CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Didunia sekarang ini dunia yang dahulunya kaya akan sumber daya
sudah tidak sekaya dulu lagi bumi kita ini semakin hari semakin lelah
dikuras sumber dayanya , semakin banyak manusia dan semakin tinggi pula
permintaan masyarakat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya oleh karena
kebutuhan hidup mereka tinggi mereka selalu menguras sumber daya dibumi
tanpa belas kasihan . tanpa mengenal waktu dari pagi siang malam mereka
menguras energy yang ada diperut bumi. Jika berlangsung terus menerus
tanpa adanya usaha dan kesadaran masyarakat dalam menjaga bumi bukan
tidak mungkin sumber daya dibumi akan habis.
Layaknya sumber daya yang lain gas juga sangat pentig dalam
kehidupan manusa saat ini tanpa adanya gas manusia tidak dapat memasak
untuk makan, seiring perkembangan saman manusia terus menguras sumber
daya ini tanpa hentinya mereka memakai dan tidak mencoba melestarikan
bila bumi ini dapat berbicara bumi kita akan menangis merintih, serta
memohon untuk dikasihani, namun saying bumi ini tetap diam meski
manusia tanpa sadar menghabisi msemua sumber daya yang ada tanpa henti
dan rasa bersalah.
Menurut yusminah hala dan alimuddin ali. 2017. Biogas adalah gas
yang dihasilkan dari penguraian bahan-bahan organic oleh mikroorganisme
pada kondisi langka oksigen(anaerob). Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut kita
dapat meyelamatkan sumber daya yang ada dibumi dengan cara beristirahat
dalam mengembil maupun menguras energi yang ada diperut bumi dengan
demikian sumber daya tidak akan habis, kita bisa memanfaatkan kotoran
binatang dan tumbuhan yang banyak ditemukan seperti Euchornia
 crasippers yang banyak ditemukan dan hanya menjadi sampah dari pada
hanya didiamkan seperti itu akan lebih baik bila kita mengolahnya hingga
terbentuk suatu energi terbarukan yang bisa kita gunakan yaitu biogas
sederhana dengan begitu lingkungan kita menjadi bersih dan sumber daya
juga tidak habis ibarat kata satu lemparan dua sekaligus kena .
Oleh karena itu penting bagi kita semua untuk melakukan percobaan
untuk mengetahui secara detail bagaimana cara membuat biogas sederhana
dengan menggunakan kotoran binatang serta tambahan eceng gondok.

