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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
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8- DRILLING AND WIRELINE
LOGGING

py Rahmadi Hidayat, M.Eng.

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Department of Geological Engineering
Gadjah Mada University
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Sylabus
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Minggu Ke Rencana Program (*Sesuai Pelaksanaan
GBPP/RPKPS) Materi/Kegiatan
- Tipe menara bor
9 Pemboran

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- Sistem pemboran
- Analisa data pemboran

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- Pengenalan cara mendapatkan data batuinti dan serbuk
10 Analisis Batuinti dan Serbuk pemboran
- Cara analisis batuinti

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Pemboran - Cara analisis serbuk pemboran
- Pengenalan jenis log sumur
11 Analisis Log Kualitatif Interpretasi litologi dan reservoar

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- Identifikasi kehadiran hidrokarbon
- Perhitungan porositas efektif
12 Analisis Log Kuantitatif - Perhitungan saturasi air
- Perhitungan permeabilitas
Perhitungan MHI

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- Korelasi struktur
13 Korelasi Data Bawah Permukaan - Korelasi stratigrafi (litostratigrafi dan kronostratigrafi)
- Penentuan datum dan marker

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- Interpretasi horison dan struktur
14 Interpretasi Seismik dan - Well Seismic Ties
- Pengenalan jenis peta bawah permukaan
Pemetaan Bawah Permukaan

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- Perhitungan Hydrocarbon in Place
15 Perhitungan Cadangan dan - Perhitungan volume reservoar
- Recovery primer, sekunder dan EOR
Tahapan Produksi
Materi pokok bahasan 9 - 15 2
16 UAS
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Decision in Drilling
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Drilling and work-over rigs come in a variety of
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shapes and sizes with each having its own

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characteristics suited for a particular job. Although
there are many factors to be considered in selecting

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the best rig for the job, a few are especially critical.

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They are:
Surface location (land, inland water, offshore)

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Estimated maximum hole depth

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Cost
Facilities

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Types of Drilling Rigs
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Types of Drilling Rigs (2)
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Fixed Platform Drill-ship
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Semi-submersible

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Land Barge
Jack-up

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Drilling Rig
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Main Components of Drilling Rig
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1. Power System internal combustion engine or a turbine
that is the source of power for driving equipment on the rig

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2. Hoisting System used to lower or raise drill strings, casing
string and other subsurface equipment into or out of hole

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3. Fluid Circulating System responsible the movement of

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drilling fluid within the well as well as solids removal incurred
by the drilling fluid

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4. Rotary System responsible for rotating the Drill-string
5. Well Control System prevents the uncontrolled flow of

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formation fluids from the wellbore

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6. Well Monitoring System monitor the process of drilling

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Power System
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Hoisting System
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Fluid Circulating

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System

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Rotary System
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Bits
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SHORT PDC BIT
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MEDIUM PDC BIT LONG PDC BIT NATURAL DIAMOND BIT TSP BIT 12
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Wireline Logs
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1. Electric Log
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SP (Self Potential)
Resistivity (Induction & Laterolog)

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2. Radioactive Log

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GR (Gamma Ray)
Neutron

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Density
3. Acoustic Log

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Sonic

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4. Image Log (Acoustic & Resistivity)
5. Sampling (Fluid & SWC)
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TRIPLE COMBO
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Reservoir Fluid Porosity 14
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Depth Investigation
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PETROPHYSIC TOOLS

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Gamma RayWIRELINE
LogsLOG - GR
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The number of naturally
occuring gamma rays from K, Ur,
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TH and associated daughter

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products, is counted by the
detector in both natural gamma

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ray and spectral gamma ray

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tools.
Unit : API degree
Radius of Investigation : 4 to 11

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inch

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Precision : 4 to 5 API
Can be run in both open and

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cased hole
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Radioactive Identified by GR
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Thorium
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heavy minerals (monzonite,

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rutile, zircon)
residual minerals (bauxite,

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bentonite)

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Uranium
Associated with organic
material or phosphates.

