DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................... i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................... ii
INTISARI ......................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ v
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................... xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................... 3
1.5 Keaslian Penelitian .................................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................ 5

2.1 Inflamasi ................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Definisi ............................................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Klasifikasi ........................................................................................ 5
2.1.2.1 Inflamasi Akut ...................................................................... 5
2.1.2.2 Inflamasi Kronik .................................................................. 8
2.1.3 Peran Jalur Nf-κβ dalam Proses Inflamasi ....................................... 10
2.1.4 Peran Radikal Bebas dalam Proses Inflamasi .................................. 11
2.2 Neutrofil .................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Astaxanthin ............................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Definisi ............................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Struktur ............................................................................................ 14
2.3.3 Metabolisme ..................................................................................... 15
2.3.4 Mekanisme sebagai Antioksidan dan Antiinflamasi ........................ 16
2.4 Ekstrak Kulit Manggis .............................................................................. 17
2.5 Celecoxib .................................................................................................. 19
2.5.1 Definisi ............................................................................................. 19
2.5.2 Struktur ............................................................................................ 19
2.5.3 Farmakokinetik ................................................................................ 19

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 2.5.4 Indikasi Pemberian ........................................................................... 20
2.6 Karagenin .................................................................................................. 20
2.7 Tikus Putih Galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) .......................................... 21
2.8 Apusan Darah Tepi .................................................................................... 22
2.8.1 Cara Pembuatan ............................................................................... 22
2.8.2 Cara Pewarnaan ............................................................................... 23
2.9 Kerangka Teori .......................................................................................... 25
2.10 Kerangka Konsep ...................................................................................... 26
2.11 Hipotesis ................................................................................................... 26

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Rancangan Penelitian ................................................................................ 27
3.1.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................. 27
3.1.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................... 27
3.2 Subjek Penelitian ...................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 Sampel .............................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 Besar sampel .................................................................................... 27
3.2.3 Cara Pengambilan Sampel ............................................................... 28
3.2.3.1 Kriteria Inklusi ..................................................................... 28
3.2.3.2 Kriteria Eksklusi .................................................................. 28
3.3 Variabel Penelitian .................................................................................... 28
3.3.1 Variabel Bebas ................................................................................. 28
3.3.2 Variabel Terikat ................................................................................ 28
3.4 Definisi Operasional ................................................................................. 29
3.5 Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................. 29
3.5.1 Alat ................................................................................................... 29
3.5.2 Bahan ............................................................................................... 29
3.6 Tahap Penelitian ........................................................................................ 30
3.6.1 Pembagian Kelompok Sampel ......................................................... 30
3.6.2 Penetapan Dosis dan Pembuatan Suspensi ...................................... 30
3.6.3 Cara Kerja ........................................................................................ 32
3.7 Rancangan Analisis Data .......................................................................... 34
3.7.1 Analisis Deskriptif ........................................................................... 34
3.7.2 Analisis Inferensial .......................................................................... 34
3.8 Etika Penelitian ......................................................................................... 34
3.9 Tabel .......................................................................................................... 35
3.10 Alur Penelitian .......................................................................................... 36

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................ 36

4.1 Hasil .......................................................................................................... 36
4.1.1. Perbedaan Efek Antiinflamasi Antar Waktu Perlakuan ………… 36
4.1.2 Perbedaan Efek Antiinflamasi Antar Kelompok Perlakuan ............ 40
4.2 Pembahasan .............................................................................................. 42
4.3 Keterbatasan Penelitian ............................................................................ 45

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BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................. 46
5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................... 46
5.2 Saran ......................................................................................................... 46

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 47

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Keaslian Penelitian ............................................................................. 4

Tabel 3.1 Rencana Waktu Penelitian .................................................................. 27
Tabel 3.2 Definisi Operasional .......................................................................... 29
Tabel 3.3 Konversi Perhitungan Dosis ............................................................... 34

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Manifestasi Lokal Utama pada Inflamasi Akut .............................. 6

Gambar 2.2 Berbagai Kejadian pada Resolusi Inflamasi yang Komplet ........... 9
Gambar 2.3 Interaksi Limfosit-Makrofag pada Inflamasi Kronik ..................... 10
Gambar 2.4 Jalur Nf-κβ Kanonik dan Alternatif ............................................... 11
Gambar 2.5 Neutrofil ......................................................................................... 14
Gambar 2.6 Struktur Molekul Astaxanthin ........................................................ 15
Gambar 2.7 Inti Xanton dengan Nomor Karbon IUPAC ................................... 18
Gambar 2.8 Struktur Kimia Celecoxib .............................................................. 19
Gambar 2.9 Tikus Putih Galur Wistar ................................................................ 22
Gambar 2.10 Pembuatan Apus Darah Tepi ........................................................ 23
Gambar 2.11 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................. 25
Gambar 2.12 Kerangka Konsep ......................................................................... 26
Gambar 3.1 Pola Pengamatan Hitung Jenis Neutrofil ....................................... 33
Gambar 3.2 Alur Penelitian ................................................................................ 35
Gambar 4.1 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Kontrol Negatif ................. 36
Gambar 4.2 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Dosis 1 ............................... 37
Gambar 4.3 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Dosis 2 ............................... 38
Gambar 4.4 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Dosis 3 ............................... 39
Gambar 4.5 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Kontrol Positif ................... 39
Gambar 4.6 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Jam Ke-8 ........................... 41
Gambar 4.7 Rerata Jumlah Hitung Jenis Neutrofil Jam Ke-12 ......................... 42

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Surat Kaji Etik Penelitian .............................................................. 55

Lampiran 2. Sertifikat Hewan Uji ...................................................................... 56
Lampiran 3. Analisis Laboratorium Ekstrak Kulit Manggis .............................. 57
Lampiran 4. Dokumentasi Perlakuan ................................................................. 58
Lampiran 5. Hasil Uji Statistik .......................................................................... 60