B. Purpose
1. To know how to make a simple biogas
2. To know how to make biogas an innovation in renewable of energy
source
C. Benefit
1. We can know how to make a simple biogas by Eicchornia crassipes
and feses of animal.
2. We can know how to make biogas become an innovation in renewable
of energy source.
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Biogas purification is the most important process to increase the quality of biogas. This research
was introduced a continuous system of biogas purification from CO 2 impurity using zeolite and
NaOH solution. The granular zeolites were varied from 1 to 5 layers on solid purifier. The NaOH
solution was varied from 10% to 50 % based on concentration. Contact time of biogas with
zeolite and NaOH solution were observed on interval of 15 minutes. The results showed that the
ability of NaOH solution to absorb of CO2 is faster than zeolite. On the initial minutes, NaOH
solution on the some concentration absorbed the CO2 until less than 10% of volume CO2 in
biogas. furthermore, the five layers of zeolites able to adsorb the CO 2 until the 21.3% of volume
CO2 in biogas on 60 minutes. For a similiar condition, CH4 levels increased to be 74.7% and
92.4% for zeolite and NaOH solution, respectively (Widhianuriawan, sugiarto. 2014).
Energy is a complex system; hence, energy-production and energy-conversionrequire
systemic thinking, for which firstly a change of aspect is necessary. The primary view-point is to
satisfy the energy demands with the lowest possible stress on the environment. Furthermore,
ecological thinking should prevail increasingly during the planning and operating of the different
kinds of technical equipment and facilities .It can be determined that the biomass-based energy
system can mean the necessary transformation of the energy structure. Researchers of several
domestic and foreign universities and research institutes have specialized in the feasibility of
biogas production from different kinds of biomass. Braun examined the types and degradation
features of basic material, while Llabrés and Müller et al. and Borbély examined the anaerobe
degradation of different kinds of substrates based on liquid pig manure and examined the output-
increasing effect of pre-treatment processes and the kinetics of cellulose. Gunaseelan, Lehtomäki
et al, Mata et al and Panichnumsin et al studied the fermentation of manures and different kinds
of plant additives. In their experiments, the positive synergistic effects created the possibility of
higher methane productivity. They established that the top of sugar-beet doping causes higher
hydrogen-sulphide content in biogas and that increasing the ratio of additives causes a decrease
methane productivity. Houdková et al built a laboratory fermentation unit for the experimental
determination of biogas production .Kalyuzhnyi et al studied the integrated mechanical,
biological and physical-chemical treatment of liquid pig manure. He created a mathematical
model of anaerobe decomposition and revealed and described the principal controller factors
with numerical experiments. Meanwhile Misra also emphasizes the elaboration of a practical
model for empirical validation (Meggyes Atilla, Valeria. 2012).
The ability of CO2 absorbsion was influenced by layers number of zeolite purification
system and the concentration of NaOH solution for NaOH purification system. Biogas is a fuel
obtained from methanogenic bacteria activity that decomposes organic wastes such as livestock
manure in the digester. Utilization of organic wastes as raw materials of biogas would provide
benefits in renewable energy source, cheap, and environmentally friendly. For futher application
of biogas such as combustion engine and storage are needed a purification process to remove
CO2 and impurities on biogas. The CO2 causes the biogas has acidic and corrosive in the storage
process.the utilization of inexpensive materials and environmental friendly such as active carbon
and other materials as zeolite for biogas purification process to be important because it will be
easy to apply to farmers or cattle breeder. The natural zeolite has been done on O 2 separation
process from the air and purification of N2O from air, separation process of pure gases. The
mixture of zeolite, bentonite and kaolin in the pellet form increase of CH 4 on biogas . In addition
to absorbing CO2, chabazit contained in natural zeolites are also able to absorb the H 2S The
ability of the zeolite to absorb CO 2 can be improved by heat treatment implemented to zeolites
Besides zeolite, NaOH solution which is generated from textile waste can be used to absorb CO 2
from coal gas boiler. This research will be assessed on the use of zeolite and NaOH solution as a
binder of CO2 in the continuously system of biogas purification (Widhianuriawan, sugiarto.
2014).
Biotechnology can be applied at a number of points in the chain that stretches from
primary production to the product for sale. However, whether it is a cocktail of enzymes
designed to clear out blocked drains, or an elegant modification of an enzyme system to change
the colour of peonies, there is always an application in view. There is always an outcome, be it a
service or a product, which must meet someone’s needs. Without this end point it is not
technology. It could well be said that many of the techniques and discoveries we shall be
describing in this book were not developed with any particular application in view. This is true,
and there are also numerous studies which have not yet found an application, and which we will
not be considering. The arguments for and against doing research without a product in mind, on
the grounds that virtually all research in this field will one day find some application somewhere,
will no doubt rage on for many years. In this account, we are concerned only with projects that
do have something that will eventually be offered for sale as an outcome. This does not mean,
however, that we have restricted ourselves to examples where the product or process is well
established. In many cases, it is not certain that the proposed piece of biotechnology will be a
commercial success. The field has not been developing for long enough to know what the
chances of success are. We know, for example that only about one-third of the new products that
appear on supermarket shelves actually succeed. The success rate for biotechnology products
appears to be quite high, although there have been one or two spectacular failures amongst
products that actually reached the market. There have certainly been many more that never quite
made it that far, and were seen to have little chance before testing the public propensity to buy
(Harding Stephen, Et.Al. 2017).
The world has over 50,000 edible plant Species but just 15 crops contribute 90% of
the world’s food energy intake, with three cereals, rice, maize and wheat, making up two-thirds
of this (FAO, 1995). Ranked on the basis of harvested mass, the top five cereals in the world are
maize (corn), rice, wheat, barley and sorghum. However, the commercial application of
biotechnology over these five species is heavily skewed. Only in maize are there genetically
engineered varieties currently marketed to growers. There is plenty of applied research and field
testing in the other crops, and this introduction, along with the other chapters in this book,
analyse the current status and future role of biotechnology in applied research and development
of improved varieties for these key five cereal species. A cereal is a domesticated grass (a
monocotyledonous angiosperm in the family Poaceae (also known as Gramineae)) grown for its
small, edible seed. Cereal grains have been a significant component of human diet for thousands
of years and have played a major role in shaping human civilization. All cereals have a starchy
endosperm, an embryo/germ and various bran and husk layers. Cereals are eaten by humans and
animals as whole grains or milled into various fractions, processed and cooked to produce a wide
range of food products. They are a major source of starch and other carbohydrates but also
provide significant protein, micronutrients, minerals and fibre (schmid rolf D. 2016).
General. Viruses that attack bacteria are termed bacteriophages or simply phages. Their
taxonomy is determined by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV. Phages
occur everywhere in nature, and are abundant in metagenomic analyses of water samples (→74).
As there are historic reports of healing by “holy waters,” they have been widely studied for the
treatment of bacterial infections but results are equivocal. Fermentation processes, e. g., starter
culture production (→114), are always endangered by phage infections. As a preventive
measure, attempts are usually made to select phage-resistant strains. Phages are useful in genetic
engineering, e. g., for the development of cloning vectors or promoters, for DNA sequencing,
and for the preparation of gene and protein libraries (→62, 64, 68). Since most cloning
experiments use E. coli, phages specific for this bacterium (λ-, M13-, Qβ-, Tphages) play a key
role (jones huw D. 2016).
The cow manure can be used for making fertilizer or biogas. The objective of this research is
to find the best combination of factors and levels, for improving the quality of biogas, which can be
used in the pasteurization process of milk production. A study case is done at a milk industry in the
Middle Java province. Design of experiment with Taguchi method was used to find the best
combination, for producing biogas with high methane percentage. The conclusion is made based on
the analysis of mean and variance (signal to noise ratio) of the experiment’s response. As a result, the
best combinations are the ratio of grass and maize plant is 1 : 0, without cutting process and they are
given twice in a day1); the composition of biogas’s making is 1 liter of water for 3 kilograms cow
manure2); the amount of bio starter is 6 milliliters for every 30 kilograms biogas dough 3); and the
food composition for a cow is 0,04 kilograms mineral, 0,03 kilograms sugar palm, 12 kilograms
bran, and 18 kilograms tofu dregs4) (aysia Debora anne. Et.al. 2012).
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHODOLOGY

