DAFTAR ISI

BAB I STOIKIOMETRI

1.1 BEBERAPA HUKUM REAKSI KIMIA ............................................... 1

1.1.1 Hukum Kekekalan Massa ............................................................. 2
1.1.2 Hukum Perbandingan Tetap ......................................................... 2
1.1.3 Hukum Kelipatan Perbandingan ................................................... 4
1.1.4 Hukum Perbandingan Timbal Balik ............................................. 5
1.1.5 Hukum Perbandingan Setara ........................................................ 6
1.1.6 Hukum Penyatuan Volume .......................................................... 7
1.1.7 Hukum Avogadro ......................................................................... 8
1.2 TEORI ATOM DALTON ....................................................................... 9
1.2.1 Teori Atom Dalton dan Pengetahuan Masa Kini ......................... 10
1.3 MASSA ATOM RELATIF ..................................................................... 10
1.3.1 Penentuan Massa Atom Relatif ..................................................... 11
1.4 MASSA MOLEKUL RELATIF, MASSA RUMUS RELATIF,
MASSA MOLAR .................................................................................... 14
1.5 KONSEP MOL ....................................................................................... 15
1.5.1 Penerapan Konsep Mol Pada Gas ................................................ 15
1.5.2 Penerapan Konsep Mol Pada Larutan .......................................... 16
1.6 PERSEN KOMPOSISI ........................................................................... 17
1.7 RUMUS SENYAWA .............................................................................. 17
1.7.1 Rumus Empiris .............................................................................. 17
1.7.2 Rumus Molekul ............................................................................. 18
1.8 REAKSI KIMIA .................................................................................... 20
1.8.1 Arti Persamaan Reaksi ................................................................. 20
1.8.2 Macam Reaksi Kimia ................................................................... 20
1.8.3 Penyetaraan Persamaan Reaksi .................................................... 21
1.8.4 Bilangan Oksidasi ........................................................................ 21
1.8.5 Penyetaraan Reaksi Redoks ......................................................... 23
1.8.6 Ekivalen ........................................................................................ 25

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BAB II SISTEM PERIODIK UNSUR-UNSUR

2.1 BEBERAPA SIFAT PERIODIK UNSUR .............................................. 31

2.1.1 Jari-Jari Atom ...................................................................... ......... 31
2.1.2 Energi Ionisasi............................................................................... . 32
2.1.3 Afinitas Elektron ........................................................ ................... 33
2.1.4 Keelektronegatifan...................................................................... ... 34

BAB III KOMPOSISI UDARA, PENGANGKUTAN O2, DAN AIR

3.1 KOMPOSISI UDARA ........................................................................... 35

3.2 PENGANGKUTAN CO2............................................................. ........... 39
3.2.1 Pembentukan Asam Karbonat dan Bikarbonat ............................. 39
3.2.2 Pertukaran Gas O2 dan CO2 .......................................................... 39
3.3 STRUKTUR MOLEKUL AIR ............................................................... 40
3.4 STRUKTUR MAKROMOLEKUL AIR ................................................ 41
3.5 IKATAN HIDROGEN ............................................................................ 41
3.6 DISOSIASI AIR ...................................................................................... 42
3.7 PENGERTIAN pH .................................................................................. 44
3.8 KESEIMBANGAN PROTONIK GUGUS FUNGSIONAL
YANG MERUPAKAN ASAM ATAU BASA LEMAH ....................... 46
3.8.1 Sifat Disosiasi dan Kekuatan Asam .............................................. 46
3.8.2 Pengaruh Induksi Gugus-Gugus Yang Berdekatan
Pada Kekuatan Asam ................................................................... 48
3.9 PERSAMAAN HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH ................................. 50
3.10 DAPAR DAN KERJA DAPAR ............................................................ 51

BAB IV OKSIDASI-REDUKSI

4.1 REAKSI OKSIDASI-REDUKSI ........................................................... 53

4.2 KEADAAN OKSIDASI............................................................. ............ 53
4.3 NOTASI ION UNTUK PERSAMAAN REAKSI .................................. 55
4.4 MENYEIMBANGKAN PERSAMAAN OKSIDASI-REDUKSI .......... 56
4.4.1 Metode Ion-Elektron ...................................................................... 56

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 4.4.2 Metode Keadaan-Oksidasi ............................................................. 57
4.5 PERBANDINGAN ANTARA KEDUA METODE
PENYEIMBANGAN ............................................................................. 65
4.6 STOIKIOMETRI DALAM OKSIDASI-REDUKSI .............................. 65