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Potassium

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Micaceous clays (illite, illite-
montmorrilonite)

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K-evaporites
K-feldspar and mica

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Application of GR Log
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Standart (SGT)
Identify lithology
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Calculate shale content of a sand body (Vsh)

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Correlation purposes

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Provide a depth control/reference for other tools
Facies interpretation and depositional environment

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Advanced : uses NGS (Natural Gamma-ray Spectrometry)

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Identify clay mineral type

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Specific mineral identification:
Uranium Ores (uranium potential)

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Evaporites (potassium potential)

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GR vs

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Measured Log

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Do you see the relationship ?
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GR Quick Look
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WIRELINE LOG - GR

Lithology determination
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Shale commonly has high GR

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high abundant of K from
alteration of Feldspar to clay

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minerals
Clean sand has low GR high

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abundant of quatz, low K
Limestone has low GR high

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abundant of CaCO3, low K

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Facies Identification
WIRELINE LOG -by
GR GR Log
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Self Potential (SP) LOG -Log
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WIRELINE SP

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By suspending a single electrode in the
borehole and measuring the voltage

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difference between the electrode and

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a ground electrode (fish)

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A passive measurement of very small
electrical voltages resulting from

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electrical currents in the borehole
caused by differences in the salinities

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of formation connate water (Rw) and
drilling mud filtrate (Rmf) and by the

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presence of ion selective shale beds
Unit : mV

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Precision : 1 mV
Can be run in open hole only
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Self Potential (SP) LOG -Log
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WIRELINE SP

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In terms of the solutions present in a
formation, mud filtrate can be substituted

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for the less concentrated solution and

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formation water for the more concentrated
solution. The potential is referred to as the
liquid junction potential (Elj). The greater

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the contrast in salinity between mud
filtrate and formation water, the larger this

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potential
Since Na+ ions effectively manage to

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penetrate through the shale from the saline
formation water to the less saline mud
column, a potential is set up known as the

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membrane potential (Em)
The total potential, measurable in the

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borehole by an electrode, is also referred to
as the electrochemical component of the
SP (Etotal = Elj + Em)
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Uses of SP Log
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Differentiates porous and
permeable rocks from clays
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and shales

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Gives a qualitative indication
of bed shaliness

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Gives a qualitative indication

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of reservoir quality (porosity
& permeability)
Aids in lithology identification

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Determines Rw (formation
water resistivity)

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SP Quick look Log Interpretation

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Reservoir as shon as deflection
(can be positive or negative from
Base
Shale line
Base
Shale line

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Inflection
Shale
relatively stable curve in shale Point

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Direction (+/-) is determined by
the relationship of salinity

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Sand Sand
between Formation Water (Rw) to Line
Sand
Line
SSP

mud filtrate and ist not directly

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related to formation porosity and
permeability Shale

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o Rmf>Rw SP negative
o Rmf=Rw zero Salinityformation < Salinitymud Salinityformation > Salinitymud

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o Rmf<Rw SP positive

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Shale usually has constant SP value (commonly near to 0) known as
shale baseline
Any deflection entering porous and permeable zone different fluids
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Caliper Log
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Physical movement of
arms on the tools is
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converted into a

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diameter measurement

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through electrical circuit.
The arms are intended to

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either keep the tool
centered in borehole or

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push the tool against

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borehole wall
Can be run from open

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and cased hole
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How it Works
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Uses of Caliper
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Indication of hole diameter and volume
Qualitative indication of permeability
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Correlation

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Enviromental correction for other logs related to
mudcake effect in Density, Neutron and Resistivity log

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Log quality control rough number (extreme
anomaly) may act as a warning for measurement of

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logs which is placed against borehole wall, such as
Density, Neutron and Microresistivity

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Decreasing diameter mud cake

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Increasing diameter caving

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Can You Define The Reservoirs?
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Reservoir 29
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Resistivity Log
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The measurement of formation resistivity is fundamental to the

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evaluation of hydrocarbon saturation.

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There are several measuring techniques in use, all variations of a

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common basic system: an emitter (electrode or coil) sends a signal
(electrical current, electromagnetic field) into the formation. A

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receiver (electrode or coil) measures the response of the formation
at a certain distance from the emitter.

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Unit : ohm.m
Depth of investigation

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Deep 91 inch (ind); 60 84 inch (Late)
Medium 39 inch (ind); 24 36 inch (Late)

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Shallow 17 inch (ind); 1-4 inch (MSFL)
Can be run in open hole only
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Anatomy and Invasion Profiles

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Log Resistivity Preference
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and Types

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WIRELINE LOG - RESISTIVITY

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The laterolog measurement is
preferred when Rmf/Rw falls to

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the left of the vertical dashed
line and to the left of the solid

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line for the appropriate value of
Rw.