A. Place and Date

Day/Date : Wednesday / March 7th 2018
Time : 12.30 – 14.10 pm
Place : Biology Department Backyard, State University of Makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Bottle
b. Pipe
c. Glue
d. Petrol Taps
e. Matches
f. Basin
g. Wood Rod
h. Tape
2. Materials
a. Eichornia crassipes (Water Hyliant)
b. Goat Faeces
c. Water

C. Work Procedures
 Bottle that have been Water Hyliant was cut into a The Water Hyliant was
organized was prepared little pieces crushed with the Goat
Faeces

The mixture was put inside After the bottle was full, The bottle was kept for 7
the bottle released the excess air inside days and observed
the bottle and close it using
the cover of the bottle and
tape
 CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

The bottle didn’t expand Flame Testing showing

after fermented for 7 days negative result

B. Discussion
Menurut yusminah hala dan alimuddin ali. 2017. Biogas adalah gas yang
dihasilkan dari penguraian bahan-bahan organic oleh mikroorganisme pada
kondisi langka oksigen(anaerob). Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut kita dapat
meyelamatkan sumber daya yang ada dibumi dengan cara beristirahat dalam
mengembil maupun menguras energi yang ada diperut bumi dengan demikian
sumber daya tidak akan habis, kita bisa memanfaatkan kotoran binatang dan
tumbuhan yang banyak ditemukan seperti Euchornia crasippers yang banyak
 ditemukan dan hanya menjadi sampah dari pada hanya didiamkan seperti itu akan
lebih baik bila kita mengolahnya hingga terbentuk suatu energi terbarukan yang
bisa kita gunakan yaitu biogas sederhana dengan begitu lingkungan kita menjadi
bersih dan sumber daya juga tidak habis ibarat kata satu lemparan dua sekaligus
kena .
Energy is a complex system; hence, energy-production and energy-conversionrequire
systemic thinking, for which firstly a change of aspect is necessary. The primary view-point is
to satisfy the energy demands with the lowest possible stress on the environment. Furthermore,
ecological thinking should prevail increasingly during the planning and operating of the
different kinds of technical equipment and facilities .It can be determined that the biomass-
based energy system can mean the necessary transformation of the energy structure.
Researchers of several domestic and foreign universities and research institutes have
specialized in the feasibility of biogas production from different kinds of biomass. Braun
examined the types and degradation features of basic material, while Llabrés and Müller et al.
and Borbély examined the anaerobe degradation of different kinds of substrates based on liquid
pig manure and examined the output-increasing effect of pre-treatment processes and the
kinetics of cellulose. Gunaseelan, Lehtomäki et al, Mata et al and Panichnumsin et al studied
the fermentation of manures and different kinds of plant additives. In their experiments, the
positive synergistic effects created the possibility of higher methane productivity. They
established that the top of sugar-beet doping causes higher hydrogen-sulphide content in biogas
and that increasing the ratio of additives causes a decrease methane productivity. Houdková et
al built a laboratory fermentation unit for the experimental determination of biogas
production .Kalyuzhnyi et al studied the integrated mechanical, biological and physical-
chemical treatment of liquid pig manure. He created a mathematical model of anaerobe
decomposition and revealed and described the principal controller factors with numerical
experiments. Meanwhile Misra also emphasizes the elaboration of a practical model for
empirical validation.

