‘THEORY OF STRUCTURES Copyright © 1965 by McGraw-Hill In _AURights Reserved. Copyright 1045 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Printed in the United Scaes of America, This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission ofthe publishers. Library of Congress Catleg Card Nuraer 64-2981 ea08 Preface “This second edition of “Theory of Structures,” like the first, is intended primarily as a textbook for undergraduate and first-year graduate courses in structural analysis for civil engineers. To serve this purpose, every effort has been made to maintain a close connection between the methods that are developed for the analysis of various types of structures and the findamencal principles of mechanics on which they are based. It is only through a sound understanding of these principles that the engineer ean successfully adapt his methods of analysis to the ever-changing problems that will confront him in this modern era ‘The book may be roughly divided into two parts: the first part dealing with statically determinate structures, and the second part dealing with sta- tically indeterminate structures. On this plan, che first four chapters deal successively with a review of statics (primarily graphic statics), statically determinate plane trusses, influence lines for beams and trusses, and statically Aererminate space trusses. Following this, Chapters $ and 6 treat the funda- ‘mental theorems relating to elastic systems and thei applications to the cal- calation of deflections of beams and trusses. Inturn, there are chapters dealing with the analysis of statically indeterminate trusses, arches, and frames. “The final chapters are devoted ro an introduction to matrix methods in struc- tral analysis, che analysis of stiffened suspension bridges, and an intcoduetion to the dynamics of structures The first seven chapters in this second edition of “Theory of Structures” remain essentially the same as in the first edition, Chapters 8 and 9, dealing With arches and frames, have been completely rewritten. ‘The present treat- ‘ment of arches has been simplified by basing ie on the theorem of least work and using the concept of elastic center. Several articles on the analysis of Portal-type frames, using the clastic-center concept, have also been added In rewriting the chaprer on the uses of slopeieflection equations in the analysis ‘of continuous beams and frames, we have extended the treatment to include systems with nonprismatie members and have included many examples of this kind” PREFACE Since the first appearance ofthis book (1945), two new aspeets of structural analysis have become very important, namely, the use of matrix methods of formulating problems and the analysis of structures under dynamic loading ‘These are both very extensive subjcets, and a number of complete books on ‘each are now available, Chapters 10 and 12 here are intended only as intro- ductions to these topics, but we hope that they will encourage the reader to continue his studies in these directions. In the preparation of the first edition of this book, the senior author's Russian book “Theory of Structures” (Leningrad, 1926) was extensively used. Acknowledgment is also due to Octo Mohr’s “Abhandlugen aus dem Gebiere der teebnischen Mechanik” and to H, Miiller-Breslau's “Die graph- ische Statik der Baukonstruktionen.”” ‘The authors also wish to give special thanks to Mr. P. Rabcevich of New York City for the use of a number of ‘examples and problems appearing in Chapters § and 9 and to Miss Rose Marie Stampfel and Miss Marcha Lee Young for their careful typing of the ‘new portions of the manuscript. S. P. Timashenko D. H. Young ra 12 13 14 1s 16 7 1s 19 1.10 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 32 Contents Prefce v chopter 1 ELEMENTS OF PLANE STATICS 1 CONCURRENT FORCES IN A PLANE I THREE FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM 