What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation concerned with building 'things' -

generally, materials and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules. A nanometre is one-
billionth of a metre
Nanoteknologi adalah bidang penelitian dan inovasi yang berkaitan dengan membangun
'benda' - umumnya, bahan dan perangkat - pada skala atom dan molekul. Nanometer adalah
sepersejuta meter
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale
science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring,
modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.
Nanoteknologi adalah pemahaman dan kontrol materi pada dimensi sekitar 1 hingga 100
nanometer, di mana fenomena unik memungkinkan aplikasi baru. Meliputi ilmu nano, teknik
dan teknologi, nanoteknologi melibatkan pencitraan, pengukuran, pemodelan, dan
memanipulasi materi pada skala panjang ini.
History of Nano
The ideas and concepts nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room
at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the
California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term
nanotechnology was used. In his talk, Feynman described a process in which scientists would
be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. Over a decade later, in his
explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term
nanotechnology. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling
microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology
Gagasan dan konsep di balik nanoscience dan nanoteknologi dimulai dengan ceramah
berjudul "Ada Banyak Ruang di Bawah" oleh fisikawan Richard Feynman pada pertemuan
American Physical Society di California Institute of Technology (CalTech) pada 29
Desember 1959, jauh sebelum Istilah nanoteknologi digunakan. Dalam ceramahnya,
Feynman menggambarkan suatu proses di mana para ilmuwan akan dapat memanipulasi dan
mengendalikan atom dan molekul individu. Lebih dari satu dekade kemudian, dalam
eksplorasi permesinan ultraprecision, Profesor Norio Taniguchi menciptakan istilah
nanoteknologi. Tidak sampai tahun 1981, dengan perkembangan pemindaian tunneling
microscope yang dapat "melihat" atom individu, nanoteknologi modern
Approaches in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnologists have offered two approaches for fabricating materials or manipulating
devices using nanotechnology: these methods can be classified as top down and bottom up
methods
Top down: In top down approach nano objects and materials are created by larger entities
without bouncing its atomic reactions usually top down approach is practiced less as
compared to the bottom up approach
Top-down: Dalam pendekatan top-down, objek dan bahan nano dibuat oleh entitas yang lebih
besar tanpa memantulkan reaksi atomnya. Biasanya pendekatan top-down lebih sedikit
dilakukan dibandingkan dengan pendekatan dari bawah ke atas.
Bottom up: In the bottom up approach different materials and devices are constructed from
molecular components of their own. They chemically assemble themselves by recognizing
the molecules of their own breed.
Bawah ke atas: Dalam pendekatan bawah ke atas berbagai bahan dan perangkat dibuat dari
komponen molekulnya sendiri. Secara kimiawi mereka menyusun diri dengan mengenali
molekul-molekul dari keturunan mereka sendiri.
Top-down and bottom-up methods are two types of approaches used in nanofabrication. The
bottom-up approach is more advantageous than the top-down approach because the former
has a better chance of producing nanostructures with less defects, more homogenous
chemical composition, and better short- and long-range ordering.
A bottom up synthesis method implies that the nanostructures are synthesized onto the
substrate by stacking atoms onto each other, which gives rise to crystal planes, crystal planes
further stack onto each other, resulting in the synthesis of the nanostructures. A bottom-up
approach can thus be viewed as an synthesis approach where the building blocks are added
onto the substrate to form the nanostructures.
A top down synthesis method implies that the nanostructures are synthesized by etching out
crystals planes (removing crystal planes) which are already present on the substrate. A top-
down approach can thus be viewed as an approach where the building blocks are removed
from the substrate to form the nanostructure.
Applications of nano
 Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
 Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
 Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the body and release
drug doses on a predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.
 Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
 They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumour.
 Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
 Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
 Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
 Berikan opsi baru untuk pemberian obat dan terapi obat.
 Memungkinkan obat dikirimkan ke lokasi yang tepat di dalam tubuh dan melepaskan dosis
obat pada jadwal yang telah ditentukan untuk perawatan yang optimal.
 Pasang obat ke pembawa nanosized.
 Mereka menjadi terlokalisasi di lokasi penyakit, yaitu tumor kanker.
 Kemudian mereka mengeluarkan obat yang membunuh tumor.
 Perawatan saat ini adalah melalui radioterapi atau kemoterapi.
 Nanobot dapat membersihkan penyumbatan di arteri.
 Nanotechnology in Fabrics
 The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve performance.
 For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain repellent
clothing using nano- sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the
surface.
  In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
 Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.
• Sifat-sifat bahan yang akrab sedang diubah oleh produsen yang menambahkan komponen
berukuran nano ke bahan konvensional untuk meningkatkan kinerja.
• Sebagai contoh, beberapa produsen pakaian membuat air dan pakaian anti noda
menggunakan kumis berukuran nano pada kain yang menyebabkan air menjadi manik-manik
di permukaan.
• Dalam pembuatan jaket anti peluru.
• Membuat kain anti bakteri & antibakteri yang tahan tumpahan & kotoran.
 Nanotechnology in Electronics
 Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well
as thinner than current flat panel displays.
 Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
 The transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembled on glass or thin films
of flexible plastic.
 E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields.
• Elektroda yang terbuat dari kawat nano memungkinkan tampilan panel datar menjadi
fleksibel serta lebih tipis daripada tampilan panel datar saat ini.
• Nanolithografi digunakan untuk pembuatan chip.
• Transistor terbuat dari kawat nano, yang dipasang pada kaca atau film tipis dari plastik
fleksibel.
• E-paper, tampilan pada kacamata hitam dan peta pada kaca depan mobil.