Biogas purification is the most important process to increase the quality of biogas. This
research was introduced a continuous system of biogas purification from CO 2 impurity using
zeolite and NaOH solution. The granular zeolites were varied from 1 to 5 layers on solid purifier.
The NaOH solution was varied from 10% to 50 % based on concentration. Contact time of
biogas with zeolite and NaOH solution were observed on interval of 15 minutes. The results
showed that the ability of NaOH solution to absorb of CO 2 is faster than zeolite. On the initial
minutes, NaOH solution on the some concentration absorbed the CO 2 until less than 10% of
volume CO2 in biogas. furthermore, the five layers of zeolites able to adsorb the CO 2 until the
21.3% of volume CO2 in biogas on 60 minutes. For a similiar condition, CH 4 levels increased to
be 74.7% and 92.4% for zeolite and NaOH solution, respectively. The ability of CO 2 absorbsion
was influenced by layers number of zeolite purification system and the concentration of NaOH
solution for NaOH purification system. Biogas is a fuel obtained from methanogenic bacteria
activity that decomposes organic wastes such as livestock manure in the digester. Utilization of
organic wastes as raw materials of biogas would provide benefits in renewable energy source,
cheap, and environmentally friendly. For futher application of biogas such as combustion engine
and storage are needed a purification process to remove CO2 and impurities on biogas. The CO2
causes the biogas has acidic and corrosive in the storage process.the utilization of inexpensive
materials and environmental friendly such as active carbon and other materials as zeolite for
biogas purification process to be important because it will be easy to apply to farmers or cattle
breeder. The natural zeolite has been done on O2 separation process from the air and purification
of N2O from air, separation process of pure gases. The mixture of zeolite, bentonite and kaolin in
the pellet form increase of CH4 on biogas . In addition to absorbing CO2, chabazit contained in
natural zeolites are also able to absorb the H2S The ability of the zeolite to absorb CO2 can be
improved by heat treatment implemented to zeolites Besides zeolite, NaOH solution which is
generated from textile waste can be used to absorb CO 2 from coal gas boiler. This research will
be assessed on the use of zeolite and NaOH solution as a binder of CO 2 in the continuously
system of biogas purification.
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan pembuatan biogas sederhana dengan
menggunakan feses kambing tidak terlalu banyak memilii gas dan bisa dikatakan
hampir tidak ada hal ini dikarenakan mungkin saat pengolahan kotoran tidak
berjalan dengan baik dan bisa jadi kotoran yang diambil juga tidak begitu fresh
sehigga berdampak pada biogas yang dibuat. Selain itu mungkin perbandingan
dari tanaman eceng gondok serta feses kambing perlu ditingkatkan agar
memperoleh gas yang lebih banyak. Selain dikarenakan dari pengolahan dapat pula
kita duga pada saat pengemasan biogas mungkn saja pengemasan tidak begitu
baik sehingga ada celah untuk gas tersebut keluar.

CHAPTER V

CLOSSING

A. Conclusion
So after we do the experiment we can make a biogas alone and then
like we know about gas we hope we can use a biogas from animal feces
become an innovation in renewable of energy source. Because we know in
Indonesia some time the gas in world can limited so with we study to make a
biogas from animal feces we can use a simple biogas become an innovation
in renewable energy.
B. Suggestion
I hope in next experiment the method to make a biogas from animal
feces can use animal feces from more and more animal.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aysia Debora Anne, Togar Wiliater S.Panjaitan, Y.rian Adiputra. 2012.

Pembuatan biogas dari kotoran sapi dengan metode taguchi. Surabaya
Harding Stephen E, Michael P.Tombs, Gary GAdam, Berit Smestad Paulsen, Kari
Tvete. 2017. An introduction to polisacarhide. Taylor franciss. Bocaraton
London. New York.
Jones huw D. 2016. Biotechnology of major cereals. UK By CPI. India.
Meggy Atilla, Valeria Nagi. 2012. Biogas and energy production by ultilization of
different agricultural waste. Vol-9(6). Budapest university of technology
and economy. Budapest, Hungary.
Schmid Rolf.D, Claudia Scmidt-Dannert. 2016. Biotechnology. Weinheim.
Germany.