5 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM — 10 INTERNAL vorces If FUNICULAR POLYGON 19 APPLICATIONS OF THE FUNICULAR POLYGON 24 FONICULAR CURVES FOR DISTRIBUTED FoRcE 29 FLEXIBLE SUSPENSION CABLES 33 GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION OF DENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAMS 39 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS 4 ‘chapter? STATICALLY DETERMINATE PLANE TRUSSES 52 srmpce misses 52 REACTIONS 57 MerHop or jorvrs 62 MAXWELL DIAGRAMS 65 METHOD OF SECTIONS 70 ‘compounp TRUSSES 77 (GENERAL THEORY OF PLANE rRUSSES 85 COMPLEX TRUSSES: HENNERERG’S METHOD 92 METHOD OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS 98 chapter3 INFLUENCE LINES 105 MOVING LOADS AND IXFLUENCE LINES 10S INFLUENCE LINES FOR REAM REACTIONS 11233 34 3S 3.6 37 3.8 41 42 43 14 4s 46 47 57 6 62 63 64 65 INFLUENCE LINES FoR SHEARING FoRCE 119 INFLUENCE. LINES FOR BENDING MoMENT 127 ‘ormpens wrrit FLooR Beams 34 INFLUENCE LINES FoR THRER-HINGKD ance mins 40 INFLUENCE LINES FOR SIMPLE TAUSSES 47 INFLUENCE LINES TOR COMPOUND TRUSSES 194 chapter 4. STATICALLY DETERMINATE SPACE STRUCTURES 161 CONCURRENT FORCES IN SPACE I6T SIMPLE SPACE TRUSSES: METHOD OF Joss 169 STATICALLY DETERMINATE CONSTRAINT OF & niin nopy ww space. 176 COMPOUND SPACE TRUSSES: METHOD oF SECTIONS 183 GENERAL THEORY OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE. space vausses 188 ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SPACE TRUSSES 195 MENNERERG's METHOD — 205 chapter 5 GENERAL THEOREMS RELATING TO ELASTIC Sysrems "215, SIRAIN ENERGY IN TENSION, TORSION, AND BENDING 215 PRINCIPLE OF suPERPOSTION 2/97 STRAIN ENERGY IN GENERALIZED FORM 223 CcasriGiaNo's inst THEOREM — 229 CASTIGLIANO'S SECOND THEOREM 234 THEOREM OF LEasT WoRK — 247 ‘THR RECIPROCAL THROREM 247 chapter 6 DEFLECTION OF PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES 257 APPLICATIONS OF CASTIGLIANO'S THEOREM 257 MAXWELI-MOHR METHOD OF CALCULATING DEFLECTIONS — 263, (ORAPHICAL. DETERMINATION OF TRUSS DEFLECTIONS — 267, METHOD oF FicTITioUs Loaps 276 ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF FICTITIOUS Loaps 285 chapter7 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PIN-JOINTED TRUSSES 286 ‘GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS — 294 "TRUSSES WITH ONE REDUNDANT ELEMENT 297 73 74 1s 76 BL 32 83 8a 8S 86 87 38 39 8.10 9 92 93 94 9s 96 o7 98 99 9.10 10.1 10.2 103 104 10.5 106 {YRUSGHS WITH SEVERAL KEDUNDANT MEMIERS 303 INDETERMINATE TRUSSES 310 - INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TRUSSES 316 STATICALLY INDECHROUNATE seAcE sTAUCTORES 325 chapter 8 ARCHES AND FRAMES 332 rrnopuction 332 SYMMETRICAL TWO-HINGED ARCHES 335 SYMMETRICAL HINGELESS ARCHES 341 NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF REDUNDANT ELEMENTS 31 FONICULAR CURVE AS THE CENTER LINE OF AN ARCH 358 UNSYMMETRICAL ARCHES 371 FRAMES WITHOUT HINGES 387 FRAMES WITH HINGES 390. SUPPORT SETTLEMENT — 394 nines 398 chapter 9. CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAMES 402 SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS — #02 RAMS WITH VIXED ENDS — 408 CONTINUOUS mEAMS — 4/2 BEAMS OF VARIABLE CROSS SECTION 421 ‘CONTINUOUS BEAMS OF VARIABLE CROSS SECTION 431 SIMPLE FRAMES WETH PRISMATIC MEMBERS — 441 CONTINUOUS FRAMES WETH PRISMATIC MEMBERS — 451 MOMENT-DISTRUTION METHOD £60 ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FRAMES 469 FRAMES WITH NONPRISMATIC MEMBERS 475 chapter 10 MATRIX METHODS IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 40 FORCE AND DEFORMATION METHODS #80 BLEMENTS OF MATRIX ALGEBRA 484 APPLICATION OF MATRIX METHODS TO PLANE TRUSSES 491 MATRIX ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS RAMS — 500 (MATROX TREATMENT OF ANCHES AND FRAMES 510 MATRIX'ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS FRAMES — 516