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The induction log is preferred
above the appropriate Rw line.

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To the right of the dashed line

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and below the appropriate Rw
curve, either or both logs may

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be required for an accurate
interpretation.
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Laterolog
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Commonly used if :
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There is seawater or brine mud

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in the hole
The Rmf/Rw ratio is less than 3

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Hole size is less than 16 in

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The laterolog is superior to the
induction log when Rt exceeds 150

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ohm.m, it also gives a better

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estimate of Rt than the induction
log when bed thickness is less than

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10 ft

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Induction Log
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Commonly used if :
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The hole to be logged is filled

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with fresh water or oil-base mud

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or air drilled borehole
The Rmf/Rw ratio is greater

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than 3
The value of Rt is less than 150

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ohmm

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Uses of Resistivity Log
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Know true value of formation resistivity (Rt)

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Identify (water saturation) Sw in Archie
equation

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Invasion Determination and Fluid prediction

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concept is that HC is always resistive than
fresh or salt water

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Correlation especially for connected flow

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Quicklook of Resistivity
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Invasion by separation of three resistivity
curves

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Deep ~ Medium ~ Shallow tight

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Deep ~ Medium > Shallow shallow invasion
Deep > Medium ~ Shallow deep invasion
Fluid Prediction
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Deep >> Medium > Shallow HC (gas) may
present

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Deep > Medium > Shallow HC (Oil) may present

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Deep < Medium < Shallow No HC present
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Can You Define The Fluids?
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Reservoir 37
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Density (RHOB) Log
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Principle of density tool
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Gamma rays, continuously emitted

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from the source, pass through the
mud-cake and enter the formation.

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progressively lose energy until
they are either completely

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absorbed by the rock matrix or
return to one of the two gamma
ray detectors in the tool. Wellbore

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Dense formations absorb many
gamma rays, while low-density Detectors

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formations absorb fewer gamma
rays. High count rates at the Formation

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detectors indicate low-density Gamma Ray
formations, and vice versa Source
Gamma
Unit : gr/cc Rays
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RHOB Uses and Log Interpretation
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Measure porosity
Lithology and gas
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identification (in

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combination with the
neutron log)

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Acoustic properties (in

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combination with the sonic
log)

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PEF in Litho-Density Log
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The photoelectric effect occurs

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when the incident GR is

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completely absorbed by the
electron

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Pe is measured using the
lowest energy window of the

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density tool
Pe is related directly to the
number of electrons per atom,

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hence fixed for each element
The major use is Lithology

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identification

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The unit is barns/electron

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Neutron Porosity (NPHI) Log
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Neutrons are electrically neutral particles of
about the same mass as hydrogen atom,
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leave the source with high energy and

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slowed down from their initial fast state by
collisions with the formation nuclei each

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collision means some energy lost by the
neutron.

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The principle element involved in the
slowing down is Hydrogen, because neutrons
will lose most of the energy if collide with

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the nuclei which has the same mass.
The detectors measure the neutron

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population in the thermal region (low-med
energy), that is why this tool measures the

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Hydrogen Index of the formation.
Unit : (vol/vol) or (porosity unit = p.u)
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ApplicationWIRELINE
of NPHI Log
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LOG - NEUTRON

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1. The prime use is to
measure porosity

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2. Combine with the density
log, it gives the best

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possible answer for
lithology and porosity

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interpretation also gas
identification

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Sonic (DT) Log
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The transmitter creates a sonic pulse
and it goes out in all directions into
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the borehole mud, one of ray of sonic

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pulses is refracted into the formation
and travels downward, this ray is

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detected by the receivers and count
the travel time to get to each

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receivers.

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The travel time recorded on the log is
the time differences of the first

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acoustic wave arrival (compressional
wave) between the first and the

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second receivers.
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Uses of DT Log
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Basic uses :
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Measure porosity

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Lithology and gas identification

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Seismic tie in / time to depth conversion

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Advanced :
Mechanical properties

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Fracture identification

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Can You Define Oil or Gas?
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Reservoir 45