Cedera
„ Coup – Cedra dibawah area yg terkena
„ Contra coup- Sisi yg berlawanan dari area cedera, lbh parah daripada coup,
„ Semakin kecil area yg terkena – semakin parah krn kekuatan terkonsentrasi
COUP & CONTRA COUP
COUP
CONTRA COUP
CEDERA BATANG OTAK
„ Prognosisnya buruk krn fungsi vital dari batang otak
„ Kehilangan kesadaran, perubahan pupil, perubahan pd fungsi vital (resp)
CEDERA SEKUNDER – HEMATOMA
„ Hematoma - epidural, subdural, intracerebral
„ epidural – di atas lap. dura mater, fraktur tlg temporalis, arteri meningealis medial,
cedera = hilang kesadaran scr singkat, agitasi, kebingungan, meningkat ke koma
Epidural Hematoma
HIPERTENSI INTRAKRANIAL
„ Hipotesis Monroe Kellie
„ Cranium = Brain + Blood + CSF
„ Brain 80 % (tumor, edema, blood)
„ Blood 10% (temp elev., bleeding, map )
„ CSF 10 % (Lack reabsorption, villi clogged)
„ Mekanisme Kompensasi - CSF shift, CBF
decreased, brain tissue moves
Hipotesis Monroe Kellie
OTAK 80% DARAH 10%
TRAUMA KEPALA
Cedera Kepala Primer
Dokter
Neurologi
Perawat
Support Staf
pendukung
Cedera Kepala Sekunder
PENATALAKSANAAN KEPERAWATAN
Pengkajian Neurologi
Pengumpulan data dan riwayat pasien
data neurologi
cedera tulang belakang
Cedera lain
bagaimana cedera tsb terjadi
Pengkajian Tingkat kesadaran Scr reguler
G C S
run gambarannya :
9 disorientasi waktu
9 Perilaku / respon tdk tepat
9 Iritabel, gelisah
9 lethargi / respon berkurang
9 hanya mampu mengikuti perintah sederhana
9 mampu berespon terhadap nama
9 menghindar / menarik jk nyeri : adduksi -- ekortikasi
–deserebrasi
9 Tidak berespon
Pengkajian respon verbal
¾ ORIENTASI
¾ MEMORI
Pengkajian respon perintah
Observasi respon pupil
Tes fungsi motorik
Monitor tanda vital reguler
Cheyne stoke, Chusing’s respon, hipertermi, hipovolemik, hipertensi
pernafasan irreguler , dll.
Pertahankan AIRWAY
Cegah HIPERCAPNIA, HIPOKSIA
• Intubasi , suctioning, oksigenasi
Mon Pernafasan, AGD
Drainase vena
• Posisi kepala 30 derajat, midline, tdk deviasi
• Hindari pronasi
• Hindari sharp neck, hip fleksi
Jeda waktu u/ tindakan kep. TIK jarak waktu antara 15 menit
Cegah overload / dehidrasi
¾ u/o, balance cairan, d/c
¾ Monitor elektrolit ( Na, K, Cl ) Osmolalitas
¾ Restriksi / resusitasi cairan
¾ K/p CVP
CPP = MAP – ICP
Hindari valsava manuver , aktivitas
Cegah cedera
Nutrisi Enteral
Support keluarga dan pasien
Kolaboratif
Perawatan rutin dan pendukung
• Mata
• Alat gerak
• ET
• Daerah yang tertekan
• Hygiene, dll
• Terapi hipotermi ( 32-34 derajat )
Case
„ 22 year old male motorcycle accident, Found on his side, no injuries seen
„ Unresponsive to deep pain, Strong radial pulse, Fast deep respiration's
„ Pupils constricted, unresponsive, „ Pulse 50, BP 150/palp, resp. 30 deep
Case
„ On paramedic arrival the following is noted:
…Bilateral flexion when stimulated
…Pupils is unequal, > on the left
…Remains unresponsive
…Pulse 50
… BP 210/120
… Respiration's 36 deep
WHAT’S HAPPENING
Case
„ Field Treatment
… Position flat, spine immobilization
… Hyperventilation with 100% oxygen
… IV
… Onscene time 9 minutes
Case
„ Trauma Center
… Unresponsive
… Unequal pupil, > on left
… Chest: normal
… Abdomen: normal
… Pulse 44
… BP 260/140
… Respiration's 40, deep
Case
„ Trauma Center
… X-ray
„ Spine: normal
„ Skull: right linear fracture
„ CT: right epidural hematoma, with midline shift
Case
„ Due to critical nature of patient’s condition it was decided to do a
burr hole right Temporal area
„ Patient almost immediately became combative
„ Decreased posturing, Pules 88, BP 182/58, Respiration’s 20
Case
„ Patient tolerated surgery well
„ ICP monitored
„ Placed in medicated coma
„ Woke up one week later, opened eyes
„ Never communicated
„ Transferred to rehabilitation unit
„ Never regained any additional function
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