleniatina primalis..................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.23. Orbulina bilobata.......................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.24. Rugoglobigerina rugosa................................................................ 41

Gambar 2.25. Lenticulina costata........................................................................ 41

Gambar 2.26. Beberapa contoh spesies pada foraminifera plangtonik................ 43

Gambar 2.27. Contoh fosil foraminifera benthos................................................. 45

Gambar 2.28. Susunan kamar Monothalamust Test pada Foraminifera Benthos. 47

Gambar 2.29. Susunan kamar Polythalamust Test pada Foraminifera Benthos.. 49

Gambar 2.30. Jenis-jenis Aperture pada Foraminifera Benthos........................... 51

Gambar 2.31. Kenampakan umum pada beberapa jenis sayatan tipis pada

cangkang Orbitoid......................................................................... 52

Gambar 2.32. Struktur dalam kamar foraminifera besar golongan Orbitoides,

Lepidorbitoides, dan Lepidocyclina........................................... 53

Gambar 2.33. Kamar embrionik golongan Orbitoididae.................................... 54

Gambar 2.34. a. Sayatan horizontal dan b. vertikal genus Lepidocyclina.......... 55

Gambar 2.35. Sayatan horizontal (a) dan vertical (b) genus Nummulites........... 56

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Gambar 2.36. Sayatan horizontal (a) dan vertical (b) genus Operculina atau

Operculinoides............................................................................. 56

Gambar 2.37. Sayatan horizontal (a) dan vertikal (b) genus Assilina................. 57

Gambar 2.38. Sayatan horizontal (a) dan vertikal (b) genus Heterostegina....... 58

Gambar 2.39. Kenampakan umum sayatan vertikal Discocyclina (a) dan

sayatan horizontal (b).................................................................. 59

Gambar 2.40. Sayatan horizontal (a) dan vertikal (b) genus Miogipsina........... 60

Gambar 2. 41. Berbagai macam biozonasi (Amstrong dan Brasier, 2005)......... 62

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Rasio plangtonik dari foraminifera (Grimsdale & MArkhoven,

1955)................................................................................................. 64

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