BAB V LARUTAN, KONSENTRASI DAN KARBOHIDRAT

5.1 LARUTAN DAN KONSENTRASI ..................................................... 68

5.2 KONSENTRASI ZAT TERLARUT ...................................................... 68
5.2.1 Persen Konsentrasi ........................................................................ 69
5.2.2 Fraksi Mol ..................................................................................... 70
5.2.3 Kemolaran ..................................................................................... 71
5.2.4 Keformalan .................................................................................... 72
5.2.5 Kenormalan ................................................................................... 72
5.2.6 Parts Per Million ............................................................................ 73
5.2.7 Keosmolaran .................................................................................. 73
5.3 TAMBAHAN CONTOH SOAL ............................................................. 74
5.4 PENGERTIAN KARBOHIDRAT .......................................................... 76
5.5 PENGGOLONGAN KARBOHIDRAT .................................................. 77
5.5.1 Karbohidrat Sederhana .................................................................. 77
5.5.1.1 Monosakarida ................................................................... 77
5.5.1.2 Disakarida ......................................................................... 78
5.5.1.3 Gula Alkohol .................................................................... 79
5.5.1.4 Oligosakarida ................................................................... 79
5.5.2 Karbohidrat Kompleks .................................................................. 80
5.5.2.1 Polisakarida ...................................................................... 80
5.5.2.2 Polisakarida Nonpati/Serat ............................................... 82
5.5.2.3 Polisakarida Lain .............................................................. 83
5.6 PENCERNAAN ...................................................................................... 83
5.6.1 Mulut ............................................................................................. 84
5.6.2 Usus Halus ..................................................................................... 84
5.6.3 Usus Besar ..................................................................................... 84
5.6.4 Ketidaktahanan Terhadap Laktosa ................................................ 84

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 5.6.5 Sekilas Metabolisme Karbohidrat ................................................. 85
5.6.6 Menyimpan Glukosa Dalam Bentuk Glikogen ............................. 85
5.6.7 Penggunaan Glukosa Dalam Bentuk Energi .................................. 85
5.6.8 Perubahan Glukosa Menjadi Lemak .............................................. 85
5.6.9 Gula Darah .................................................................................... 86
5.7 KARBOHIDRAT DALAM MAKANAN .............................................. 86
5.7.1 Fungsi Karbohidrat ........................................................................ 87
5.7.1.1 Sumber Energi ................................................................... 87
5.7.1.2 Pemberi Rasa Manis Pada Makanan ................................. 87
5.7.1.3 Penghemat Protein............................................................. 87
5.7.1.4 Mengatur Metabolisme Lemak ........................................ 87
5.7.1.5 Membantu Pengeluaran Feses ........................................... 87
5.7.2 Kebutuhan Sehari-hari ................................................................... 88
5.7.3 Sumber Karbohidrat ...................................................................... 88
5.7.4 Kandungan Serat Bahan Makanan ................................................ 89

BAB VI PROTEIN DAN METABOLISME

6.1 PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 91

6.2 PEMBAGIAN PROTEIN ....................................................................... 92
6.2.1 Pembagian Protein Menurut Komposisi ....................................... 93
6.2.1.1 Protein Sederhana .............................................................. 93
6.2.1.2 Protein Terkonjugasi ......................................................... 94
6.2.2 Pembagian Protein Menurut Fungsi .............................................. 95
6.3 PROTEIN TURUNAN .......................................................................... 95
6.4 SIFAT UMUM PROTEIN ..................................................................... 95
6.4.1 Membentuk Koloid ....................................................................... 95
6.4.2 Pengendapan ................................................................................. 95
6.4.3 Pembentukan Warna ...................................................................... 96
6.5 ASAM AMINO ...................................................................................... 97
6.6 SIFAT UMUM ASAM AMINO ............................................................ 99
6.6.1 Konfigurasi .................................................................................... 99
6.6.2 Struktur Ion Dwikutub .................................................................. 101

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 6.7 METABOLISME .................................................................................. 104
6.7.1 Anabolisme .................................................................................... 104
6.7.2 Katabolisme ................................................................................... 105
6.8 METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT ..................................................... 105
6.9 METABOLISME ASAM AMINO ........................................................ 107
6.9.1 Transaminasi ................................................................................. 107
6.9.2 Deaminasi Oksidatif ....................................................................... 109
6.9.3 Dekarboksilasi ............................................................................... 110
6.10 PENYIMPANAN NITROGEN ............................................................. 111
6.11 EKSKRESI NITROGEN-SIKLUS UREA ............................................. 112

BAB VII ENZIM

7.1 ENZIM DAN KEKHASANNYA .......................................................... 115

7.2 KLASIFIKASI ENZIM ........................................................................... 117
7.3 PENGARUH KADAR ENZIM DAN SUBSTRAT ............................... 119
7.4 PENGARUH SUHU ............................................................................... 123
7.5 PENGARUH pH ..................................................................................... 124
7.6 PENGARUH INHIBITOR ..................................................................... 125
7.6.1 Inhibitor Kompetisi ....................................................................... 125
7.6.2 Inhibitor Non Kompetisi ................................................................ 126
7.7 MENENTUKAN MACAM INHIBITOR ............................................. 127
7.8 ENZIM DAN ENERGI AKTIVASI ...................................................... 128
7.9 KOFAKTOR ENZIM ............................................................................. 129